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Ozasa K, Kang H, Song S, Tamaki S, Shinomura T, Maeda M. Regeneration of the Eyespot and Flagellum in Euglena gracilis during Cell Division. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102004. [PMID: 34685814 PMCID: PMC8537169 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell division of unicellular microalgae is a fascinating process of proliferation, at which whole organelles are regenerated and distributed to two new lives. We performed dynamic live cell imaging of Euglena gracilis using optical microscopy to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the eyespot and flagellum during cell division and distribution of the organelles into the two daughter cells. Single cells of the wild type (WT) and colorless SM-ZK cells were confined in a microfluidic device, and the appearance of the eyespot (stigma) and emergent flagellum was tracked in sequential video-recorded images obtained by automatic cell tracking and focusing. We examined 12 SM-ZK and 10 WT cells and deduced that the eyespot diminished in size and disappeared at an early stage of cell division and remained undetected for 26–97 min (62 min on average, 22 min in deviation). Subsequently, two small eyespots appeared and were distributed into the two daughter cells. Additionally, the emergent flagellum gradually shortened to zero-length, and two flagella emerged from the anterior ends of the daughter cells. Our observation revealed that the eyespot and flagellum of E. gracilis are degraded once in the cell division, and the carotenoids in the eyespot are also decomposed. Subsequently, the two eyespots/flagella are regenerated for distribution into daughter cells. As a logical conclusion, the two daughter cells generated from a single cell division possess the equivalent organelles and each E. gracilis cell has eternal or non-finite life span. The two newly regenerated eyespot and flagellum grow at different rates and mature at different timings in the two daughter cells, resulting in diverse cell characteristics in E. gracilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Ozasa
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan;
- Advanced Laser Processing Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-48-462-1111 (ext. 8544); Fax: +81-48-462-4682
| | - Hyunwoong Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Simon Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.K.); (S.S.)
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Shun Tamaki
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Tochigi, Japan; (S.T.); (T.S.)
- Microalgae Production Control Technology Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shinomura
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Tochigi, Japan; (S.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Mizuo Maeda
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan;
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-01, Saitama, Japan
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Ozasa K, Kang H, Song S, Kato S, Shinomura T, Maeda M. Temporal Evolution of the Gravitaxis of Euglena gracilis from a Single Cell. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1411. [PMID: 34371614 PMCID: PMC8309284 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gravitaxis is one of the most important issues in the growth of microalgae in the water column; it determines how easily cells receive sunlight with a comfortable intensity that is below the damaging threshold. We quantitatively investigated and analyzed the gravitaxis and cell multiplication of Euglena gracilis using vertically placed microchambers containing a single cell. A temporal change in gravitaxis and cell multiplication was observed after transferring the cells to fresh culture medium for 9 days. We performed 29 individual experiments with 2.5 mm × 2.5 mm × 0.1 mm square microchambers and found that the cells showed positive, negative, and moderate gravitaxis in 8, 7, and 14 cases, respectively, after transferring to fresh culture medium. A common trend was observed for the temporal change in gravitaxis for the eight initially positive gravitaxis cases. The cells with initially positive gravitaxis showed a higher rate of cell multiplication than those with initially negative gravitaxis. We also discussed the gravitaxis mechanism of E. gracilis from the observed trend of gravitaxis change and swimming traces. In addition, bioconvection in a larger and thicker chamber was investigated at a millimeter scale and visualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Ozasa
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
- Advanced Laser Processing Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hyunwoong Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Simon Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.K.); (S.S.)
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Shota Kato
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Mine 350, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan;
| | - Tomoko Shinomura
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-8551, Japan;
| | - Mizuo Maeda
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-01, Japan
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Muramatsu S, Atsuji K, Yamada K, Ozasa K, Suzuki H, Takeuchi T, Hashimoto-Marukawa Y, Kazama Y, Abe T, Suzuki K, Iwata O. Isolation and characterization of a motility-defective mutant of Euglena gracilis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10002. [PMID: 33062431 PMCID: PMC7528813 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is a green photosynthetic microalga that swims using its flagellum. This species has been used as a model organism for over half a century to study its metabolism and the mechanisms of its behavior. The development of mass-cultivation technology has led to E. gracilis application as a feedstock in various products such as foods. Therefore, breeding of E. gracilis has been attempted to improve the productivity of this feedstock for potential industrial applications. For this purpose, a characteristic that preserves the microalgal energy e.g., reduces motility, should be added to the cultivars. The objective of this study was to verify our hypothesis that E. gracilis locomotion-defective mutants are suitable for industrial applications because they save the energy required for locomotion. To test this hypothesis, we screened for E. gracilis mutants from Fe-ion-irradiated cell suspensions and established a mutant strain,M 3 - ZFeL, which shows defects in flagellum formation and locomotion. The mutant strain exhibits a growth rate comparable to that of the wild type when cultured under autotrophic conditions, but had a slightly slower growth under heterotrophic conditions. It also stores 1.6 times the amount of paramylon, a crystal of β-1,3-glucan, under autotrophic culture conditions, and shows a faster sedimentation compared with that of the wild type, because of the deficiency in mobility and probably the high amount of paramylon accumulation. Such characteristics make E. gracilis mutant cells suitable for cost-effective mass cultivation and harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuki Muramatsu
- Department of Health Science, Showa Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
- euglena Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Atsuji
- euglena Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
- Baton Zone Program, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Yamada
- euglena Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
- Baton Zone Program, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ozasa
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yusuke Kazama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Kengo Suzuki
- euglena Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
- Baton Zone Program, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
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Kato S, Ozasa K, Maeda M, Tanno Y, Tamaki S, Higuchi‐Takeuchi M, Numata K, Kodama Y, Sato M, Toyooka K, Shinomura T. Carotenoids in the eyespot apparatus are required for triggering phototaxis in Euglena gracilis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:1091-1102. [PMID: 31630463 PMCID: PMC7155050 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are the most universal and most widespread pigments in nature. They have played pivotal roles in the evolution of photosensing mechanisms in microbes and of vision in animals. Several groups of phytoflagellates developed a photoreceptive organelle called the eyespot apparatus (EA) consisting of two separable components: the eyespot, a cluster of carotenoid-rich globules that acts as a reflector device, and actual photoreceptors for photobehaviors. Unlike other algal eyespots, the eyespot of Euglenophyta lacks reflective properties and is generally considered to act as a shading device for the photoreceptor (paraflagellar body, PFB) for major photomovements. However, the function of the eyespot of Euglenophyta has not yet been fully proven. Here, we report that the blocking carotenoid biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis by suppressing the phytoene synthase gene (crtB) caused a defect in eyespot function resulting in a loss of phototaxis. Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy suggested that EgcrtB-suppressed cells formed eyespot globules but had a defect in the accumulation of carotenoids in those packets. Motion analysis revealed the loss of phototaxis in EgcrtB-suppressed cells: a defect in the initiation of turning movements immediately after a change in light direction, rather than a defect in the termination of cell turning at the appropriate position due to a loss of the shading effect on the PFB. This study revealed that carotenoids are essential for light perception by the EA for the initiation of phototactic movement by E. gracilis, suggesting one possible photosensory role of carotenoids in the EA for the phototaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Kato
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology LaboratoryDepartment of BiosciencesSchool of Science and EngineeringTeikyo University1‐1 ToyosatodaiUtsunomiyaTochigi320‐8551Japan
- Laboratory of Complex BiologyCenter for Plant Aging ResearchInstitute for Basic ScienceDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Kazunari Ozasa
- Bioengineering LaboratoryCluster for Pioneering ResearchRIKEN2‐1 HirosawaWakoSaitama351‐0198Japan
| | - Mizuo Maeda
- Bioengineering LaboratoryCluster for Pioneering ResearchRIKEN2‐1 HirosawaWakoSaitama351‐0198Japan
| | - Yuri Tanno
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology LaboratoryDivision of Integrated Science and EngineeringGraduate School of Science and EngineeringTeikyo University Graduate Schools1‐1 ToyosatodaiUtsunomiyaTochigi320‐8551Japan
| | - Shun Tamaki
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology LaboratoryDepartment of BiosciencesSchool of Science and EngineeringTeikyo University1‐1 ToyosatodaiUtsunomiyaTochigi320‐8551Japan
| | - Mieko Higuchi‐Takeuchi
- Biomacromolecules Research TeamCenter for Sustainable Resource ScienceRIKEN2‐1 HirosawaWakoSaitama351‐0198Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Biomacromolecules Research TeamCenter for Sustainable Resource ScienceRIKEN2‐1 HirosawaWakoSaitama351‐0198Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and EducationUtsunomiya UniversityUtsunomiyaTochigi321‐8505Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceRIKEN1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceRIKEN1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
| | - Tomoko Shinomura
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology LaboratoryDepartment of BiosciencesSchool of Science and EngineeringTeikyo University1‐1 ToyosatodaiUtsunomiyaTochigi320‐8551Japan
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology LaboratoryDivision of Integrated Science and EngineeringGraduate School of Science and EngineeringTeikyo University Graduate Schools1‐1 ToyosatodaiUtsunomiyaTochigi320‐8551Japan
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Ozasa K, Won J, Song S, Shinomura T, Maeda M. Phototaxis and photo-shock responses of Euglena gracilis under gravitaxis. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Yamashita K, Yagi T, Isono T, Nishiyama Y, Hashimoto M, Yamada K, Suzuki K, Tokunaga E. Absorbance spectra of the hematochrome-like granules and eyespot of Euglena gracilis by scan-free absorbance spectral imaging A(x, y, λ) within the live cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:431-438. [PMID: 30980216 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis has an organelle resembling hematochrome, with an appearance similar to the eyespot and the absorption band spectrally overlapped with that of the carotenoid. To discriminate the hematochrome-like granules and eyespot, scan-free, non-invasive, absorbance spectral imaging A(x, y, λ) microscopy of single live cells, where A(x, y, λ) means absorbance at a position (x, y) on a two-dimensional image at a specific wavelength λ was applied. This technique was demonstrated to be a powerful tool for basic research on intracellular structural analysis. By this method, characteristic absorption spectra specific to the hematochrome-like granule or eyespot were identified among a variety of spectra observed depending on the location inside the organelles. The hematochrome-like granule was dark orange and deep green in its outline and had a characteristic absorption peak at 620 nm as well as at 676 to 698 nm, suggesting that its origin is a component of chloroplast including chlorophyll a. Furthermore, the representative spectra of these organelles were derived by principal component analysis of the absorbance and its position in absorbance image, indicating that they can be distinguished from each other and other regions. It was also confirmed that even in areas where these organelles and chloroplasts overlap, one can distinguish them from each other. The present research clarified the absorption spectra of the eyespot with 1 × 1 µm spatial resolution and those unpublished of hematochrome-like granules of E. gracilis, and indicated that one can statistically distinguish these organelles by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Yamashita
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yagi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Isono
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Hashimoto
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Yamada
- euglena Co., Ltd., Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kengo Suzuki
- euglena Co., Ltd., Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eiji Tokunaga
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ozasa K, Won J, Song S, Maeda M. Behavior of Euglena gracilis under simultaneous competing optical and chemical stimuli. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ozasa K, Won J, Song S, Maeda M. Bio-inspired neurocomputing with 256 noise oscillators simulating photo response of Euglena cells. Appl Soft Comput 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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A 3D Printed Membrane-Based Gas Microflow Regulator for On-Chip Cell Culture. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8040579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A miniature 3D printed membrane-based gas microflow regulator which delivers gaseous media to on-chip cell cultures is presented in this paper. The device uses a polydimethylosiloxane (PDMS) membrane to act as a diffusion barrier and maintain gas flow at the desired rate. The regulator was characterized, and repeatable flow values for different membrane thicknesses and gas types in the function of pressure were obtained. As a result, a long-term on-chip culture of Euglena gracilis was achieved, this was due to constant and stable carbon dioxide release from the regulator (flow rate: 0.3 μL/min).
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Hossain Z, Bumbacher E, Brauneis A, Diaz M, Saltarelli A, Blikstein P, Riedel-Kruse IH. Design Guidelines and Empirical Case Study for Scaling Authentic Inquiry-based Science Learning via Open Online Courses and Interactive Biology Cloud Labs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40593-017-0150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ozasa K, Won J, Song S, Tamaki S, Ishikawa T, Maeda M. Temporal change of photophobic step-up responses of Euglena gracilis investigated through motion analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172813. [PMID: 28234984 PMCID: PMC5325543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptation to a strong light is one of the essential characteristics of green algae, yet lacking relatively the information about the photophobic responses of Eukaryotic microalgae. We investigated the photophobic step-up responses of Euglena gracilis over a time course of several hours with alternated repetition of blue-light pulse illumination and spatially patterned blue-light illumination. Four distinctive photophobic motions in response to strong blue light were identified in a trace image analysis, namely on-site rotation, running and tumbling, continuous circular swimming, and unaffected straightforward swimming. The cells cultured in autotrophic conditions under weak light showed mainly the on-site rotation response at the beginning of blue-light illumination, but they acquired more blue-light tolerant responses of running and tumbling, circular swimming, or straightforward swimming. The efficiency of escaping from a blue-light illuminated area improved markedly with the development of these photophobic motions. Time constant of 3.0 h was deduced for the evolution of photophobic responses of E. gracilis. The nutrient-rich metabolic status of the cells resulting from photosynthesis during the experiments, i.e., the accumulation of photosynthesized nutrient products in balance between formation and consumption, was the main factor responsible for the development of photophobic responses. The reduction-oxidation status in and around E. gracilis cells did not affect their photophobic responses significantly, unlike the case of photophobic responses and phototaxis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. This study shows that the evolution of photophobic motion type of E. gracilis is dominated mainly by the nutrient metabolic status of the cells. The fact suggests that the nutrient-rich cells have a higher threshold for switching the flagellar motion from straightforward swimming to rotation under a strong light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - June Won
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Simon Song
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shun Tamaki
- Department of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Department of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuo Maeda
- Bioengineering Lab, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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Häder DP, Iseki M. Photomovement in Euglena. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 979:207-235. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Autonomous oscillation/separation of cell density artificially induced by optical interlink feedback as designed interaction between two isolated microalgae chips. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24602. [PMID: 27098710 PMCID: PMC4838927 DOI: 10.1038/srep24602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a designed interaction between two isolated cell populations of Euglena gracilis and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, separately confined in two 25-square micro-aquariums of lab-on-chip size. The interaction was realized by interlinking two identical optical feedback systems, which measured the cell distribution. To analyze the cell populations, we measured the cell distribution in the 25 squares and irradiated the cells with a blue light pattern as an external stimulus. The cell distribution dataset was exchanged between the two systems. Governed by a designed interaction algorithm, the feedback systems produced a dynamic blue light illumination pattern that evoked the photophobic responses of both species. We also induced autonomous cell density oscillation and cell distribution separation and clustering, and analyzed how the types and diversities of the photophobic responses affected the oscillation period and separation and clustering. We conclude that artificial interlink feedback is a promising method for investigating diverse cell-cell interactions in ecological communities, and for developing soft-computing applications with living cells.
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