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Walker RP, Battistelli A, Bonghi C, Drincovich MF, Falchi R, Lara MV, Moscatello S, Vizzotto G, Famiani F. Non-structural Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Flesh of Stone Fruits of the Genus Prunus (Rosaceae) - A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:549921. [PMID: 33240291 PMCID: PMC7683422 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.549921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates are abundant constituents of the ripe flesh of all stone fruits. The bulk of their content comprises sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol. However, the abundance of each of these carbohydrates in the flesh differs between species, and also with its stage of development. In this article the import, subcellular compartmentation, contents, metabolism and functions of non-structural carbohydrates in the flesh of commercially cultivated stone fruits of the family Rosaceae are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Porano, Italy
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, Legnaro, Italy
| | - María F. Drincovich
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Rachele Falchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - María V. Lara
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Porano, Italy
| | - Giannina Vizzotto
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Biochemical characterization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinases from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem J 2020; 476:2939-2952. [PMID: 31548269 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ATP-dependent phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinases (PEPCKs, EC 4.1.1.49) from C4 and CAM plants have been widely studied due to their crucial role in photosynthetic CO2 fixation. However, our knowledge on the structural, kinetic and regulatory properties of the enzymes from C3 species is still limited. In this work, we report the recombinant production and biochemical characterization of two PEPCKs identified in Arabidopsis thaliana: AthPEPCK1 and AthPEPCK2. We found that both enzymes exhibited high affinity for oxaloacetate and ATP, reinforcing their role as decarboxylases. We employed a high-throughput screening for putative allosteric regulators using differential scanning fluorometry and confirmed their effect on enzyme activity by performing enzyme kinetics. AthPEPCK1 and AthPEPCK2 are allosterically modulated by key intermediates of plant metabolism, namely succinate, fumarate, citrate and α-ketoglutarate. Interestingly, malate activated and glucose 6-phosphate inhibited AthPEPCK1 but had no effect on AthPEPCK2. Overall, our results demonstrate that the enzymes involved in the critical metabolic node constituted by phosphoenolpyruvate are targets of fine allosteric regulation.
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Mapping disulfide bonds from sub-micrograms of purified proteins or micrograms of complex protein mixtures. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2018; 4:68-81. [PMID: 29756007 PMCID: PMC5937861 DOI: 10.1007/s41048-018-0050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are vital for protein functions, but locating the linkage sites has been a challenge in protein chemistry, especially when the quantity of a sample is small or the complexity is high. In 2015, our laboratory developed a sensitive and efficient method for mapping protein disulfide bonds from simple or complex samples (Lu et al. in Nat Methods 12:329, 2015). This method is based on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and a powerful data analysis software tool named pLink. To facilitate application of this method, we present step-by-step disulfide mapping protocols for three types of samples—purified proteins in solution, proteins in SDS-PAGE gels, and complex protein mixtures in solution. The minimum amount of protein required for this method can be as low as several hundred nanograms for purified proteins, or tens of micrograms for a mixture of hundreds of proteins. The entire workflow—from sample preparation to LC–MS and data analysis—is described in great detail. We believe that this protocol can be easily implemented in any laboratory with access to a fast-scanning, high-resolution, and accurate-mass LC–MS system.
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Lloret A, Martínez-Fuentes A, Agustí M, Badenes ML, Ríos G. Chromatin-associated regulation of sorbitol synthesis in flower buds of peach. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:507-517. [PMID: 29038917 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PpeS6PDH gene is postulated to mediate sorbitol synthesis in flower buds of peach concomitantly with specific chromatin modifications. Perennial plants have evolved an adaptive mechanism involving protection of meristems within specialized structures named buds in order to survive low temperatures and water deprivation during winter. A seasonal period of dormancy further improves tolerance of buds to environmental stresses through specific mechanisms poorly known at the molecular level. We have shown that peach PpeS6PDH gene is down-regulated in flower buds after dormancy release, concomitantly with changes in the methylation level at specific lysine residues of histone H3 (H3K27 and H3K4) in the chromatin around the translation start site of the gene. PpeS6PDH encodes a NADPH-dependent sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme for biosynthesis of sorbitol. Consistently, sorbitol accumulates in dormant buds showing higher PpeS6PDH expression. Moreover, PpeS6PDH gene expression is affected by cold and water deficit stress. Particularly, its expression is up-regulated by low temperature in buds and leaves, whereas desiccation treatment induces PpeS6PDH in buds and represses the gene in leaves. These data reveal the concurrent participation of chromatin modification mechanisms, transcriptional regulation of PpeS6PDH and sorbitol accumulation in flower buds of peach. In addition to its role as a major translocatable photosynthate in Rosaceae species, sorbitol is a widespread compatible solute and cryoprotectant, which suggests its participation in tolerance to environmental stresses in flower buds of peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Lloret
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera CV-315, Km 10.7, Moncada, 46113, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Martínez-Fuentes
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Camino Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Agustí
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Camino Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Luisa Badenes
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera CV-315, Km 10.7, Moncada, 46113, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabino Ríos
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera CV-315, Km 10.7, Moncada, 46113, Valencia, Spain.
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