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Li Y, Wang Y, He YQ, Ye TT, Huang X, Wu H, Ma TX, Pritchard HW, Wang XF, Xue H. Glutathionylation of a glycolytic enzyme promotes cell death and vigor loss during aging of elm seeds. Plant Physiol 2024:kiae197. [PMID: 38637315 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Seed deterioration during storage is a major problem in agricultural and forestry production and for germplasm conservation. Our previous studies have shown that a mitochondrial outer membrane protein VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT ANION CHANNEL (VDAC) is involved in programmed cell death (PCD)-like viability loss during the controlled deterioration treatment (CDT) of elm (Ulmus pumila L.) seeds, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the oxidative modification of GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE (GAPDH) is functioned in the gate regulation of VDAC during the CDT of elm seeds. Through biochemical and cytological methods and observations of transgenic material [Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), Nicotiana benthamiana, and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)], we demonstrate that cysteine S-glutathionylated UpGAPDH1 interacts with UpVDAC3 during seed aging, which leads to a mitochondrial permeability transition and aggravation of cell death, as indicated by the leakage of the mitochondrial pro-apoptotic factor cytochrome c and the emergence of apoptotic nucleus. Physiological assays and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis revealed that GAPDH glutathionylation is mediated by increased glutathione, which might be caused by increases in the concentrations of free metals, especially Zn. Introduction of the Zn-specific chelator TPEN [(N, N, N', N'-Tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine)] significantly delayed seed aging. We conclude that glutathionylated UpGAPDH1 interacts with UpVDAC3 and serves as a pro-apoptotic protein for VDAC-gating regulation and cell death initiation during seed aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu-Qi He
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tian-Tian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tian-Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hua Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
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Yang T, Niu Q, Dai H, Tian X, Ma J, Pritchard HW, Lin L, Yang X. The transcription factor MYB1 activates DGAT2 transcription to promote triacylglycerol accumulation in sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) leaves under heat stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 2024; 208:108517. [PMID: 38503190 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation is frequently triggered in vegetative tissues experiencing heat stress, which may increases plant basal plant thermo-tolerance by sequestering the toxic lipid intermediates that contribute to membrane damage or cell death under stress conditions. However, stress-responsive TAG biosynthesis and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the lipidomic and transcriptomic landscape under heat stress in the leaves of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.), an important oilseed crop in tropical regions. Under heat stress (45 °C), the content of polyunsaturated TAGs (e.g., TAG18:2 and TAG18:3) and total TAGs were significantly higher, while those of unsaturated sterol esters, including ZyE 28:4, SiE 18:2 and SiE 18:3, were dramatically lower. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of PvDGAT2-2, encoding a type II diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) that is critical for TAG biosynthesis, was substantially induced under heat stress. We confirmed the function of PvDGAT2-2 in TAG production by complementing a yeast mutant defective in TAG biosynthesis. Importantly, we also identified the heat-induced transcription factor PvMYB1 as an upstream activator of PvDGAT2-2 transcription. Our findings on the molecular mechanism leading to TAG biosynthesis in leaves exposed to heat stress have implications for improving the biotechnological production of TAGs in vegetative tissues, offering an alternative to seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianquan Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Qian Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Dai
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoling Tian
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Junchao Ma
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Liang Lin
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xiangyun Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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Lv T, Li J, Zhou L, Zhou T, Pritchard HW, Ren C, Chen J, Yan J, Pei J. Aging-Induced Reduction in Safflower Seed Germination via Impaired Energy Metabolism and Genetic Integrity Is Partially Restored by Sucrose and DA-6 Treatment. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:659. [PMID: 38475505 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Seed storage underpins global agriculture and the seed trade and revealing the mechanisms of seed aging is essential for enhancing seed longevity management. Safflower is a multipurpose oil crop, rich in unsaturated fatty acids that are at high risk of peroxidation as a contributory factor to seed aging. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for safflower seed viability loss are not yet elucidated. We used controlled deterioration (CDT) conditions of 60% relative humidity and 50 °C to reduce germination in freshly harvested safflower seeds and analyzed aged seeds using biochemical and molecular techniques. While seed malondialdehyde (MDA) and fatty acid content increased significantly during CDT, catalase activity and soluble sugar content decreased. KEGG analysis of gene function and qPCR validation indicated that aging severely impaired several key functional and biosynthetic pathways including glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, antioxidant activity, and DNA replication and repair. Furthermore, exogenous sucrose and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) treatment partially promoted germination in aged seeds, further demonstrating the vital role of impaired sugar and fatty acid metabolism during the aging and recovery processes. We concluded that energy metabolism and genetic integrity are impaired during aging, which contributes to the loss of seed vigor. Such energy metabolic pathways as glycolysis, fatty acid degradation, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) are impaired, especially fatty acids produced by the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols during aging, as they are not efficiently converted to sucrose via the glyoxylate cycle to provide energy supply for safflower seed germination and seedling growth. At the same time, the reduced capacity for nucleotide synthesis capacity and the deterioration of DNA repair ability further aggravate the damage to DNA, reducing seed vitality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lanyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Heilongtan, Kunming 650201, China
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath RH17 6TN, West Sussex, UK
| | - Chaoxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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Francisqueti AM, Marin RR, Hengling MM, Hosomi ST, Pritchard HW, Custódio CC, Machado-Neto NB. Orchid seeds are not always short-lived in a conventional seed bank! Ann Bot 2024:mcae021. [PMID: 38365444 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Orchid seeds are reputed to be short-lived under dry, cold storage conditions, potentially limiting the use of conventional seed banks for long-term ex-situ conservation. This work explores whether Cattleya seeds are long-lived or not during conventional storage (pre-dried to c. 12% RH, then stored at -18 ºC). METHODS We explored the possible interaction of factors influencing seed lifespan in eight species of the genus Cattleya using physiological (germination and vigour), biochemical (gas chromatography), biophysical (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC) and morphometric methods. Seeds were desiccated to c. 3% moisture content and stored at -18ºC for over a decade, and seed quality was measured via three in vitro germination techniques. Tetrazolium staining was also used to monitor seed viability during storage. The morphometric and germination data were subjected to ANOVA and cluster analysis, and seed lifespan was subjected to probit analysis. KEY RESULTS Seeds of all Cattleya species were found to be desiccation tolerant with predicted storage lifespans (P50s) ~ 30 years for six species and much longer for two species. Cluster analysis showed that the three species with the longest-lived seeds had smaller (9-11%) airspaces around the embryo. Post-storage germination method impacted the quality assessment; seeds equilibrated at room temperature for 24 h or in 10% sucrose solution had improved germination, particularly for the seeds with the smallest embryos. Chromatography revealed that all eight species' seeds were rich in linoleic acid, and DSC identified a peak that may be auxiliary to selecting long-lived seeds. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that not all orchids produce seeds that are short-lived, and our trait analyses may help strengthen seed longevity prediction in diverse orchid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Francisqueti
- Unoeste Campus II, Agronomy College. Building 2, room 201, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572. Limoeiro, Presidente Prudente SP. Brazil
| | - Rafael Rubio Marin
- Unoeste Campus II, Agronomy College. Building 2, room 201, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572. Limoeiro, Presidente Prudente SP. Brazil
| | - Mariane Marengoni Hengling
- Unoeste Campus II, Agronomy College. Building 2, room 201, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572. Limoeiro, Presidente Prudente SP. Brazil
| | - Silvério Takao Hosomi
- Unoeste Campus II, Agronomy College. Building 2, room 201, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572. Limoeiro, Presidente Prudente SP. Brazil
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, P. R. China
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Ceci Castilho Custódio
- Unoeste Campus II, Agronomy College. Building 2, room 201, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572. Limoeiro, Presidente Prudente SP. Brazil
| | - Nelson Barbosa Machado-Neto
- Unoeste Campus II, Agronomy College. Building 2, room 201, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572. Limoeiro, Presidente Prudente SP. Brazil
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Wu Y, Sun XR, Peng CY, Shen YB, Visscher AM, Pritchard HW, Wang MZ, Deng ZY. Cryo-attenuated properties of Tilia miqueliana pericarps and seeds. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1228069. [PMID: 37692432 PMCID: PMC10486270 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1228069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Cryo treatment of dry seeds is known to attenuate the structure of fruit and seed coats, but little is known about the microstructural impacts of such treatment. The seeds of Tilia miqueliana are dispersed within a hard pericarp, the manual removal (hulling) of which is time-consuming and inefficient. Rapid hulling technology is urgently needed for sustainable production and convenience of edible nuts. Methods We explored the mechanistic basis of liquid nitrogen (N)-treatment weakening of the pericarp of T. miqueliana fruits using a range of microscopical, biophysical and chemical approaches. Results Liquid N treatment (40 s) resulted in lower pericarp contents of cellulose and hemicellulose, and increased amounts of lignin. Profound changes in cell structure and mechanical properties included the emergence of large holes and gaps between the mesocarp and endocarp cells. Also, the toughness of the pericarp decreased, whilst the hardness and brittleness increased, thereby changing the fracture type from ductile to brittle. Liquid N treatment of dry fruits followed by tapping with a hammer, reduced the number of damaged seeds three-fold and pericarp peeling time four-fold compared with manual hulling, whilst seed viability was not negatively affected. Discussion Comparable findings for the efficient and economical removal of hard covering structures from dispersal units of five more species from three other families following liquid N treatment indicates the potential application of our findings to large-scale production of seeds and seedlings for breeding, forestry and conservation/restoration purposes. Furthermore, it introduces a novel concept for postharvest treatment and pre-treatment of deep processing in nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Southern Tree Inspection Center National Forestry Administration, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Rui Sun
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Yin Peng
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Southern Tree Inspection Center National Forestry Administration, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Bao Shen
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Southern Tree Inspection Center National Forestry Administration, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, United Kingdom
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Zhu Wang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi Yun Deng
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Diantina S, McGill C, McCormick AC, Millner J, Pritchard HW, Nadarajan J. Comparative seed cryopreservation of indonesian and new zealand epiphytic and terrestrial orchids. Cryo Letters 2023; 44:197-207. [PMID: 37883137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The atypical seed storage behaviour reported in several orchid species justifies cryopreservation as a complementary conservation strategy to conventional seed banking. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the seed cryopreservation potential of five orchid species; two tropical epiphytic, Indonesian species (Dendrobium strebloceras, D. lineale), one temperate epiphytic, New Zealand species (D. cunninghamii) and two temperate terrestrial, New Zealand species (Pterostylis banksii, Thelymitra nervosa). MATERIALS AND METHODS Seeds were cryopreserved by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen (LN) and through the application of a cryoprotectant vitrification method. For the latter, seeds were exposed to Plant Vitrification Solution 2 (PVS2) for 0, 20, 50, and 70 min, at either room temperature or on ice, prior to immersion in LN. RESULTS Seeds of all the studied species germinated well following direct cooling in LN. There was no difference in the seedling development capability between cryopreserved and non-cryopreserved seeds of both tropical epiphytic species and direct immersion in LN enhanced seed germination and shoot formation in both temperate terrestrials. CONCLUSION Through a range of analyses of germination and post-germination growth, our study shows the potential for cryopreserving epiphytic or terrestrial orchids from tropical and temperate regions. Doi: 10.54680/fr23410110312.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Diantina
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, New Zealand. Indonesia Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia. Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Garden and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia.
| | - C McGill
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennent Drive, 4410 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - A C McCormick
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennent Drive, 4410 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Millner
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennent Drive, 4410 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - H W Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, 132 Lanhei Road, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - J Nadarajan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, New Zealand.
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Wu Y, Sun XR, Pritchard HW, Shen YB, Wu XQ, Peng CY. The metagenomics of soil bacteria and fungi and the release of mechanical dormancy in hard seeds. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1187614. [PMID: 37441178 PMCID: PMC10335401 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1187614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Persistence in the soil is a function of seed physiology, particularly non-germination and inherent lifespan. However, for seeds with mechanical dormancy, non-germination is also a function of the composition and activity of the soil microbiota. We attempted to screen out microorganisms in the soil that can specifically and rapidly decompose the hard fruit pericarps of Tilia miqueliana Maxim., a unique native tree species in China. Using the classical replica plating method, more than 100 different culturable microorganisms that could rapidly erode the pericarp were collected from the surface of pericarps under different culture conditions. At the same time, we successfully extended the concept of metagenomics and applied it to the identification of mixed artificial cultures. The decomposition process of the pericarps in soil was also simulated artificially. The physical and chemical data suggested a potential mechanism of microbial scarification and cracking in pericarp, whilst the embryos inside the eroded fruits retained good viability. Our discoveries could pave the way for the removal of physical and mechanical obstacles that prevent hard coat seeds from germinating. We anticipate that the use of this technology will improve the germination of other hard coat seeds. More research is needed to investigate the impacts on other seeds. The findings of this research can inform the design of experiments on the seed ecology of persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Southern Tree Inspection Center National Forestry Administration, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Sun
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Bao Shen
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Southern Tree Inspection Center National Forestry Administration, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Yin Peng
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Southern Tree Inspection Center National Forestry Administration, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Malik S, Kaur S, Choudhary R, Chaudhury R, Pritchard HW. Comparative Cryopreservation of Indian Wild Orange ( Citrus Indica Tanaka) Embryonic Axes. cryo letters 2023; 44:142-150. [DOI: 10.54680/fr23310110512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Indian Wild Orange (Citrus indica Tanaka) is an endangered and endemic species from northeast India for which effective ex situ conservation strategies, including embryo cryopreservation, are urgently needed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Desiccation tolerance
and cryopreservation ability for embryonic axes of Citrus indica was determined using three techniques (air desiccation-freezing, PVS2 vitrification-freezing and encapsulation-dehydration-freezing). Success was assessed as survival and recovery in vitro. RESULTS: Successful cryopreservation
of embryonic axes was achieved using all three methods, with the highest survival achieved when using air desiccationfreezing (90%) followed by encapsulation-dehydration (85%) and PVS2 vitrification cryopreservation (80%). Regeneration levels were lower than survival levels
for all three proceedures. Post-cryo regeneration success was: encapsulation-dehydration (64%) > air desiccation-freezing (55%) > PVS2 vitrification (52%). CONCLUSION: Although there was relatively high post-cryopreservation recovery growth obtained using
all the three techniques, the air desiccation-freezing technique is preferred, as it is a simple, practical and reproducible technique for the long-term cryobanking of this important wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.K. Malik
- Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-110012
| | - Sukhdeep Kaur
- Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-110012
| | - Ravish Choudhary
- Division of Seed Science and Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012
| | - Rekha Chaudhury
- Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-110012
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, P.R. China
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
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Malik SK, Kaur S, Choudhary R, Chaudhury R, Pritchard HW. Comparative cryopreservation of indian wild orange (Citrus indica Tanaka) embryonic axes. Cryo Letters 2023; 44:142-150. [PMID: 37883167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indian Wild Orange (Citrus indica Tanaka) is an endangered and endemic species from northeast India for which effective ex situ conservation strategies, including embryo cryopreservation, are urgently needed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Desiccation tolerance and cryopreservation ability for embryonic axes of Citrus indica was determined using three techniques (air desiccation-freezing, PVS2 vitrification-freezing and encapsulation-dehydration-freezing). Success was assessed as survival and recovery in vitro. RESULTS Successful cryopreservation of embryonic axes was achieved using all three methods, with the highest survival achieved when using air desiccation-freezing (90%) followed by encapsulation-dehydration (85%) and PVS2 vitrification cryopreservation (80%). Regeneration levels were lower than survival levels for all three proceedures. Post-cryo regeneration success was: encapsulation-dehydration (64%) > air desiccation-freezing (55%) > PVS2 vitrification (52%). CONCLUSION Although there was relatively high post-cryopreservation recovery growth obtained using all the three techniques, the air desiccation-freezing technique is preferred, as it is a simple, practical and reproducible technique for the long-term cryobanking of this important wild species. Doi: 10.54680/fr23310110512.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Malik
- Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-110012, India.
| | - S Kaur
- Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - R Choudhary
- Division of Seed Science and Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - R Chaudhury
- Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - H W Pritchard
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, P.R. China. ORCID: 0000-0002-2487-6475. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
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Chen H, Visscher AM, Ai Q, Yang L, Pritchard HW, Li W. Intra-Specific Variation in Desiccation Tolerance of Citrus sinensis 'bingtangcheng' (L.) Seeds under Different Environmental Conditions in China. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087393. [PMID: 37108552 PMCID: PMC10139128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-specific variation in seed storage behaviour observed in several species has been related to different maternal environments. However, the particular environmental conditions and molecular processes involved in intra-specific variation of desiccation tolerance remain unclear. We chose Citrus sinensis 'bingtangcheng' for the present study due to its known variability in desiccation tolerance amongst seed lots. Six seed lots of mature fruits were harvested across China and systematically compared for drying sensitivity. Annual sunshine hours and average temperature from December to May showed positive correlations with the level of seed survival of dehydration. Transcriptional analysis indicated significant variation in gene expression between relatively desiccation-tolerant (DT) and -sensitive (DS) seed lots after harvest. The major genes involved in late seed maturation, such as heat shock proteins, showed higher expression in the DT seed lot. Following the imposition of drying, 80% of stress-responsive genes in the DS seed lot changed to the stable levels seen in the DT seed lot prior to and post-desiccation. However, the changes in expression of stress-responsive genes in DS seeds did not improve their tolerance to desiccation. Thus, higher desiccation tolerance of Citrus sinensis 'bingtangcheng' seeds is modulated by the maternal environment (e.g., higher annual sunshine hours and seasonal temperature) during seed development and involves stable expression levels of stress-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Chen
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Anne M Visscher
- Trait Diversity and Function Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Qin Ai
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Trait Diversity and Function Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Weiqi Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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11
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Visscher AM, Pritchard HW, Neri G, Ballesteros D. How do we transport plant species with desiccation-sensitive germplasm in space? Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2023; 36:135-137. [PMID: 36682822 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many useful plant species with potential for plant-based bioregenerative life support systems produce extremophile seeds with tolerance to multiple stressors, including desiccation, which allows for their transport through space in a dried state. However, other valuable species produce desiccation-sensitive seeds or are propagated clonally, and life sciences research in space has not yet addressed the challenge of alternative transport methods in microgravity for such material. Although liquid nitrogen storage is used on Earth for desiccation-sensitive germplasm, it poses atmospheric leakage problems to crewed spacecraft and therefore liquid nitrogen-free cryogenic freezing could be an alternative. Another promising approach is slow growth tissue culture, with subculture intervals extended to months or years through the precise control of the culture environment. Whilst the design of innovative systems for the transport of species with desiccation-sensitive germplasm will be demanding, the prospect still remains for their successful growth beyond Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Visscher
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, United Kingdom.
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, United Kingdom; CryoLetters LLP, Lewes, East Sussex BN71QE, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Neri
- Kayser Space Ltd. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Building R104, Fermi Avenue, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Ballesteros
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, United Kingdom; Department of Botany and Geology, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
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12
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Nadarajan J, Walters C, Pritchard HW, Ballesteros D, Colville L. Seed Longevity-The Evolution of Knowledge and a Conceptual Framework. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:471. [PMID: 36771556 PMCID: PMC9919896 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The lifespan or longevity of a seed is the time period over which it can remain viable. Seed longevity is a complex trait and varies greatly between species and even seed lots of the same species. Our scientific understanding of seed longevity has advanced from anecdotal 'Thumb Rules,' to empirically based models, biophysical explanations for why those models sometimes work or fail, and to the profound realisation that seeds are the model of the underexplored realm of biology when water is so limited that the cytoplasm solidifies. The environmental variables of moisture and temperature are essential factors that define survival or death, as well as the timescale to measure lifespan. There is an increasing understanding of how these factors induce cytoplasmic solidification and affect glassy properties. Cytoplasmic solidification slows down, but does not stop, the chemical reactions involved in ageing. Continued degradation of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids damage cell constituents and reduce the seed's metabolic capacity, eventually impairing the ability to germinate. This review captures the evolution of knowledge on seed longevity over the past five decades in relation to seed ageing mechanisms, technology development, including tools to predict seed storage behaviour and non-invasive techniques for seed longevity assessment. It is concluded that seed storage biology is a complex science covering seed physiology, biophysics, biochemistry and multi-omic technologies, and simultaneous knowledge advancement in these areas is necessary to improve seed storage efficacy for crops and wild species biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanthi Nadarajan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Christina Walters
- USDA—Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath RH17 6TN, UK
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Daniel Ballesteros
- Faculty of Farmacy, Department of Botany and Geology, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Estelles s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Louise Colville
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath RH17 6TN, UK
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13
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Magrini S, Pritchard HW, Ballesteros D. Can thermal fingerprints of Mediterranean terrestrial orchid seeds be used to optimize ex situ conservation? Cryobiology 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zhou L, Lu L, Chen C, Zhou T, Wu Q, Wen F, Chen J, Pritchard HW, Peng C, Pei J, Yan J. Comparative changes in sugars and lipids show evidence of a critical node for regeneration in safflower seeds during aging. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1020478. [PMID: 36388552 PMCID: PMC9661361 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1020478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During seed aging, there is a critical node (CN) where the population viability drops sharply. Exploring the specific locations of the CN in different species of plants is crucial for understanding the biological storage properties of seeds and refining seed life span management. Safflower, a bulk oil crop that relies on seeds for propagation, has a short seed life. However, at present, its biological characteristics during storage are not clear, especially the changes in metabolic capability and cell structures. Such knowledge is needed to improve the management of safflower seed life span and effective preservation in gene banks. Here, the seed survival curve of oilseed safflower under the controlled deterioration conditions of 60% relative humidity and 50°C was detected. The seed population showed an inverted S shape for the fall in germination. In the first 12 days of aging, germination remained above 86%. Prior to the CN at approximately day 10 (C10), when viability was in the "plateau" interval, seed vigor reduced at the same imbibition time point. Further analysis of the changes in sugar concentration found that the sucrose content decreased slowly with aging and the content of raffinose and two monosaccharides decreased abruptly at C10. Differentially metabolized lipids, namely lysophospholipids [lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lyso-phosphatidylethanolamines (LPE)] and PMeOH, increased at day 3 of aging (C3). Fatty acid content increased by C6, and the content of phospholipids [phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), and phosphatidylinositols (PI) and glycolipids [digalactosyl diacylglycerol, monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, and sulphoquinovosyl diglycerides (SQDG)] decreased significantly from C10. In addition, the activities of raffinose hydrolase alpha-galactosidase and the glyoxylate key enzyme isocitrate lyase decreased with seed aging. Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed shrinkage of the seed plasma membrane at C10 and the later fragmentation. Seedling phenotypic indicators and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride activity assays also verified that there were significant changes in seeds quality at the CN. In summary, the time point C10 is a CN during seed population aging. Before the CN, sugar and lipid metabolism, especially fatty acid metabolism into sugar, can make up for the energy consumed by aging. After this point, the seeds were irreversibly damaged, and their viability was greatly and rapidly reduced as the cell structure became increasingly destroyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Feiyan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, United Kingdom
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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15
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Liu D, Lin L, Zhang T, Xu Q, Wang M, Gao M, Bhople P, Pritchard HW, Yang X, Yu F. Wild Panax plants adapt to their thermal environment by harboring abundant beneficial seed endophytic bacteria. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.967692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The seed microbiome of crop wild relatives is a potential reservoir of beneficial traits that potentially improve their host plant resilience to fluctuating environments and pathogenic threats. Herein, we studied the seed microbiome of three species of the medicinal genus Panax (P. vietnamensis, P. japonicas, and P. stipuleanatus) collected from seven locations in Southwest China. We used qPCR and metabarcoding high-throughput sequencing to target both endophytic bacteria and fungi. Seed bacterial absolute abundance (1.1 × 109∼1.0 × 107 gene copy numbers per gram seed) was substantially higher than that of fungi (7.6 × 105∼3.7 × 102). Host plant genotype was the main driver of seed microbiome composition for both bacteria and fungi. Panax growing hypothermal environments significantly shaped their seed endophytic bacterial but not fungal microbiota. The three Panax species’ seeds harbored unique microbes [averaged ∼150 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs)], sharing only 12 bacterial ASVs (half affiliated to Halomonas) and four fungal ASVs. Network analysis showed that the Panax seed endophytic bacteria tend to form inter-weaved functional modules that are majorly connected by core members from the genus Halomonas, Pseudomonas, and Pantoea. These genera have been associated with nutrient cycling, plant, disease suppression, and tolerance to environmental fluctuation. Together, these novel insights may shade light on the ecological strategies of wild Panax plants adaptation to their thermal environment by possessing abundant beneficial seed endophytic bacteria.
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16
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Blandino C, Fernández-Pascual E, Newton RJ, Pritchard HW. Regeneration from seed in herbaceous understorey of ancient woodlands of temperate Europe. Ann Bot 2022; 129:761-774. [PMID: 35020780 PMCID: PMC9292608 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS European ancient woodlands are subject to land use change, and the distribution of herbaceous understorey species may be threatened because of their poor ability to colonize isolated forest patches. The regeneration niche can determine the species assembly of a community, and seed germination traits may be important descriptors of this niche. METHODS We analysed ecological records for 208 herbaceous species regarded as indicators of ancient woodlands in Europe and, where possible, collated data on seed germination traits, reviewed plant regeneration strategies and measured seed internal morphology traits. The relationship between plant regeneration strategies and ecological requirements was explored for 57 species using ordination and classification analysis. KEY RESULTS Three regeneration strategies were identified. Species growing in closed-canopy areas tend to have morphological seed dormancy, often requiring darkness and low temperatures for germination, and their shoots emerge in early spring, thus avoiding the competition for light from canopy species. These species are separated into two groups: autumn and late winter germinators. The third strategy is defined by open-forest plants with a preference for gaps, forest edges and riparian forests. They tend to have physiological seed dormancy and germinate in light and at higher temperatures, so their seedlings emerge in spring or summer. CONCLUSION Seed germination traits are fundamental to which species are good or poor colonizers of the temperate forest understorey and could provide a finer explanation than adult plant traits of species distribution patterns. Seed dormancy type, temperature stratification and light requirements for seed germination are important drivers of forest floor colonization patterns and should be taken in account when planning successful ecological recovery of temperate woodland understories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Pascual
- Science Directorate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardlingly, West Sussex, UK
- IMIB – Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Oviedo, Mieres, Spain
| | - Rosemary J Newton
- Science Directorate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardlingly, West Sussex, UK
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Science Directorate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardlingly, West Sussex, UK
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17
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Gomez-Cabellos S, Toorop PE, Cañal MJ, Iannetta PPM, Fernández-Pascual E, Pritchard HW, Visscher AM. Global DNA methylation and cellular 5-methylcytosine and H4 acetylated patterns in primary and secondary dormant seeds of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (shepherd's purse). Protoplasma 2022; 259:595-614. [PMID: 34212249 PMCID: PMC9010400 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of dormancy and dormancy cycling for plants' fitness and life cycle phenology, a comprehensive characterization of the global and cellular epigenetic patterns across space and time in different seed dormancy states is lacking. Using Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (shepherd's purse) seeds with primary and secondary dormancy, we investigated the dynamics of global genomic DNA methylation and explored the spatio-temporal distribution of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and histone H4 acetylated (H4Ac) epigenetic marks. Seeds were imbibed at 30 °C in a light regime to maintain primary dormancy, or in darkness to induce secondary dormancy. An ELISA-based method was used to quantify DNA methylation, in relation to total genomic cytosines. Immunolocalization of 5-mC and H4Ac within whole seeds (i.e., including testa) was assessed with reference to embryo anatomy. Global DNA methylation levels were highest in prolonged (14 days) imbibed primary dormant seeds, with more 5-mC marked nuclei present only in specific parts of the seed (e.g., SAM and cotyledons). In secondary dormant seeds, global methylation levels and 5-mC signal where higher at 3 and 7 days than 1 or 14 days. With respect to acetylation, seeds had fewer H4Ac marked nuclei (e.g., SAM) in deeper dormant states, for both types of dormancy. However, the RAM still showed signal after 14 days of imbibition under dormancy-inducing conditions, suggesting a central role for the radicle/RAM in the response to perceived ambient changes and the adjustment of the seed dormancy state. Thus, we show that seed dormancy involves extensive cellular remodeling of DNA methylation and H4 acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gomez-Cabellos
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, RH17 6TN West Sussex UK
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Catedrático Rodrigo Uría, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Peter E. Toorop
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, RH17 6TN West Sussex UK
| | - María Jesús Cañal
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Catedrático Rodrigo Uría, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Fernández-Pascual
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Catedrático Rodrigo Uría, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, RH17 6TN West Sussex UK
| | - Anne M. Visscher
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, RH17 6TN West Sussex UK
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Abstract
Halting and reversing the current loss of biodiversity and habitats will be facilitated by a comprehensive valuation of all nature's contributions to people (NCPs), on which we rely. In this context, we explore the full natural capital value of seeds to reveal how this extends far beyond their economic value associated with mainstream agriculture and forestry. Seeds represent the main assets for nature-based solutions at species (i.e., unlocking neglected species properties and via seed banking) and ecosystem level (i.e., ecological restoration). Challenges remain to enhance their sustainable use in nature conservation and in supporting a sustainable development model. Such advances will depend on the comprehensive valuation of the natural capital value of seeds, which has so far been grossly underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efisio Mattana
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK.
| | - Tiziana Ulian
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK; Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, PR China.
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19
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Peng L, Huang X, Qi M, Pritchard HW, Xue H. Mechanistic insights derived from re-establishment of desiccation tolerance in germinating xerophytic seeds: Caragana korshinskii as an example. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1029997. [PMID: 36420023 PMCID: PMC9677110 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1029997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Germplasm conservation strongly depends on the desiccation tolerance (DT) of seeds. Xerophytic seeds have strong desiccation resistance, which makes them excellent models to study DT. Although some experimental strategies have been applied previously, most methods are difficult to apply to xerophytic seeds. In this review, we attempted to synthesize current strategies for the study of seed DT and provide an in-depth look at Caragana korshinskii as an example. First, we analyze congenital advantages of xerophytes in the study of seed DT. Second, we summarize several strategies used to study DT and illustrate a suitable strategy for xerophytic species. Then, based on our previous studies work with C. korshinskii, a feasible technical strategy for DT re-establishment is provided and we provide illustrate some special molecular mechanisms seen in xerophytic seeds. Finally, several steps to unveil the DT mechanism of xerophytic seeds are suggested, and three scientific questions that the field should consider are listed. We hope to optimize and utilize this strategy for more xerophytic species to more systematically decipher the physiological and molecular processes of seed DT and provide more candidate genes for molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Peng
- The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Manyao Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Hua Xue
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Xue,
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20
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Diantina S, McGill C, Millner J, Nadarajan J, Pritchard HW, Colville L, Clavijo McCormick A. Seed viability and fatty acid profiles of five orchid species before and after ageing. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2022; 24:168-175. [PMID: 34724312 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Changes in seed lipid composition during ageing are associated with seed viability loss in many plant species. However, due to their small seed size, this has not been previously explored in orchids. We characterized and compared the seed viability and fatty acid profiles of five orchid species before and after ageing: one tropical epiphytic orchid from Indonesia (Dendrobium strebloceras), and four temperate species from New Zealand, D. cunninghamii (epiphytic), and Gastrodia cunninghamii, Pterostylis banksii and Thelymitra nervosa (terrestrial). Seeds were aged under controlled laboratory conditions (3-month storage at 60% RH and 20 °C). Seed viability was tested before and after ageing using tetrazolium chloride staining. Fatty acid methyl esters from fresh and aged seeds were extracted through trans-esterification, and then analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All species had high initial viability (>80%) and experienced significant viability loss after ageing. The saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and total fatty acid content decreased with ageing in all species, but this reduction was only significant for D. strebloceras, D. cunninghamii and G. cunninghamii. Our results suggest that fatty acid degradation is a typical response to ageing in orchids, albeit with species variation in magnitude, but the link between fatty acid degradation and viability was not elucidated. Pterostylis banksii exemplified this variation; it showed marked viability loss despite not having a significant reduction in its fatty acid content after ageing. More research is required to identify the effect of ageing on fatty acid composition in orchids, and its contribution to seed viability loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Diantina
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Indonesia Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia
| | - C McGill
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Millner
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Nadarajan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - H W Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK
| | - L Colville
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK
| | - A Clavijo McCormick
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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21
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Fileti JF, Hengling MM, Gianeti TMG, Pritchard HW, Hosomi ST, Machado-Neto NB, Custodio CC. Seed longevity and cryobiotechnology in the orchid genus cattleya. Cryo Letters 2021; 42:353-365. [PMID: 35366301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orchid seeds are reputed to be relatively short-lived, although comparative studies across a wide range of storage temperatures and moisture contents are few. OBJECTIVE To explore how a wide range of temperature and moisture contents affects seed longevity in the orchid genus Cattleya. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seeds of three Brazilian orchid species in the genus Cattleya (C. amethystoglossa, C. kautskyana and C. tigrina) were subjected to controlled deterioration (CD) and seeds at three moisture levels were stored for up to 270 days at temperatures as low as -196 degree C. Seed ageing curves were constructed and seed quality assessed as germination level and speed index in vitro, and by tetrazolium staining. Seed morphometry, lipid content and composition were also determined. RESULTS Seeds were found to be lipid rich (54-70% DW) and short-lived under CD, with P50s varying less than two-fold (42 to 69 h) at 41 degree C. At cold (5 degree C) to ultracold (-196 degree C) temperatures longevity was greatest after pre-drying seeds to 15% RH, with germination varying by c. 6% after 270 days storage at these temperature limits. However, storage at -20 degree C resulted in a 5-46% reduction in germination, indicating a dry-seed sensitivity to conventional seed bank temperature. Ultra-dry (silica gel) and high humidity (82% RH) storage, in combination with various temperatures, compromised viability in one or more species. Overall, seed longevity in C. kautskyana > C. tigrina > C. amethystoglossa, which also reflected the pattern of embryo volume. The prospect that the generally shorter lifespans in orchid seeds may relate to stochastic processes the negative impact of which reach criticality sooner in smaller embryos requires further testing. CONCLUSION Further evidence is provided that cryobiotechnology provides a biobanking option for orchid seeds with relatively short lifespans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Fileti
- Unoeste Campus II, Biology College, Rod. Raposo Tavares Km 572, Bairro Limoeiro, Presidente Prudente SP, Brazil
| | - M M Hengling
- Unoeste Campus II, Biology College, Rod. Raposo Tavares Km 572, Bairro Limoeiro, Presidente Prudente SP, Brazil
| | - T M G Gianeti
- UNESP Instituto de Química de Araraquara IQAr - Departamento de Química Analítica. Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 1, Bairro dos Machados - Araraquara - SP, Brazil
| | - H W Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, P. R. China
| | - S T Hosomi
- Unoeste Campus II, Biology College, Rod. Raposo Tavares Km 572, Bairro Limoeiro, Presidente Prudente SP, Brazil
| | - N B Machado-Neto
- Unoeste Campus II, Agronomy College, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo 19067-175, Brazil
| | - C C Custodio
- Unoeste Campus II, Agronomy College, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo 19067-175, Brazil
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22
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Han B, Fernandez V, Pritchard HW, Colville L. Gaseous environment modulates volatile emission and viability loss during seed artificial ageing. Planta 2021; 253:106. [PMID: 33864524 PMCID: PMC8053187 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the gaseous environment using oxygen absorbers and/or silica gel shows potential for enhancing seed longevity through trapping toxic volatiles emitted by seeds during artificial ageing. Volatile profiling using non-invasive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry provides insight into the specific processes occurring during seed ageing. Production of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, derived from processes such as alcoholic fermentation, lipid peroxidation and Maillard reactions, are known to be dependent on storage temperature and relative humidity, but little is known about the potential modulating role of the gaseous environment, which also affects seed lifespan, on volatile production. Seeds of Lolium perenne (Poaceae), Agrostemma githago (Caryophyllaceae) and Pisum sativum (Fabaceae) were aged under normal atmospheric oxygen conditions and in sealed vials containing either oxygen absorbers, oxygen absorbers and silica gel (equilibrated at 60% RH), or silica gel alone. Seeds of A. githago that were aged in the absence of oxygen maintained higher viability and produced fewer volatiles than seeds aged in air. In addition, seeds of A. githago and L. perenne aged in the presence of silica gel were longer lived than those aged without silica, with no effect on seed moisture content or oxygen concentration in the storage containers, but with silica gel acting as a volatile trap. These results indicate that the use of inexpensive oxygen absorbers and silica gel could improve seed longevity in storage for some species and suggests a potential, and previously unidentified, role for silica gel in ultra-dry storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Han
- Shandong Forest Germplasm Resources Center, Ji’nan City, China
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- Imaging and Analysis Centre, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
| | - Louise Colville
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
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23
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Lin L, Ma J, Ai Q, Pritchard HW, Li W, Chen H. Lipid Remodeling Confers Osmotic Stress Tolerance to Embryogenic Cells during Cryopreservation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2174. [PMID: 33671662 PMCID: PMC7926411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant species conservation through cryopreservation using plant vitrification solutions (PVS) is based in empiricism and the mechanisms that confer cell integrity are not well understood. Using ESI-MS/MS analysis and quantification, we generated 12 comparative lipidomics datasets for membranes of embryogenic cells (ECs) of Magnolia officinalis during cryogenic treatments. Each step of the complex PVS-based cryoprotocol had a profoundly different impact on membrane lipid composition. Loading treatment (osmoprotection) remodeled the cell membrane by lipid turnover, between increased phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The PA increase likely serves as an intermediate for adjustments in lipid metabolism to desiccation stress. Following PVS treatment, lipid levels increased, including PC and PE, and this effectively counteracted the potential for massive loss of lipid species when cryopreservation was implemented in the absence of cryoprotection. The present detailed cryobiotechnology findings suggest that the remodeling of membrane lipids and attenuation of lipid degradation are critical for the successful use of PVS. As lipid metabolism and composition varies with species, these new insights provide a framework for technology development for the preservation of other species at increasing risk of extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lin
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (J.M.); (Q.A.); (H.W.P.)
| | - Junchao Ma
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (J.M.); (Q.A.); (H.W.P.)
| | - Qin Ai
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (J.M.); (Q.A.); (H.W.P.)
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (J.M.); (Q.A.); (H.W.P.)
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex, Ardingly RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Weiqi Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (J.M.); (Q.A.); (H.W.P.)
| | - Hongying Chen
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (J.M.); (Q.A.); (H.W.P.)
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24
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Visscher AM, Castillo-Lorenzo E, Toorop PE, Junio da Silva L, Yeo M, Pritchard HW. Pseudophoenix ekmanii (Arecaceae) seeds at suboptimal temperature show reduced imbibition rates and enhanced expression of genes related to germination inhibition. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2020; 22:1041-1051. [PMID: 32609914 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pseudophoenix ekmanii is a critically endangered palm species that can be found in the southeast of the Dominican Republic. The temperatures to which P. ekmanii seeds are exposed upon dispersal range from 32 to 23 °C (max and min) and can reach a low of approximately 20 °C in January. Our aim was to analyse the effect of suboptimal (20 °C) and optimal (30 °C) germination temperature on seed imbibition, moisture content, embryo growth and gene expression patterns in this tropical palm species. Seed imbibition was tracked using whole seeds, while moisture content was assessed for individual seed sections. Embryo and whole seed size were measured before and after full imbibition. For transcriptome sequencing, mRNA was extracted from embryo tissues only and the resulting reads were mapped against the Elaeis guineensis reference genome. Differentially expressed genes were identified after statistical analysis and subsequently probed for enrichment of Gene Ontology categories 'Biological process' and 'Cellular component'. Our results show that prolonged exposure to 20 °C slows whole seed and embryo imbibition and causes germination to be both delayed and inhibited. Embryonic transcriptome patterns associated with the negative regulation of germination by suboptimal temperature include up-regulation of ABA biosynthesis genes, ABA-responsive genes, as well as other genes previously related to physiological dormancy and inhibition of germination. Thus, our manuscript provides the first insights into the gene expression patterns involved in the response to suboptimal temperature during seed imbibition in a tropical palm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Visscher
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - E Castillo-Lorenzo
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
- Department of Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - P E Toorop
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - L Junio da Silva
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - M Yeo
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - H W Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
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25
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Bellot S, Bayton RP, Couvreur TLP, Dodsworth S, Eiserhardt WL, Guignard MS, Pritchard HW, Roberts L, Toorop PE, Baker WJ. On the origin of giant seeds: the macroevolution of the double coconut (Lodoicea maldivica) and its relatives (Borasseae, Arecaceae). New Phytol 2020; 228:1134-1148. [PMID: 32544251 PMCID: PMC7590125 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Seed size shapes plant evolution and ecosystems, and may be driven by plant size and architecture, dispersers, habitat and insularity. How these factors influence the evolution of giant seeds is unclear, as are the rate of evolution and the biogeographical consequences of giant seeds. We generated DNA and seed size data for the palm tribe Borasseae (Arecaceae) and its relatives, which show a wide diversity in seed size and include the double coconut (Lodoicea maldivica), the largest seed in the world. We inferred their phylogeny, dispersal history and rates of change in seed size, and evaluated the possible influence of plant size, inflorescence branching, habitat and insularity on these changes. Large seeds were involved in 10 oceanic dispersals. Following theoretical predictions, we found that: taller plants with fewer-branched inflorescences produced larger seeds; seed size tended to evolve faster on islands (except Madagascar); and seeds of shade-loving Borasseae tended to be larger. Plant size and inflorescence branching may constrain seed size in Borasseae and their relatives. The possible roles of insularity, habitat and dispersers are difficult to disentangle. Evolutionary contingencies better explain the gigantism of the double coconut than unusually high rates of seed size increase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross P. Bayton
- Royal Botanic Gardens, KewRichmond, SurreyTW9 3AEUK
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingWhiteknightsPO Box 217Reading, BerkshireRG6 6AHUK
| | | | - Steven Dodsworth
- Royal Botanic Gardens, KewRichmond, SurreyTW9 3AEUK
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of BedfordshireLutonLU1 3JUUK
| | - Wolf L. Eiserhardt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, KewRichmond, SurreyTW9 3AEUK
- Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityNy Munkegade 116Aarhus C8000Denmark
| | | | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, KewWakehurst Place, Wellcome Trust Millennium BuildingArdinglyWest SussexRH17 6TNUK
| | - Lucy Roberts
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EJUK
| | - Peter E. Toorop
- Royal Botanic Gardens, KewWakehurst Place, Wellcome Trust Millennium BuildingArdinglyWest SussexRH17 6TNUK
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Porceddu M, Pritchard HW, Mattana E, Bacchetta G. Differential Interpretation of Mountain Temperatures by Endospermic Seeds of Three Endemic Species Impacts the Timing of In Situ Germination. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1382. [PMID: 33081420 PMCID: PMC7603068 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Predicting seed germination in the field is a critical part of anticipating the impact of climate change on the timing of wild species regeneration. We combined thermal time and soil heat sum models of seed germination for three endemic Mediterranean mountain species with endospermic seeds and morphophysiological dormancy: Aquilegia barbaricina, Paeonia corsica, and Ribes sandalioticum. Seeds were buried in the soil within the respective collection sites, both underneath and outside the tree canopy, and their growth was assessed regularly and related to soil temperatures and estimates of the thermal characteristics of the seeds. The thermal thresholds for embryo growth and seed germination of A. barbaricina assessed in previous studies under controlled conditions were used to calculate soil heat sum accumulation of this species in the field. Thermal thresholds of seed germination for P. corsica and R. sandalioticum were not previously known and were estimated for the first time in this field study, based on findings of previous works carried out under controlled conditions. Critical embryo length and maximum germination for A. barbaricina were reached in April, and in December for R. sandalioticum. Seeds of P. corsica stay dormant in the ground until the following summer, and the critical embryo length and highest germination were detected from September to December. Soil heat sum models predicted earlier germination by one month for all three species under two Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios, based on the assumption that the estimated thermal thresholds will remain constant through climate changes. This phenological shift may increase the risk of mortality for young seedlings. The models developed provide important means of connecting the micro-environmental niche for in situ seed germination and the macro-environmental parameters under a global warming scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Porceddu
- Sardinian Germplasm Bank (BG-SAR), Hortus Botanicus Karalitanus (HBK), University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi, 9-11, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
- Centre for the Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB), Life and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 11-13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (H.W.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Efisio Mattana
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (H.W.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Gianluigi Bacchetta
- Sardinian Germplasm Bank (BG-SAR), Hortus Botanicus Karalitanus (HBK), University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi, 9-11, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
- Centre for the Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB), Life and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 11-13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
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27
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Custodio CC, Machado-Neto NB, Singer RB, Pritchard HW, Seaton PT, Marks TR. Storage of orchid pollinia with varying lipid thermal fingerprints. Protoplasma 2020; 257:1401-1413. [PMID: 32506243 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Orchid pollinia have the potential to make a valuable contribution to current techniques of germplasm storage and assisted reproduction, yet information regarding their preservation and their ability to remain viable over time is currently limited. Dactylorhiza fuchsii and Disa uniflora were used as models for investigating potential techniques for storing orchid pollinia. Initially, freshly harvested pollinia of Dact. fuchsii were incubated at 25 °C and 100% RH (relative humidity) for up to 7 days and germinated in vitro. For pollinia from both species, moisture sorption isotherms were constructed and thermal fingerprints generated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Pollinia were stored at three temperatures (5, - 18 and - 196 °C) after equilibration at four different RHs (5, 33, 50 and 75%) and germinated. The isotherms and DSC results varied between species. Compared with D. uniflora, pollinia of Dact. fuchsii consistently equilibrated at higher moisture content (MC) for each RH, had less detectable lipids by DSC and had shorter lifespans, remaining viable after 3-4 months only at - 20 and - 196 °C and at low RH (5 and 33%). Both species' pollinia stored well at - 20 °C and - 196 °C, although there was some evidence of a small loss of viability under cryopreservation. In conclusion, pollen of these two species can be stored successfully for at least 3-4 months, and to maximize the pre-storage quality, it is recommended that fresh pollen is collected from flowers just prior to anthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceci Castilho Custodio
- Agronomy College, UNOESTE, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19067-175, Brazil
| | - Nelson B Machado-Neto
- Agronomy College, UNOESTE, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19067-175, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo B Singer
- Departamento Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Philip T Seaton
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Timothy R Marks
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
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Malik SK, Choudhary R, Kaur S, Chaudhury R, Pritchard HW. Storage Behavior and Cryopreservation of Citrus cavaleriei, an Endangered, Cold-resistant Species of Northeast India with Exceptionally Large Seeds. Cryo Letters 2020; 41:281-290. [PMID: 33988666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ichang Papeda (Citrus cavaleriei H.Lév. ex Cavalerie) is a wild and endangered species of NE India that requires urgent preservation of its genetic resources. OBJECTIVE To characterize the storage physiology of the seeds and to cryopreserve the embryo and embryonic axis (EA). MATERIALS AND METHODS The morphology and storage physiology of the seeds were determined, and the cryopreservation of embryos and EA attempted using various techniques (viz., air desiccation-freezing, vitrification and encapsulation-dehydration). RESULTS Weighing up to 4 g, seeds of Citrus cavaleriei are the largest known in the genus. Based on estimates using the seed coat ratio - seed mass (SCR-SM) model there was a very high probability of seed desiccation intolerance, which was validated physiologically; seeds lost vigour on drying below 30% moisture content (MC) and no seeds germinating after drying to <12% MC. Embryos and EAs could be air dried to 25-30% MC and cryopreserved with c. 50% survival. In contrast, EA optimally exposed to PVS2 (20 min) or encapsulated, sucrose pretreated (0.5 M, 24 h) and dehydrated (6 h) had c. 40% survival after cryopreservation. CONCLUSION Citrus cavaleriei produces large, recalcitrant seeds that can, nevertheless, be cryopreserved as embryos or isolated EA after air drying to c. 25-30% MC; encapsulation-dehydration and vitrification provide alternative options for the cryopreservation of EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Malik
- Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India.
| | - R Choudhary
- Division of Seed Science and Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - S Kaur
- Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - R Chaudhury
- Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - H W Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
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29
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León‐Lobos P, Bustamante‐Sánchez MA, Nelson CR, Alarcón D, Hasbún R, Way M, Pritchard HW, Armesto JJ. Lack of adequate seed supply is a major bottleneck for effective ecosystem restoration in Chile: friendly amendment to Bannister et al. (2018). Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro León‐Lobos
- Laboratorio de Semillas Nativas, Centro Regional de Investigación La PlatinaInstituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Avenida Santa Rosa 11610, La Pintana Santiago CP 8831314 Chile
- Laboratorio de Epigenética Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias ForestalesUniversidad de Concepción, PO Box 160‐C Concepción Chile
| | - Marcela A. Bustamante‐Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Estudios del Antropoceno, Facultad de Ciencias ForestalesUniversidad de Concepción, PO Box 160‐C Concepción Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa Santiago Chile
| | - Cara R. Nelson
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W.A. Franke College of Forestry & ConservationUniversity of Montana Missoula MT U.S.A
| | - Diego Alarcón
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa Santiago Chile
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y OceanográficasUniversidad de Concepción, PO Box 160‐C Concepción Chile
| | - Rodrigo Hasbún
- Laboratorio de Estudios del Antropoceno, Facultad de Ciencias ForestalesUniversidad de Concepción, PO Box 160‐C Concepción Chile
| | - Michael Way
- Conservation Science, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Ardingly West Sussex RH176TN U.K
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Ardingly West Sussex RH176TN U.K
| | - Juan J. Armesto
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa Santiago Chile
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340 Santiago Chile
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Diantina S, McGill C, Millner J, Nadarajan J, W. Pritchard H, Clavijo McCormick A. Comparative Seed Morphology of Tropical and Temperate Orchid Species with Different Growth Habits. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E161. [PMID: 32013075 PMCID: PMC7076704 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Seed morphology underpins many critical biological and ecological processes, such as seed dormancy and germination, dispersal, and persistence. It is also a valuable taxonomic trait that can provide information about plant evolution and adaptations to different ecological niches. This study characterised and compared various seed morphological traits, i.e., seed and pod shape, seed colour and size, embryo size, and air volume for six orchid species; and explored whether taxonomy, biogeographical origin, or growth habit are important determinants of seed morphology. We investigated this on two tropical epiphytic orchid species from Indonesia (Dendrobium strebloceras and D. lineale), and four temperate species from New Zealand, terrestrial Gastrodia cunnninghamii, Pterostylis banksii and Thelymitra nervosa, and epiphytic D. cunninghamii. Our results show some similarities among related species in their pod shape and colour, and seed colouration. All the species studied have scobiform or fusiform seeds and prolate-spheroid embryos. Specifically, D. strebloceras, G. cunninghamii, and P. banksii have an elongated seed shape, while T. nervosa has truncated seeds. Interestingly, we observed high variability in the micro-morphological seed characteristics of these orchid species, unrelated to their taxonomy, biogeographical origin, or growth habit, suggesting different ecological adaptations possibly reflecting their modes of dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Diantina
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennent Drive, 4410 Palmerston North, New Zealand; (C.M.); (J.M.); (A.C.M.)
- Indonesia Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), Jl. Ragunan 29, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan 12540, Indonesia
| | - Craig McGill
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennent Drive, 4410 Palmerston North, New Zealand; (C.M.); (J.M.); (A.C.M.)
| | - James Millner
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennent Drive, 4410 Palmerston North, New Zealand; (C.M.); (J.M.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Jayanthi Nadarajan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Batchelar Road, Fitzherbert, 4474 Palmerston North, New Zealand;
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK;
| | - Andrea Clavijo McCormick
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennent Drive, 4410 Palmerston North, New Zealand; (C.M.); (J.M.); (A.C.M.)
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Dantas BF, Moura MSB, Pelacani CR, Angelotti F, Taura TA, Oliveira GM, Bispo JS, Matias JR, Silva FFS, Pritchard HW, Seal CE. Rainfall, not soil temperature, will limit the seed germination of dry forest species with climate change. Oecologia 2019; 192:529-541. [PMID: 31863165 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drylands are predicted to become more arid and saline due to increasing global temperature and drought. Although species from the Caatinga, a Brazilian tropical dry forest, are tolerant to these conditions, the capacity for germination to withstand extreme soil temperature and water deficit associated with climate change remains to be quantified. We aimed to evaluate how germination will be affected under future climate change scenarios of limited water and increased temperature. Seeds of three species were germinated at different temperatures and osmotic potentials. Thermal time and hydrotime model parameters were established and thresholds for germination calculated. Germination performance in 2055 was predicted, by combining temperature and osmotic/salt stress thresholds, considering soil temperature and moisture following rainfall events. The most pessimistic climate scenario predicts an increase of 3.9 °C in soil temperature and 30% decrease in rainfall. Under this scenario, soil temperature is never lower than the minimum and seldomly higher than maximum temperature thresholds for germination. As long as the soil moisture (0.139 cm3 cm3) requirements are met, germination can be achieved in 1 day. According to the base water potential and soil characteristics, the minimum weekly rainfall for germination is estimated to be 17.5 mm. Currently, the required minimum rainfall occurs in 14 weeks of the year but will be reduced to 4 weeks by 2055. This may not be sufficient for seedling recruitment of some species in the natural environment. Thus, in future climate scenarios, rainfall rather than temperature will be extremely limiting for seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara F Dantas
- Embrapa Semiárido, Caixa Postal 23, Rodovia BR-428, Km 152, Zona Rural, Petrolina, 56302-970, PE, Brazil.
| | - Magna S B Moura
- Embrapa Semiárido, Caixa Postal 23, Rodovia BR-428, Km 152, Zona Rural, Petrolina, 56302-970, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Francislene Angelotti
- Embrapa Semiárido, Caixa Postal 23, Rodovia BR-428, Km 152, Zona Rural, Petrolina, 56302-970, PE, Brazil
| | - Tatiana A Taura
- Embrapa Semiárido, Caixa Postal 23, Rodovia BR-428, Km 152, Zona Rural, Petrolina, 56302-970, PE, Brazil
| | - Gilmara M Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana- UEFS, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Janete R Matias
- Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido- UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Fabricio F S Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana- UEFS, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
| | - Charlotte E Seal
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
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Ballesteros D, Walters C, Pritchard HW. Probing Life And Death In The Glassy State Of Cryopreserved Seeds, Fern Spores And Pollen: Fundamental Research To Optimise Ex Situ Preservation. Cryobiology 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Much is known about the inter-specific distribution of life span in a wide diversity of vertebrates and in adult plants, but not for seeds, yet the functional trait seed life span underpins global agriculture, plant species conservation and seed persistence in the soil. We sourced data for five storage conditions (soil seed bank; high temperature - high humidity accelerated ageing; temperate, cooler, open storage; cool, dry, refrigerator; and cold, dry, freezer); and analysed the distribution of orthodox seed life span amongst crop and wild species. In all cases, whether for maximum known in situ life span in the soil seed bank (417 species), or for half-lives (P50s) ex situ (732 species), the distribution is right-skewed. The finding that seeds of > 50% of species are likely to have life spans ≤ 20% of the longest recorded under the same conditions has implications for future research on the evolution of seed traits and gene bank collections management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Colville
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
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Nagel M, Seal CE, Colville L, Rodenstein A, Un S, Richter J, Pritchard HW, Börner A, Kranner I. Wheat seed ageing viewed through the cellular redox environment and changes in pH. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:641-654. [PMID: 31092082 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1620226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate biochemical mechanisms leading to seed deterioration, we studied 23 wheat genotypes after exposure to seed bank storage for 6-16 years compared to controlled deterioration (CD) at 45 °C and 14 (CD14) and 18% (CD18) moisture content (MC) for up to 32 days. Under two seed bank storage conditions, seed viability was maintained in cold storage (CS) at 0 °C and 9% seed MC, but significantly decreased in ambient storage (AS) at 20 °C and 9% MC. Under AS and CS, organic free radicals, most likely semiquinones, accumulated, detected by electron paramagnetic resonance, while the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) was partly lost and partly converted to glutathione disulphide (GSSG), detected by HPLC. Under AS the glutathione half-cell reduction potential (EGSSG/2GSH) shifted towards more oxidising conditions, from -186 to -141 mV. In seeds exposed to CD14 or CD18, no accumulation of organic free radicals was observed, GSH and seed viability declined within 32 and 7 days, respectively, GSSG hardly changed (CD14) or decreased (CD18) and EGSSG/2GSH shifted to -116 mV. The pH of extracts prepared from seeds subjected to CS, AS and CD14 decreased with viability, and remained high under CD18. Across all treatments, EGSSG/2GSH correlated significantly with seed viability (r = 0.8, p<.001). Data are discussed with a view that the cytoplasm is in a glassy state in CS and AS, but during the CD treatments, underwent transition to a liquid state. We suggest that enzymes can be active during CD but not under the seed bank conditions tested. However, upon CD, enzyme-based repair processes were apparently outweighed by deteriorative reactions. We conclude that seed ageing by CD and under seed bank conditions are accompanied by different biochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louise Colville
- b Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology , Kew , UK
| | - Axel Rodenstein
- c Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , University Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Sun Un
- d Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology , Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-yvette , France
| | | | | | | | - Ilse Kranner
- e Department of Botany and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) , University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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Castillo-Lorenzo E, Pritchard HW, Finch-Savage WE, Seal CE. Comparison of seed and seedling functional traits in native Helianthus species and the crop H. annuus (sunflower). Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2019; 21:533-543. [PMID: 30353985 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seed functional traits of native Helianthus species contribute towards ecosystem services but limitations to their use in managed programmes exist. Many perennial Helianthus possess seed dormancy. The ability for germination to occur under different temperature and drought conditions, as well as the capacity of germinated seeds to convert into normal seedlings is rarely considered. Our aim was to identify and quantify these constraints through functional trait analyses. In five seed lots of native Helianthus (four perennial and one annual) and five genotypes of sunflower (H. annuus) for comparison, dormancy, thermal and hydro thresholds and times, morphology, mass, oil content and conversion into normal seedlings were quantified. The influence of the seed collection site environment on these traits was also explored. Seed dormancy of the perennial species was overcome by scarification followed by germination in 5 mm GA3 . Thermal and hydro-time analyses revealed slower germination for the native seed lots (>1350 °Ch) in comparison to the sunflower genotypes (<829.9 °Ch). However, native seed lots had a higher capacity to convert into normal seedlings at high temperatures and low water potentials than sunflower genotypes. For the native seed lots, the average monthly temperature of the collection site was negatively correlated with thermal time. Variability in seed functional traits of native Helianthus and greater capacity for germinated seeds to convert into normal seedlings suggests they are better equipped to cope with high temperature and drought scenarios than sunflower. Effective dormancy alleviation is required to facilitate the use of native Helianthus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Castillo-Lorenzo
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, Warwick, UK
| | - H W Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK
| | - W E Finch-Savage
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, Warwick, UK
| | - C E Seal
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK
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Ballesteros D, Hill LM, Lynch RT, Pritchard HW, Walters C. Longevity of Preserved Germplasm: The Temperature Dependency of Aging Reactions in Glassy Matrices of Dried Fern Spores. Plant Cell Physiol 2019; 60:376-392. [PMID: 30398653 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the temperature dependency of the aging rate in dry cells over a broad temperature range encompassing the fluid to solid transition (Tg) and well below. Spores from diverse species of eight families of ferns were stored at temperatures ranging from +45�C to approximately -176�C (vapor phase above liquid nitrogen), and viability was monitored periodically for up to 4,300 d (∼12 years). Accompanying measurements using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) provide insights into structural changes that occur, such as Tg between +45 and -20�C (depending on moisture), and triacylglycerol (TAG) crystallization between -5 and -35�C (depending on species). We detected aging even at cryogenic temperatures, which we consider analogous to unscheduled degradation of pharmaceuticals stored well below Tg caused by a shift in the nature of molecular motions that dominate chemical reactivity. We occasionally observed faster aging of spores stored at -18�C (conventional freezer) compared with 5�C (refrigerator), and linked this with mobility and crystallization within TAGs, which probably influences molecular motion of dried cytoplasm in a narrow temperature range. Temperature dependency of longevity was remarkably similar among diverse fern spores, despite widely disparate aging rates; this provides a powerful tool to predict deterioration of germplasm preserved in the solid state. Future work will increase our understanding of molecular organization and composition contributing to differences in longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ballesteros
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
| | - Lisa M Hill
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan T Lynch
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
| | - Christina Walters
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Bernal P, Fanega-Sleziak N, Pritchard HW, Ballesteros D. Cryobiotechnological approaches for the preservation of oak (Quercus Sp) embryonic axes. Cryobiology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fernández-Pascual E, Mattana E, Pritchard HW. Seeds of future past: climate change and the thermal memory of plant reproductive traits. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:439-456. [PMID: 30188004 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant persistence and migration in face of climate change depends on successful reproduction by seed, a central aspect of plant life that drives population dynamics, community assembly and species distributions. Plant reproduction by seed is a chain of physiological processes, the rates of which are a function of temperature, and can be modelled using thermal time models. Importantly, while seed reproduction responds to its instantaneous thermal environment, there is also evidence of phenotypic plasticity in response to the thermal history experienced by the plant's recent ancestors, by the reproducing plant since seedling establishment, and by its seeds both before and after their release. This phenotypic plasticity enables a thermal memory of plant reproduction, which allows individuals to acclimatise to their surroundings. This review synthesises current knowledge on the thermal memory of plant reproduction by seed, and highlights its importance for modelling approaches based on physiological thermal time. We performed a comprehensive search in the Web of Science and analysed 533 relevant articles, of which 81 provided material for a meta-analysis of thermal memory in reproductive functional traits based on the effect size Zr. The articles encompassed the topics of seed development, seed yield (mass and number), seed dormancy (physiological, morphological and physical), germination, and seedling establishment. The results of the meta-analysis provide evidence for a thermal memory of seed yield, physiological dormancy and germination. Seed mass and physiological dormancy appear to be the central hubs of this memory. We argue for integrating thermal memory into a predictive framework based on physiological time modelling. This will provide a quantitative assessment of plant reproduction, a complex system that integrates past and present thermal inputs to achieve successful reproduction in changing environments. The effects of a warming environment on plant reproduction cannot be reduced to a qualitative interpretation of absolute positives and negatives. Rather, these effects need to be understood in terms of changing rates and thresholds for the physiological process that underlie reproduction by seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fernández-Pascual
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, U.K.,Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo; C/ Catedrático Rodrigo Uría, 33006, Oviedo/Uviéu, Spain
| | - Efisio Mattana
- Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, U.K
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, U.K
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Bargues DB, González PB, Pritchard HW. Differential water loss among the embryonic axes of European Quercus species impacts recovery after liquid nitrogen exposure. Cryobiology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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De Vitis M, Mattioni C, Mattana E, Pritchard HW, Seal CE, Ulian T, Cherubini M, Magrini S. Integration of genetic and seed fitness data to the conservation of isolated subpopulations of the Mediterranean plant Malcolmia littorea. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:203-213. [PMID: 28950440 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant autoecology and population genetics provide a perspective on the likelihood of natural regeneration, which is critical when designing conservation strategies for endangered species. The threatened coastal plant Malcolmia littorea (Brassicaceae) was sampled across its European distribution and studied for genetic diversity and seed fitness, with the aim of providing information for the conservation of isolated and declining populations. Nine microsatellite markers (five chloroplast and four nuclear) were analysed to assess population genetic diversity and structure and to conduct a spatial analysis using the software DIVA-GIS. Germination percentages and rates were assessed by incubating the seeds under eight constant temperatures (0-27 °C). The genetic diversity was found to be similar among subpopulations (chloroplast H = 0.04-0.17; nuclear Ho = 0.20-0.37), with no correlation between subpopulation diversity and the area of occupancy (AOO). The subpopulations were found to be clustered in three genetic groups, and three of them were identified as conservation priorities due to their unique genetic composition. The germination study revealed a significant influence of the maternal environment and AOO on seed germination, with the smaller subpopulations showing lower germination percentages (P < 0.05). These results highlight the importance of obtaining information on isolated subpopulations through different experimental approaches (e.g. seed germination plus population genetics) to enable planning of effective conservation actions. For M. littorea, seed collection for both in situ and ex situ conservation should take into account the local adaptation of the subpopulation and the genetic structure of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Vitis
- Tuscia Germplasm Bank, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - C Mattioni
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council, Porano, TR, Italy
| | - E Mattana
- Department of Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Ardingly, UK
| | - H W Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Ardingly, UK
| | - C E Seal
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Ardingly, UK
| | - T Ulian
- Department of Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Ardingly, UK
| | - M Cherubini
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council, Porano, TR, Italy
| | - S Magrini
- Tuscia Germplasm Bank, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
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Chen H, Yu X, Zhang X, Yang L, Huang X, Zhang J, Pritchard HW, Li W. Phospholipase Dα1-mediated phosphatidic acid change is a key determinant of desiccation-induced viability loss in seeds. Plant Cell Environ 2018; 41:50-63. [PMID: 28152567 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High sensitivity of seeds to water loss is a widespread phenomenon in the world's plant species. The molecular basis of this trait is poorly understood but thought to be associated with critical changes in membrane function. We profiled membrane lipids of seeds in eight species with varying levels of desiccation tolerance and found a close association between reducing seed viability and increasing phosphatidic acid (PA). We applied hydration-dehydration cycles to Arabidopsis seeds, which are normally desiccation tolerant, to mimic the onset of desiccation sensitivity with progression towards germination and examined the role of phospholipase D (PLD) in desiccation stress-induced production of PA. We found that PLDα1 became more abundant and migrated from the cytosol to the membrane during desiccation, whereas PLDδ did not change, and that all desiccation-induced PA was derived from PLDα1 hydrolysis. When PLDα1 was suppressed, the germination level after each hydration-dehydration cycle improved significantly. We further demonstrated that PLDα1-mediated PA formation modulates desiccation sensitivity as applying its inhibitor improved seed desiccation tolerance and its suppression in protoplasts enhanced survival under dehydration. The insights provided by comparative lipidomics enable us to propose a new membrane-based model for seed desiccation stress and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Chen
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xiaomei Yu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Department of Phytopathology, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agriculture University, 650201, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Weiqi Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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Abbandonato H, Pedrini S, Pritchard HW, De Vitis M, Bonomi C. Native seed trade of herbaceous species for restoration: a European policy perspective with global implications. Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Abbandonato
- Botany Section, MUSE - Science Museum; Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza, 3; 38122 Trento Italy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Pavia; 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Simone Pedrini
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Kent Street; Bentley 6102 Western Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Fraser Avenue, Kings Park; Perth Western Australia 6005 Australia
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place; Ardingly West Sussex RH17 6TN U.K
| | | | - Costantino Bonomi
- Botany Section, MUSE - Science Museum; Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza, 3; 38122 Trento Italy
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Seal CE, Daws MI, Flores J, Ortega-Baes P, Galíndez G, León-Lobos P, Sandoval A, Ceroni Stuva A, Ramírez Bullón N, Dávila-Aranda P, Ordoñez-Salanueva CA, Yáñez-Espinosa L, Ulian T, Amosso C, Zubani L, Torres Bilbao A, Pritchard HW. Thermal buffering capacity of the germination phenotype across the environmental envelope of the Cactaceae. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:5309-5317. [PMID: 28657127 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment from seeds is among the most vulnerable stage for plants as global temperatures change. While germination is the means by which the vast majority of the world's flora regenerate naturally, a framework for accurately predicting which species are at greatest risk of germination failure during environmental perturbation is lacking. Taking a physiological approach, we assess how one family, the Cactaceae, may respond to global temperature change based on the thermal buffering capacity of the germination phenotype. We selected 55 cactus species from the Americas, all geo-referenced seed collections, reflecting the broad environmental envelope of the family across 70° of latitude and 3700 m of altitude. We then generated empirical data of the thermal germination response from which we estimated the minimum (Tb ), optimum (To ) and ceiling (Tc ) temperature for germination and the thermal time (θ50 ) for each species based on the linearity of germination rate with temperature. Species with the highest Tb and lowest Tc germinated fastest, and the interspecific sensitivity of the germination rate to temperature, as assessed through θ50 , varied tenfold. A left-skewed asymmetry in the germination rate with temperature was relatively common but the unimodal pattern typical of crop species failed for nearly half of the species due to insensitivity to temperature change at To . For 32 fully characterized species, seed thermal parameters correlated strongly with the mean temperature of the wettest quarter of the seed collection sites. By projecting the mean temperature of the wettest quarter under two climate change scenarios, we predict under the least conservative scenario (+3.7°C) that 25% of cactus species will have reduced germination performance, whilst the remainder will have an efficiency gain, by the end of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Seal
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, UK
| | - Matthew I Daws
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, UK
| | - Joel Flores
- División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Pablo Ortega-Baes
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas (LABIBO)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | | | - Pedro León-Lobos
- Banco Base de Semillas, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA, Vicuña, Chile
| | - Ana Sandoval
- Banco Base de Semillas, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA, Vicuña, Chile
| | - Aldo Ceroni Stuva
- Jardín Botánico "Octavio Velarde Núñez", Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú
| | - Natali Ramírez Bullón
- Jardín Botánico "Octavio Velarde Núñez", Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú
| | - Patricia Dávila-Aranda
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Thalnepantla, México
| | - Cesar A Ordoñez-Salanueva
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Thalnepantla, México
| | - Laura Yáñez-Espinosa
- Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Tiziana Ulian
- Department of Natural Capital & Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, UK
| | - Cecilia Amosso
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell' Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lino Zubani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell' Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Torres Bilbao
- Empresa Nacional para la Protección de la Flora y la Fauna, Banda Placetas, Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, UK
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46
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Tudela-Isanta M, Fernández-Pascual E, Wijayasinghe M, Orsenigo S, Rossi G, Pritchard HW, Mondoni A. Habitat-related seed germination traits in alpine habitats. Ecol Evol 2017; 8:150-161. [PMID: 29321859 PMCID: PMC5756861 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the key aspects of plant regeneration from seeds is crucial in assessing species assembly to their habitats. However, the regenerative traits of seed dormancy and germination are underrepresented in this context. In the alpine zone, the large species and microhabitat diversity provide an ideal context to assess habitat‐related regenerative strategies. To this end, seeds of 53 species growing in alpine siliceous and calcareous habitats (6230 and 6170 of EU Directive 92/43, respectively) were exposed to different temperature treatments under controlled laboratory conditions. Germination strategies in each habitat were identified by clustering with k‐means. Then, phylogenetic least squares correlations (PGLS) were fitted to assess germination and dormancy differences between species’ main habitat (calcareous and siliceous), microhabitat (grasslands, heaths, rocky, and species with no specific microhabitats), and chorology (arctic–alpine and continental). Calcareous and siliceous grasslands significantly differ in their germination behaviour with a slow, mostly overwinter germination and high germination under all conditions, respectively. Species with high overwinter germination occurs mostly in heaths and have an arctic–alpine distribution. Meanwhile, species with low or high germinability in general inhabit in grasslands or have no specific microhabitat (they belong to generalist), respectively. Alpine species use different germination strategies depending on habitat provenance, species’ main microhabitat, and chorotype. Such differences may reflect adaptations to local environmental conditions and highlight the functional role of germination and dormancy in community ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tudela-Isanta
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Pascual
- Department of Biological Sciences George Washington University Washington DC USA.,Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Royal Botanic Gardens Ardingly UK
| | - Malaka Wijayasinghe
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Simone Orsenigo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Milan Milano Italy
| | - Graziano Rossi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Royal Botanic Gardens Ardingly UK
| | - Andrea Mondoni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy
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47
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Ordoñez-Salanueva CA, Orozco-Segovia A, Canales-Martínez M, Seal CE, Pritchard HW, Flores-Ortiz CM. Ecological longevity of Polaskia chende (Cactaceae) seeds in the soil seed bank, seedling emergence and survival. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2017; 19:973-982. [PMID: 28787550 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil seed banks are essential elements of plant population dynamics, enabling species to maintain genetic variability, withstand periods of adversity and persist over time, including for cactus species. However knowledge of the soil seed bank in cacti is scanty. In this study, over a 5-year period we studied the seed bank dynamics, seedling emergence and nurse plant facilitation of Polaskia chende, an endemic columnar cactus of central Mexico. P. chende seeds were collected for a wild population in Puebla, Mexico. Freshly collected seeds were sown at 25 °C and 12-h photoperiod under white light, far-red light and darkness. The collected seeds were divided in two lots, the first was stored in the laboratory and the second was use to bury seeds in open areas and beneath a shrub canopy. Seeds were exhumed periodically over 5 years. At the same time seeds were sown in open areas and beneath shrub canopies; seedling emergence and survival were recorded over different periods of time for 5 years. The species forms long-term persistent soil seed banks. The timing of seedling emergence via germination in the field was regulated by interaction between light, temperature and soil moisture. Seeds entered secondary dormancy at specific times according to the expression of environmental factors, demonstrating irregular dormancy cycling. Seedling survival of P. chende was improved under Acacia constricta nurse plants. Finally, plant facilitation affected the soil seed bank dynamics as it promoted the formation of a soil seed bank, but not its persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Ordoñez-Salanueva
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, UBIPRO, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - A Orozco-Segovia
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México
| | - M Canales-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, UBIPRO, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - C E Seal
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
| | - H W Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
| | - C M Flores-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, UBIPRO, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
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48
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Porceddu M, Mattana E, Pritchard HW, Bacchetta G. Dissecting seed dormancy and germination in Aquilegia barbaricina, through thermal kinetics of embryo growth. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2017; 19:983-993. [PMID: 28762612 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Threshold-based thermal time models provide insight into the physiological switch from the dormant to the non-dormant germinating seed. This approach was used to quantify the different growth responses of the embryo of seeds purported to have morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) through the complex phases of dormancy release and germination. Aquilegia barbaricina seeds were incubated at constant temperatures (10-25 °C) and 25/10 °C, without pre-treatment, after warm+cold stratification (W+C) and GA3 treatment. Embryo growth was assessed and the time of testa and endosperm rupture scored. Base temperatures (Tb ) and thermal times for 50% (θ50 ) of embryo growth and seed germination were calculated. W+C enabled slow embryo growth. W+C and GA3 promoted rapid embryo growth and subsequent radicle emergence. The embryo internal growth base temperature (Tbe ) was ca. 5 °C for W+C and GA3 -treated seeds. GA3 treatment also resulted in similar Tb estimates for radicle emergence. The thermal times for embryo growth (θe50 ) and germination (θg50 ) were four- to six-fold longer in the presence of GA3 compared to W+C. A. barbaricina is characterised by a multi-step seed germination. The slow embryo growth during W+C reflects continuation of the maternal programme of development, whilst the thermal kinetics of both embryo and radicle growth after the removal of physiological dormancy are distinctly different. The effects of W+C on the multiphasic germination response in MPD seeds are only partially mimicked by 250 mg·l-1 GA3 . The thermal time approach could be a valid tool to model thermal kinetics of embryo growth and radicle protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Porceddu
- Centro Conservazione Biodiversità (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Banca del Germoplasma della Sardegna (BG-SAR), Hortus Botanicus Karalitanus (HBK), Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - E Mattana
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, UK
| | | | - G Bacchetta
- Centro Conservazione Biodiversità (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Banca del Germoplasma della Sardegna (BG-SAR), Hortus Botanicus Karalitanus (HBK), Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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49
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Ladouceur E, Jiménez-Alfaro B, Marin M, De Vitis M, Abbandonato H, Iannetta PPM, Bonomi C, Pritchard HW. Native Seed Supply and the Restoration Species Pool. Conserv Lett 2017; 11:e12381. [PMID: 29937920 PMCID: PMC5993272 DOI: 10.1111/conl.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, annual expenditure on ecological restoration of degraded areas for habitat improvement and biodiversity conservation is approximately $18bn. Seed farming of native plant species is crucial to meet restoration goals, but may be stymied by the disconnection of academic research in seed science and the lack of effective policies that regulate native seed production/supply. To illustrate this problem, we identified 1,122 plant species important for European grasslands of conservation concern and found that only 32% have both fundamental seed germination data available and can be purchased as seed. The “restoration species pool,” or set of species available in practice, acts as a significant biodiversity selection filter for species use in restoration projects. For improvement, we propose: (1) substantial expansion of research and development on native seed quality, viability, and production; (2) open‐source knowledge transfer between sectors; and (3) creation of supportive policy intended to stimulate demand for biodiverse seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ladouceur
- Botany Section Museo Delle Scienze (Muse) Trento Italy.,Department of Earth and Environmental Science University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Borja Jiménez-Alfaro
- The German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany.,Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg Am Kirchtor 1 06108 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Maria Marin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science University of Pavia Pavia Italy.,Scotia Seeds Mavisbank, Farnell, Brechin UK
| | | | - Holly Abbandonato
- Botany Section Museo Delle Scienze (Muse) Trento Italy.,Department of Earth and Environmental Science University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | | | | | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Wellcome Trust Millennium Building Wakehurst Place West Sussex RH17 6TN UK
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50
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Peng L, Lang S, Wang Y, Pritchard HW, Wang X. Modulating role of ROS in re-establishing desiccation tolerance in germinating seeds of Caragana korshinskii Kom. J Exp Bot 2017. [PMID: 28633353 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In close agreement with visible germination, orthodox seeds lose desiccation tolerance (DT). This trait can be regained under osmotic stress, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, germinating seeds of Caragana korshinskii Kom. were investigated, focusing on the potential modulating roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the re-establishment of DT. Germinating seeds with 2 mm long radicles can be rendered tolerant to desiccation by incubation in a polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution (-1.7 MPa). Upon PEG incubation, ROS accumulation was detected in the radicles tip by nitroblue tetrazolium chloride staining and further confirmed by confocal microscopy. The PEG-induced re-establishment of DT was repressed when ROS scavengers were added to the PEG solution. Moreover, ROS act downstream of abscisic acid (ABA) to modulate PEG-mediated re-establishment of DT and serve as a new inducer to re-establish DT. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that re-establishment of DT by ROS involves the up-regulation of key genes in the phenylpropanoid-flavonoid pathway, and total flavonoid content and key enzyme activity increased after ROS treatment. Furthermore, DT was repressed by an inhibitor of phenylalanine ammonia lyase. Our data suggest that ROS play a key role in the re-establishment of DT by regulating stress-related genes and the phenylpropanoid-flavonoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, China
| | - Sirui Lang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, China
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, China
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