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Rodrigues GAG, Mauve C, Gakiere B, Bailly C, Steiner N. The metabolic profiles of Eugenia astringens and E. uniflora (Myrtaceae) sensitive seeds affect desiccation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14220. [PMID: 38356368 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Myrtaceae species are abundant in tropical Atlantic rainforests, but 41% of the 5500 species of this family are of extreme conservation concern. Eugenia astringens and E. uniflora are native Brazilian Myrtaceae species that occur in the same habitats and produce desiccation-sensitive (DS) seeds. We hypothesized that their seed desiccation-sensitivity degree is associated with specific metabolic signatures. To test it, we analyzed the germination and metabolic profiles of fresh and desiccated seeds. The water content (WC) at which at least half of the seeds survived desiccation was lower in E. astringens (0.17 g H2 O g-1 DW) than in E. uniflora (0.41 g H2 O g-1 DW). We identified 103 annotated metabolites from 3261 peaks in both species, which differed in their relative contents between E. astringens and E. uniflora seeds. The main differences in seed metabolic profiles include several protective molecules in the group of carbohydrates and organic acids and amino acid contents. The relative contents of monosaccharides and disaccharides, malic and quinic acids, amino acids and saturated fatty acids may have taken part in the distinct DS behaviour of E. astringens and E. uniflora seeds. Our study provides evidence of the relationship between desiccation sensitivity, seed viability and metabolic profile of tropical seeds by comparing two closely related Eugenia species with different DS degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Mauve
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Sud, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Saclay Plant Sciences, Orsay, France
| | - Bertrand Gakiere
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Sud, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Saclay Plant Sciences, Orsay, France
| | - Christophe Bailly
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Neusa Steiner
- Plant Physiology Lab, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
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2
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López-Pozo M, Fernández-Marín B, García-Plazaola J, Seal CE, Ballesteros D. Ageing kinetics of fern chlorophyllous spores during dry storage is determined by its antioxidant potential and likely induced by photosynthetic machinery. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 337:111870. [PMID: 37722506 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Ageing in dry chlorophyllous propagules is leaded by photooxidation through the photosynthetic machinery, but why species differ in longevity and the ageing mechanisms of when light and oxygen are absent are unknown. We hypothesize that the cellular antioxidant capacity is key for the inter- and intra-specific differences in the ageing process. We have tested this hypothesis in chlorophyllous spores of two ferns. They were subjected to four different storage regimes resulting from light/dark and normoxia/hypoxia combinations. Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and photosynthetic pigments were analysed in parallel to germination and the recovery of Fv/Fm over a storage period of up to 22-months. We show that light and oxygen accelerate the ageing process, but their mechanisms (ROS, increase, antioxidant capacity decrease, loss of efficiency of the photosystem II, pigment degradation) appear the same under all conditions tested. The end of the asymptomatic phase of longevity, when a sudden drop of germination occurs, seems to be determined by a threshold in the depletion of antioxidants. Our results support the hypothesis that ageing kinetics in dry plant propagules is determined by the antioxidant system, but also suggests an active role of the photosynthetic machinery during ageing, even in darkness and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López-Pozo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Spain.
| | - B Fernández-Marín
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Spain
| | - J García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Spain
| | - C E Seal
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK
| | - D Ballesteros
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK; Department of Botany and Geology, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
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3
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Zinsmeister J, Lalanne D, Ly Vu B, Schoefs B, Marchand J, Dang TT, Buitink J, Leprince O. ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 4 coordinates eoplast formation to ensure acquisition of seed longevity during maturation in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:934-953. [PMID: 36582182 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Seed longevity, the capacity to remain alive during dry storage, is pivotal to germination performance and is essential for preserving genetic diversity. It is acquired during late maturation concomitantly with seed degreening and the de-differentiation of chloroplasts into colorless, non-photosynthetic plastids, called eoplasts. As chlorophyll retention leads to poor seed performance upon sowing, these processes are important for seed vigor. However, how these processes are regulated and connected to the acquisition of seed longevity remains poorly understood. Here, we show that such a role is at least provided by ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 4 (ABI4) in the legume Medicago truncatula. Mature seeds of Mtabi4 mutants contained more chlorophyll than wild-type seeds and exhibited a 75% reduction in longevity and reduced dormancy. MtABI4 was necessary to stimulate eoplast formation, as evidenced by the significant delay in the dismantlement of photosystem II during the maturation of mutant seeds. Mtabi4 seeds also exhibited transcriptional deregulation of genes associated with retrograde signaling and transcriptional control of plastid-encoded genes. Longevity was restored when Mtabi4 seeds developed in darkness, suggesting that the shutdown of photosynthesis during maturation, rather than chlorophyll degradation per se, is a requisite for the acquisition of longevity. Indeed, the shelf life of stay green mutant seeds that retained chlorophyll was not affected. Thus, ABI4 plays a role in coordinating the dismantlement of chloroplasts during seed development to avoid damage that compromises the acquisition of seed longevity. Analysis of Mtabi4 Mtabi5 double mutants showed synergistic effects on chlorophyll retention and longevity, suggesting that they act via parallel pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zinsmeister
- Institut Agro, Université d'Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - David Lalanne
- Institut Agro, Université d'Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Benoit Ly Vu
- Institut Agro, Université d'Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- Metabolism, Molecular Engineering of Microalgae and Applications, Biologie des Organismes Stress Santé Environnement, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans Université, 72085, Le Mans, France
| | - Justine Marchand
- Metabolism, Molecular Engineering of Microalgae and Applications, Biologie des Organismes Stress Santé Environnement, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans Université, 72085, Le Mans, France
| | - Thi Thu Dang
- Institut Agro, Université d'Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Julia Buitink
- Institut Agro, Université d'Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Olivier Leprince
- Institut Agro, Université d'Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000, Angers, France
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Nadarajan J, Walters C, Pritchard HW, Ballesteros D, Colville L. Seed Longevity-The Evolution of Knowledge and a Conceptual Framework. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:471. [PMID: 36771556 PMCID: PMC9919896 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The lifespan or longevity of a seed is the time period over which it can remain viable. Seed longevity is a complex trait and varies greatly between species and even seed lots of the same species. Our scientific understanding of seed longevity has advanced from anecdotal 'Thumb Rules,' to empirically based models, biophysical explanations for why those models sometimes work or fail, and to the profound realisation that seeds are the model of the underexplored realm of biology when water is so limited that the cytoplasm solidifies. The environmental variables of moisture and temperature are essential factors that define survival or death, as well as the timescale to measure lifespan. There is an increasing understanding of how these factors induce cytoplasmic solidification and affect glassy properties. Cytoplasmic solidification slows down, but does not stop, the chemical reactions involved in ageing. Continued degradation of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids damage cell constituents and reduce the seed's metabolic capacity, eventually impairing the ability to germinate. This review captures the evolution of knowledge on seed longevity over the past five decades in relation to seed ageing mechanisms, technology development, including tools to predict seed storage behaviour and non-invasive techniques for seed longevity assessment. It is concluded that seed storage biology is a complex science covering seed physiology, biophysics, biochemistry and multi-omic technologies, and simultaneous knowledge advancement in these areas is necessary to improve seed storage efficacy for crops and wild species biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanthi Nadarajan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Christina Walters
- USDA—Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath RH17 6TN, UK
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Daniel Ballesteros
- Faculty of Farmacy, Department of Botany and Geology, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Estelles s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Louise Colville
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath RH17 6TN, UK
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5
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Tang SK, Lee PH, Liou WT, Lin CH, Huang YM, Kuo LY. Fern Spores-"Ready-to-Use" Standards for Plant Genome Size Estimation Using a Flow Cytometric Approach. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:140. [PMID: 36616269 PMCID: PMC9824788 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spores and pollen of plants were used as flow cytometric materials to efficiently infer genome sizes. Given this advantage, they hold great potential for various flow cytometric applications, particularly as plant genome size standards. To develop such novel standards, we investigated conditions of pretreatment (bead vortex), buffer, and reliable genome sizes of three fern spore collections-Cibotium taiwanense "Kuo4395", Sphaeropteris lepifera "Tang0001", and Alsophila metteniana "Lee s.n.". Additionally, up to 30 year-old spore collections were obtained from herbarium specimens and from samples stored at 4 °C; their spore nuclei were extracted, and the quality and quantity of these nucleus extractions through storage ages were examined. Nuclear extractions with a longer bead vortex duration or lower spore/bead ratio generally resulted in a higher recovered quantity but a lower quality or purity. For each spore standard, the protocol optimization was determined by their performance in bead vortex conditions, and a 1C genome size was further inferred by linear regression (C. taiwanense "Kuo4395" = 5.058 pg; S. lepifera "Tang0001" = 7.117 pg; and A. metteniana "Lee s.n." = 19.379 pg). Spore nucleus quality and quantity are significantly negatively correlated with storage ages. Nuclear extractions of 10-year-old refrigerated spores remained qualified as a genome size standard; however, none of the herbarium spore collections fit such criteria. Our study is the first to develop and apply dried and refrigerated spores for genome size standards. These standards are ready to use, easy to manipulate, and feature long-term storage in comparison with traditionally used standards of fresh leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Kai Tang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Lee
- Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nan-Hai Road, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Liou
- Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Nantou County 557, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsiang Lin
- Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan City 327, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Moan Huang
- Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nan-Hai Road, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yaung Kuo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
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6
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Zhou L, Lu L, Chen C, Zhou T, Wu Q, Wen F, Chen J, Pritchard HW, Peng C, Pei J, Yan J. Comparative changes in sugars and lipids show evidence of a critical node for regeneration in safflower seeds during aging. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1020478. [PMID: 36388552 PMCID: PMC9661361 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1020478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During seed aging, there is a critical node (CN) where the population viability drops sharply. Exploring the specific locations of the CN in different species of plants is crucial for understanding the biological storage properties of seeds and refining seed life span management. Safflower, a bulk oil crop that relies on seeds for propagation, has a short seed life. However, at present, its biological characteristics during storage are not clear, especially the changes in metabolic capability and cell structures. Such knowledge is needed to improve the management of safflower seed life span and effective preservation in gene banks. Here, the seed survival curve of oilseed safflower under the controlled deterioration conditions of 60% relative humidity and 50°C was detected. The seed population showed an inverted S shape for the fall in germination. In the first 12 days of aging, germination remained above 86%. Prior to the CN at approximately day 10 (C10), when viability was in the "plateau" interval, seed vigor reduced at the same imbibition time point. Further analysis of the changes in sugar concentration found that the sucrose content decreased slowly with aging and the content of raffinose and two monosaccharides decreased abruptly at C10. Differentially metabolized lipids, namely lysophospholipids [lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lyso-phosphatidylethanolamines (LPE)] and PMeOH, increased at day 3 of aging (C3). Fatty acid content increased by C6, and the content of phospholipids [phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), and phosphatidylinositols (PI) and glycolipids [digalactosyl diacylglycerol, monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, and sulphoquinovosyl diglycerides (SQDG)] decreased significantly from C10. In addition, the activities of raffinose hydrolase alpha-galactosidase and the glyoxylate key enzyme isocitrate lyase decreased with seed aging. Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed shrinkage of the seed plasma membrane at C10 and the later fragmentation. Seedling phenotypic indicators and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride activity assays also verified that there were significant changes in seeds quality at the CN. In summary, the time point C10 is a CN during seed population aging. Before the CN, sugar and lipid metabolism, especially fatty acid metabolism into sugar, can make up for the energy consumed by aging. After this point, the seeds were irreversibly damaged, and their viability was greatly and rapidly reduced as the cell structure became increasingly destroyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Feiyan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, United Kingdom
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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7
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Tiloca G, Brundu G, Ballesteros D. Bryophyte Spores Tolerate High Desiccation Levels and Exposure to Cryogenic Temperatures but Contain Storage Lipids and Chlorophyll: Understanding the Essential Traits Needed for the Creation of Bryophyte Spore Banks. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1262. [PMID: 35567263 PMCID: PMC9100633 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the desiccation and freezing tolerance of bryophyte spores is vital to explain how plants conquered land and current species distribution patterns and help to develop efficient ex situ conservation methods. However, knowledge of these traits is scarce. We investigated tolerance to drying (at 15% relative humidity [RH] for two weeks) and freezing (1 h exposure to liquid nitrogen) on the spores of 12 bryophyte species (23 accessions) from the UK. The presence of storage lipids and their thermal fingerprint, and the levels of unfrozen water content, were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The presence of chlorophyll in dry spores was detected by fluorescence microscopy. All species and accessions tested tolerated the drying and freezing levels studied. DSC suggested that 4.1−29.3% of the dry mass is storage lipids, with crystallization and melting temperatures peaking at around −30 °C. Unfrozen water content was determined <0.147 g H2O g−1 dry weight (DW). Most of the spores investigated showed the presence of chlorophyll in the cytoplasm by red autofluorescence. Bryophyte spores can be stored dry at low temperatures, such as orthodox seeds, supporting the creation of bryophyte spore banks. However, the presence of storage lipids and chlorophyll in the cytoplasm may reduce spore longevity during conventional storage at −20 °C. Alternatively, cryogenic spore storage is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tiloca
- Seed and Stress Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly RH17 6TN, West Sussex, UK;
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Sardinia, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Brundu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Sardinia, Italy;
| | - Daniel Ballesteros
- Seed and Stress Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly RH17 6TN, West Sussex, UK;
- Departamento de Botànica y geología, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Lin L, Cai L, Fan L, Ma JC, Yang XY, Hu XJ. Seed dormancy, germination and storage behavior of Magnolia sinica, a plant species with extremely small populations of Magnoliaceae. PLANT DIVERSITY 2022; 44:94-100. [PMID: 35281125 PMCID: PMC8897163 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnolia sinica is one of the most endangered Magnoliaceae species in China. Seed biology information concerning its long-term ex situ conservation and utilization is insufficient. This study investigated dormancy status, germination requirements and storage behavior of M. sinica. Freshly matured seeds germinated to ca. 86.5% at 25/15 °C but poorly at 30 °C; GA3 and moist chilling promoted germination significantly at 20 °C. Embryos grew at temperatures (alternating or constant) between 20 °C and 25 °C, but not at 5 °C or 30 °C. Our results indicate that M. sinica seeds possibly have non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). Seeds survived desiccation to 9.27% and 4.85% moisture content (MC) as well as a further 6-month storage at -20 °C and in liquid nitrogen, including recovery in vitro as excised embryos. The established protocol ensured that at least 58% of seedlings were obtained after both cold storage and cryopreservation. These results indicate that both conventional seed banking and cryopreservation have potential as long-term ex situ conservation methods, although further optimized approaches are recommended for this critically endangered magnolia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lin
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Fan
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun-Chao Ma
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiang-Yun Yang
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Hu
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
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9
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Thermotherapy and Storage Temperature Manipulations Limit the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Stored Pedunculate Oak Acorns. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
For many species, seed storage protocols are still being improved to provide viable seeds of the highest quality. Seed storage is extremely problematic for short-lived seeds categorized as recalcitrant, including pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), for which the optimal seed storage protocol involves a temperature of –3 °C and 40% acorn moisture content recommendations. The sensitivity of pedunculated oak seeds to temperature manipulations under preparation for long-term storage has been poorly investigated, particularly in terms of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are assumed to be determinants of seed longevity. Thermotherapy, the pathogen elimination procedure, did not increase the level of three types of ROS: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical (•OH). The temporal heat stress of thermotherapy resulted in slightly reduced levels of H2O2, indicating activation of the antioxidant systems in acorn preparation for storage. The effect of constant storage temperatures (−3, −5, −7 °C) and their combinations (−3 → −5 °C or −3 → −5 →−7 °C) on ROS levels and seed viability was investigated in three provenances. The highest ROS levels were detected in acorns stored at −7 °C, whereas three-step cold acclimation was beneficial for reducing ROS levels. Interestingly, the levels of H2O2 were not affected by temperature in thermotherapized acorns. In contrast, decreasing storage temperature caused a linear increase in •OH levels in all provenances. The effect of heat stress and cold stress on ROS levels in relation to long-term seed storage of pedunculate oak is discussed here in relation to the seed viability evidenced via germination rates, seedling emergence and electrolyte leakage. Thermotherapy and cold acclimation of acorns can improve their viability after storage by decreasing ROS levels.
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Nebot A, Philpott VJ, Pajdo A, Ballesteros D. Cryopreservation of Fern Spores and Pollen. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2180:623-637. [PMID: 32797439 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0783-1_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Fern spores and pollen are haploid plant germplasm of microscopic nature that can be used to regenerate full plants through germination (fern spores) or to fertilize seed-bearing plants through breeding programs (pollen). Due to their short life span in conventional storage (i.e., dry at -20 °C), the use of cryopreservation has been indicated for long-term ex situ conservation. While fern spores of most species and pollen from many seeded plants tolerate desiccation and can be stored dry at liquid nitrogen temperatures, some pollen is desiccation sensitive, and cryopreservation protocols require controlled drying and cooling and some level of cryoprotection. In this chapter we describe the cryopreservation process for fern spores used in the Millennium Seed Bank of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, including some details of the fern spores harvest and cleaning methods. In addition, two protocols for pollen cryopreservation are described, one generic for desiccation-tolerant pollen that can be used for multiple species and one specific for a desiccation sensitive pollen (Zea mays).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nebot
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK
| | | | - Anna Pajdo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK
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11
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Lin L, Ma J, Ai Q, Pritchard HW, Li W, Chen H. Lipid Remodeling Confers Osmotic Stress Tolerance to Embryogenic Cells during Cryopreservation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2174. [PMID: 33671662 PMCID: PMC7926411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant species conservation through cryopreservation using plant vitrification solutions (PVS) is based in empiricism and the mechanisms that confer cell integrity are not well understood. Using ESI-MS/MS analysis and quantification, we generated 12 comparative lipidomics datasets for membranes of embryogenic cells (ECs) of Magnolia officinalis during cryogenic treatments. Each step of the complex PVS-based cryoprotocol had a profoundly different impact on membrane lipid composition. Loading treatment (osmoprotection) remodeled the cell membrane by lipid turnover, between increased phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The PA increase likely serves as an intermediate for adjustments in lipid metabolism to desiccation stress. Following PVS treatment, lipid levels increased, including PC and PE, and this effectively counteracted the potential for massive loss of lipid species when cryopreservation was implemented in the absence of cryoprotection. The present detailed cryobiotechnology findings suggest that the remodeling of membrane lipids and attenuation of lipid degradation are critical for the successful use of PVS. As lipid metabolism and composition varies with species, these new insights provide a framework for technology development for the preservation of other species at increasing risk of extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lin
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (J.M.); (Q.A.); (H.W.P.)
| | - Junchao Ma
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (J.M.); (Q.A.); (H.W.P.)
| | - Qin Ai
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (J.M.); (Q.A.); (H.W.P.)
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (J.M.); (Q.A.); (H.W.P.)
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex, Ardingly RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Weiqi Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (J.M.); (Q.A.); (H.W.P.)
| | - Hongying Chen
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (J.M.); (Q.A.); (H.W.P.)
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Custodio CC, Machado-Neto NB, Singer RB, Pritchard HW, Seaton PT, Marks TR. Storage of orchid pollinia with varying lipid thermal fingerprints. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:1401-1413. [PMID: 32506243 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Orchid pollinia have the potential to make a valuable contribution to current techniques of germplasm storage and assisted reproduction, yet information regarding their preservation and their ability to remain viable over time is currently limited. Dactylorhiza fuchsii and Disa uniflora were used as models for investigating potential techniques for storing orchid pollinia. Initially, freshly harvested pollinia of Dact. fuchsii were incubated at 25 °C and 100% RH (relative humidity) for up to 7 days and germinated in vitro. For pollinia from both species, moisture sorption isotherms were constructed and thermal fingerprints generated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Pollinia were stored at three temperatures (5, - 18 and - 196 °C) after equilibration at four different RHs (5, 33, 50 and 75%) and germinated. The isotherms and DSC results varied between species. Compared with D. uniflora, pollinia of Dact. fuchsii consistently equilibrated at higher moisture content (MC) for each RH, had less detectable lipids by DSC and had shorter lifespans, remaining viable after 3-4 months only at - 20 and - 196 °C and at low RH (5 and 33%). Both species' pollinia stored well at - 20 °C and - 196 °C, although there was some evidence of a small loss of viability under cryopreservation. In conclusion, pollen of these two species can be stored successfully for at least 3-4 months, and to maximize the pre-storage quality, it is recommended that fresh pollen is collected from flowers just prior to anthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceci Castilho Custodio
- Agronomy College, UNOESTE, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19067-175, Brazil
| | - Nelson B Machado-Neto
- Agronomy College, UNOESTE, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19067-175, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo B Singer
- Departamento Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Philip T Seaton
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Timothy R Marks
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
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13
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Lipid Thermal Fingerprints of Long-term Stored Seeds of Brassicaceae. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8100414. [PMID: 31615156 PMCID: PMC6843794 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thermal fingerprints for seeds of 20 crop wild relatives of Brassicaceae stored for 8 to 44 years at the Plant Germplasm Bank—Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank—were generated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and analyzed in relation to storage stability. Relatively poor storing oily seeds at −20 °C tended to have lipids with crystallization and melting transitions spread over a wide temperature range (c. 40 °C) that spanned the storage temperature, plus a melting end temperature of around 15 °C. We postulated that in dry storage, the variable longevity in Brassicaceae seeds could be associated with the presence of a metastable lipid phase at the temperature at which they are being stored. Consistent with that, when high-quality seed samples of various species were assessed after banking at −5 to −10 °C for c. 40 years, melting end temperatures were observed to be much lower (c. 0 to −30 °C) and multiple lipid phases did not occur at the storage temperature. We conclude that multiple features of the seed lipid thermal fingerprint could be used as biophysical markers to predict potential poor performance of oily seeds during long-term, decadal storage.
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14
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López-Pozo M, Ballesteros D, Laza JM, García-Plazaola JI, Fernández-Marín B. Desiccation Tolerance in Chlorophyllous Fern Spores: Are Ecophysiological Features Related to Environmental Conditions? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1130. [PMID: 31616448 PMCID: PMC6764020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fern spores of most species are desiccation tolerant (DT) and, in some cases, are photosynthetic at maturation, the so-called chlorophyllous spores (CS). The lifespan of CS in the dry state is very variable among species. The physiological, biochemical, and biophysical mechanisms underpinning this variability remain understudied and their interpretation from an ecophysiological approach virtually unexplored. In this study, we aimed at fulfilling this gap by assessing photochemical, hydric, and biophysical properties of CS from three temperate species with contrasting biological strategies and longevity in the dry state: Equisetum telmateia (spore maturation and release in spring, ultrashort lifespan), Osmunda regalis (spore maturation and release in summer, medium lifespan), Matteuccia struthiopteris (spore maturation and release in winter, medium-long lifespan). After subjection of CS to controlled drying treatments, results showed that the three species displayed different extents of DT. CS of E. telmateia rapidly lost viability after desiccation, while the other two withstood several dehydration-rehydration cycles without compromising viability. The extent of DT was in concordance with water availability in the sporulation season of each species. CS of O. regalis and M. struthiopteris carried out the characteristic quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, widely displayed by other DT cryptogams during drying, and had higher tocopherol and proline contents. The turgor loss point of CS is also related to the extent of DT and to the sporulation season: lowest values were found in CS of M. struthiopteris and O. regalis. The hydrophobicity of spores in these two species was higher and probably related to the prevention of water absorption under unfavorable conditions. Molecular mobility, estimated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, confirmed an unstable glassy state in the spores of E. telmateia, directly related to the low DT, while the DT species entered in a stable glassy state when dried. Overall, our data revealed a DT syndrome related to the season of sporulation that was characterized by higher photoprotective potential, specific hydric properties, and lower molecular mobility in the dry state. Being unicellular haploid structures, CS represent not only a challenge for germplasm preservation (e.g., as these spores are prone to photooxidation) but also an excellent opportunity for studying mechanisms of DT in photosynthetic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina López-Pozo
- Depatment of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniel Ballesteros
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - José Manuel Laza
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry (Labquimac), Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Depatment of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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15
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Ballesteros D, Walters C. Solid-State Biology and Seed Longevity: A Mechanical Analysis of Glasses in Pea and Soybean Embryonic Axes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:920. [PMID: 31379902 PMCID: PMC6646689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasm of anhydrobiotes (organisms that persist in the absence of water) solidifies during drying. Despite this stabilization, anhydrobiotes vary in how long they persist while dry. In this paper, we call upon concepts currently used to explain stability of amorphous solids (also known as glasses) in synthetic polymers, foods, and pharmaceuticals to the understand variation in longevity of biological systems. We use embryonic axes of pea (Pisum sativum) and soybean (Glycine max) seeds as test systems that have relatively long and short survival times, respectively, but similar geometries and water sorption behaviors. We used dynamic mechanical analysis to gain insights on structural and mobility properties that relate to stability of other organic systems with controlled composition. Changes of elastic and loss moduli, and the dissipation function, tan δ, in response to moisture and temperature were compared in pea and soybean axes containing less than 0.2 g H2O g-1 dry mass. The work shows high complexity of structure-regulated molecular mobility within dried seed matrices. As was previously observed for pea cotyledons, there were multiple relaxations of structural constraints to molecular movement, which demonstrate substantial localized, "fast" motions within solidified cytoplasm. There was detected variation in the coordination among long-range slow, diffusive and short-range fast, vibrational motions in glasses of pea compared to soybean, which suggest higher constraints to motion in pea and greater "fragility" in soybean. We are suggesting that differences in fragility contribute to variation of seed longevity. Indeed, fragility and coordination of short and long range motions are linked to stability and physical aging of synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Walters
- National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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16
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Dalziell EL, Funnekotter B, Mancera RL, Merritt DJ. Seed storage behaviour of tropical members of the aquatic basal angiosperm genus Nymphaea L. (Nymphaeaceae). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz021. [PMID: 31093328 PMCID: PMC6510139 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen native species of Nymphaea (waterlilies) inhabit a range of freshwater wetlands in northern Australia, which are threatened by increased development and the potential impacts of climate change. To investigate conservation seed banking of these vulnerable species, we aimed to characterize their seed storage physiology by determining (i) seed desiccation tolerance and (ii) the effects of moisture content and storage temperature on seed germination and viability. Seeds of N. immutabilis, N. lukei, N. macrosperma and N. violacea (including multiple collections of three species) were placed in experimental storage at a range of temperatures (25°C, 5°C, -20°C and -190°C) following pre-equilibration at different RHs (15%, 30%, 50%, 70% or 95%). Seeds were also experimentally aged at 60% RH and 45°C to assess comparative longevity. We found seeds of all species to be desiccation tolerant. However, the responses of seeds to experimental storage conditions were complex and variable between species and collections of the same species, and seeds of many species/collections were short-lived across many of the storage treatments. In many cases decreasing storage temperature did not increase longevity. Additional protocol development is necessary before we can have confidence that ex situ seed banking is a viable long-term germplasm conservation strategy for Nymphaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Dalziell
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Bryn Funnekotter
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA, Australia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA, Australia
| | - David J Merritt
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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