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Singh B, Nathawat S, Saxena A, Khangarot K, Sharma RA. Enhancement of production of glycoalkaloids by elicitors along with characterization of gene expression of pathways in Solanum xanthocarpum. J Biotechnol 2024; 391:81-91. [PMID: 38825191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Solanum xanthocarpum fruits are used in the treatment of cough, fever, and heart disorders. It possesses antipyretic, hypotensive, antiasthmatic, aphrodisiac and antianaphylactic properties. In the present study, 24 elicitors (both biotic and abiotic) were used to enhance the production of glycoalkaloids in cell cultures of S. xanthocarpum. Four concentrations of elicitors were added into the MS culture medium. The maximum accumulation (5.56-fold higher than control) of demissidine was induced by sodium nitroprusside at 50 mM concentration whereas the highest growth of cell biomass (4.51-fold higher than control) stimulated by systemin at 30 mM concentration. A total of 17 genes of biosynthetic pathways of glycoalkaloids were characterized from the cells of S. xanthocarpum. The greater accumulation of demissidine was confirmed with the expression analysis of 11 key biosynthetic pathway enzymes e.g., acetoacetic-CoA thiolase, 3- hydroxy 3-methyl glutaryl synthase, β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, mevalonate kinase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, squalene synthase, squalene epoxidase, squalene-2,3- epoxide cyclase, cycloartenol synthase, UDP-glucose: solanidine glucosyltransferase and UDP-rhamnose: solanidine rhamno-galactosyl transferase. The maximum expression levels of UDP-rhamnose: solanidine rhamno-galactosyl transferase gene was recorded in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Singh
- AIB, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India.
| | | | - Anuja Saxena
- AIB, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India
| | - Kiran Khangarot
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Ram A Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
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Yang L, Teng Y, Bu S, Ma B, Guo S, Liang M, Huang L. Effect of SlSAHH2 on metabolites in over-expressed and wild-type tomato fruit. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17466. [PMID: 38827284 PMCID: PMC11143970 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an annual or perennial herb that occupies an important position in daily agricultural production. It is an essential food crop for humans and its ripening process is regulated by a number of genes. S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase, EC 3.3.1.1) is widespread in organisms and plays an important role in regulating biological methylation reactions. Previous studies have revealed that transgenic tomato that over-express SlSAHH2 ripen earlier than the wild-type (WT). However, the differences in metabolites and the mechanisms driving how these differences affect the ripening cycle are unclear. Objective To investigate the effects of SlSAHH2 on metabolites in over-expressed tomato and WT tomato. Methods SlSAHH2 over-expressed tomato fruit (OE-5# and OE-6#) and WT tomato fruit at the breaker stage (Br) were selected for non-targeted metabolome analysis. Results A total of 733 metabolites were identified by mass spectrometry using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database and the Human Metabolome database (HMDB). The metabolites were divided into 12 categories based on the superclass results and a comparison with the HMDB. The differences between the two databases were analyzed by PLS-DA. Based on a variable important in projection value >1 and P < 0.05, 103 differential metabolites were found between tomato variety OE-5# and WT and 63 differential metabolites were found between OE-6# and WT. These included dehydrotomatine, L-serine, and gallic acid amongst others. Many metabolites are associated with fruit ripening and eight common metabolites were found between the OE-5# vs. WT and OE-6# vs. WT comparison groups. The low L-tryptophan expression in OE-5# and OE-6# is consistent with previous reports that its content decreases with fruit ripening. A KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the significantly different metabolites revealed that in the OE-5# and WT groups, up-regulated metabolites were enriched in 23 metabolic pathways and down-regulated metabolites were enriched in 11 metabolic pathways. In the OE-6# and WT groups, up-regulated metabolites were enriched in 29 pathways and down-regulated metabolites were enriched in six metabolic pathways. In addition, the differential metabolite changes in the L-serine to flavonoid transformation metabolic pathway also provide evidence that there is a phenotypic explanation for the changes in transgenic tomato. Discussion The metabolomic mechanism controlling SlSAHH2 promotion of tomato fruit ripening has been further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yue Teng
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Sijia Bu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Ben Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Shijia Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Mengxiao Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lifen Huang
- Majorbio Bio-PharmTechnology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
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Akiyama R, Umemoto N, Mizutani M. Recent advances in steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in the genus Solanum. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2023; 40:185-191. [PMID: 38293253 PMCID: PMC10824493 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.23.0717b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are specialized metabolites found in members of Solanum species, and are also known as toxic substances in Solanum food crops such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), and eggplant (Solanum melongena). SGA biosynthesis can be divided into two main parts: formation of steroidal aglycones, which are derived from cholesterol, and glycosylation at the C-3 hydroxy group. This review focuses on recent studies that shed light on the complete process of the aglycone formation in SGA biosynthesis and structural diversification of SGAs by duplicated dioxygenases, as well as the development of non-toxic potatoes through genome editing using these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Akiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Umemoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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Liu Y, Hu H, Yang R, Zhu Z, Cheng K. Current Advances in the Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Transcriptional Regulation of α-Tomatine in Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3289. [PMID: 37765452 PMCID: PMC10534454 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Steroid glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are a class of cholesterol-derived metabolites commonly found in the Solanaceae plants. α-Tomatine, a well-known bitter-tasting compound, is the major SGA in tomato, accumulating extensively in all plant tissues, particularly in the leaves and immature green fruits. α-Tomatine exhibits diverse biological activities that contribute to plant defense against pathogens and herbivores, as well as conferring certain medicinal benefits for human health. This review summarizes the current knowledge on α-tomatine, including its molecular chemical structure, physical and chemical properties, biosynthetic and metabolic pathways, and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Moreover, potential future research directions and applications of α-tomatine are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.L.); (H.H.); (R.Y.)
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Hanru Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.L.); (H.H.); (R.Y.)
| | - Rujia Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.L.); (H.H.); (R.Y.)
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.L.); (H.H.); (R.Y.)
| | - Kejun Cheng
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui 323000, China
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Leykauf T, Klein J, Ernst M, Dorfner M, Ignatova A, Kreis W, Lanig H, Munkert J. Overexpression and RNAi-mediated Knockdown of Two 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroid dehydrogenase Genes in Digitalis lanata Shoot Cultures Reveal Their Role in Cardenolide Biosynthesis. PLANTA MEDICA 2023. [PMID: 37187191 DOI: 10.1055/a-2074-9186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroid dehydrogenases (3βHSDs) are supposed to be involved in 5β-cardenolide biosynthesis. Here, a novel 3βHSD (Dl3βHSD2) was isolated from Digitalis lanata shoot cultures and expressed in E. coli. Recombinant Dl3βHSD1 and Dl3βHSD2 shared 70% amino acid identity, reduced various 3-oxopregnanes and oxidised 3-hydroxypregnanes, but only rDl3βHSD2 converted small ketones and secondary alcohols efficiently. To explain these differences in substrate specificity, we established homology models using borneol dehydrogenase of Salvia rosmarinus (6zyz) as the template. Hydrophobicity and amino acid residues in the binding pocket may explain the difference in enzyme activities and substrate preferences. Compared to Dl3βHSD1, Dl3βHSD2 is weakly expressed in D. lanata shoots. High constitutive expression of Dl3βHSDs was realised by Agrobacterium-mediated transfer of Dl3βHSD genes fused to the CaMV-35S promotor into the genome of D. lanata wild type shoot cultures. Transformed shoots (35S:Dl3βHSD1 and 35S:Dl3βHSD2) accumulated less cardenolides than controls. The levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), which is known to inhibit cardenolide formation, were higher in the 35S:Dl3βHSD1 lines than in the controls. In the 35S:Dl3βHSD1 lines cardenolide levels were restored after adding of the substrate pregnane-3,20-dione in combination with buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH formation. RNAi-mediated knockdown of the Dl3βHSD1 yielded several shoot culture lines with strongly reduced cardenolide levels. In these lines, cardenolide biosynthesis was fully restored after addition of the downstream precursor pregnan-3β-ol-20-one, whereas upstream precursors such as progesterone had no effect, indicating that no shunt pathway could overcome the Dl3βHSD1 knockdown. These results can be taken as the first direct proof that Dl3βHSD1 is indeed involved in 5β-cardenolide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Leykauf
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Klein
- Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany
| | - Mona Ernst
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maja Dorfner
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anastasiia Ignatova
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kreis
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Lanig
- National High Performance Computing Center (NHR@FAU), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Shoji T, Saito K. Downregulation of a cluster of genes encoding nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family proteins in tomato with a mutated JRE4 transcription factor. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2023; 40:71-76. [PMID: 38213915 PMCID: PMC10777122 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.1113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A group of anti-nutritional specialized metabolites called steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are produced in Solanum species such as tomato, potato, and eggplant. The transcription factor JASMONATE-RESPONSIVE ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 4 (JRE4) regulates many SGA biosynthesis genes in tomato and potato. Here we report that the expression of a cluster of genes encoding nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF) members is downregulated in the jre4-1 loss-of-function tomato mutant, which has a low-SGA phenotype compared to the wild type. NPFs are a large family of plant membrane transporters that transport a wide range of substrates, including specialized metabolites. We found that the JRE4-regulated NPF genes are induced by the defense-related phytohormone jasmonate. Conversely, jasmonate-mediated induction of gene expression was attenuated by ethylene treatment of the leaves. The co-regulation of the NPF genes with SGA biosynthesis genes by JRE4 suggests that NPF transporters are involved in the SGA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Shoji
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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7
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Faria-Silva C, de Sousa M, Carvalheiro MC, Simões P, Simões S. Alpha-tomatine and the two sides of the same coin: An anti-nutritional glycoalkaloid with potential in human health. Food Chem 2022; 391:133261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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8
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Towards crucial post-modification in biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids: C3 oxidase and acetyltransferase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 162:110148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dzakovich MP, Francis DM, Cooperstone JL. Steroidal alkaloid biosynthesis is coordinately regulated and differs among tomatoes in the red-fruited clade. THE PLANT GENOME 2022; 15:e20192. [PMID: 35184399 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum spp.) clade of Solanaceae features a unique assortment of cholesterol-derived steroidal alkaloids. However, little quantitative data exists reporting the profile and concentration of these alkaloids across diverse fruit germplasm. To address the lack of knowledge regarding the chemical diversity, concentration, and genetic architecture controlling tomato steroidal alkaloids, we quantitatively profiled and genotyped two tomato populations representing diversity in the red-fruited clade. We grew 107 genetically diverse fresh market, processing, landrace, and wild tomato in multiple environments. Nine steroidal alkaloid groups were quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The diversity panel and a biparental population segregating for high alpha-tomatine were genotyped to identify and validate quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with steroidal alkaloids. Landraces and wild material exhibited higher alkaloid concentrations and more chemical diversity. Average total content of steroidal alkaloids, often dominated by lycoperoside F/G/esculeoside A, ranged from 1.9 to 23.3 mg 100 g-1 fresh wt. across accessions. Landrace and wild cherry accessions distinctly clustered based on elevated concentrations of early or late-pathway steroidal alkaloids. Significant correlations were observed among alkaloids from the early and late parts of the biosynthetic pathway in a species-dependent manner. A QTL controlling multiple, early steroidal alkaloid pathway intermediates on chromosome 3 was identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and validated in a backcross population. Overall, tomato steroidal alkaloids are diverse in the red-fruited clade and their biosynthesis is regulated in a coordinated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Dzakovich
- Dep. of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State Univ., 2001 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Dep. of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Ave., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David M Francis
- Dep. of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State Univ./Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Jessica L Cooperstone
- Dep. of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State Univ., 2001 Fyffe Court, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Dep. of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State Univ., 2015 Fyffe Court., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Yadav A, Yadav SS, Singh S, Dabur R. Natural products: Potential therapeutic agents to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 925:174995. [PMID: 35523319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle (SkM) is the largest organ, which plays a vital role in controlling musculature, locomotion, body heat regulation, physical strength, and metabolism of the body. A sedentary lifestyle, aging, cachexia, denervation, immobilization, etc. Can lead to an imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, which is further responsible for SkM atrophy (SmA). To date, the understanding of the mechanism of SkM mass loss is limited which also restricted the number of drugs to treat SmA. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel approaches to regulate muscle homeostasis. Presently, some natural products attained immense attraction to regulate SkM homeostasis. The natural products, i.e., polyphenols (resveratrol, curcumin), terpenoids (ursolic acid, tanshinone IIA, celastrol), flavonoids, alkaloids (tomatidine, magnoflorine), vitamin D, etc. exhibit strong potential against SmA. Some of these natural products have been reported to have equivalent potential to standard treatments to prevent body lean mass loss. Indeed, owing to the large complexity, diversity, and slow absorption rate of bioactive compounds made their usage quite challenging. Moreover, the use of natural products is controversial due to their partially known or elusive mechanism of action. Therefore, the present review summarizes various experimental and clinical evidence of some important bioactive compounds that shall help in the development of novel strategies to counteract SmA elicited by various causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Yadav
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Surender Singh Yadav
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Dabur
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
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Fiesel PD, Parks HM, Last RL, Barry CS. Fruity, sticky, stinky, spicy, bitter, addictive, and deadly: evolutionary signatures of metabolic complexity in the Solanaceae. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1438-1464. [PMID: 35332352 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000-2022Plants collectively synthesize a huge repertoire of metabolites. General metabolites, also referred to as primary metabolites, are conserved across the plant kingdom and are required for processes essential to growth and development. These include amino acids, sugars, lipids, and organic acids. In contrast, specialized metabolites, historically termed secondary metabolites, are structurally diverse, exhibit lineage-specific distribution and provide selective advantage to host species to facilitate reproduction and environmental adaptation. Due to their potent bioactivities, plant specialized metabolites attract considerable attention for use as flavorings, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, and bio-pesticides. The Solanaceae (Nightshade family) consists of approximately 2700 species and includes crops of significant economic, cultural, and scientific importance: these include potato, tomato, pepper, eggplant, tobacco, and petunia. The Solanaceae has emerged as a model family for studying the biochemical evolution of plant specialized metabolism and multiple examples exist of lineage-specific metabolites that influence the senses and physiology of commensal and harmful organisms, including humans. These include, alcohols, phenylpropanoids, and carotenoids that contribute to fruit aroma and color in tomato (fruity), glandular trichome-derived terpenoids and acylsugars that contribute to plant defense (stinky & sticky, respectively), capsaicinoids in chilli-peppers that influence seed dispersal (spicy), and steroidal glycoalkaloids (bitter) from Solanum, nicotine (addictive) from tobacco, as well as tropane alkaloids (deadly) from Deadly Nightshade that deter herbivory. Advances in genomics and metabolomics, coupled with the adoption of comparative phylogenetic approaches, resulted in deeper knowledge of the biosynthesis and evolution of these metabolites. This review highlights recent progress in this area and outlines opportunities for - and challenges of-developing a more comprehensive understanding of Solanaceae metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Fiesel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hannah M Parks
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cornelius S Barry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Bailly C. The steroidal alkaloids α-tomatine and tomatidine: Panorama of their mode of action and pharmacological properties. Steroids 2021; 176:108933. [PMID: 34695457 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The steroidal glycoalkaloid α-tomatine (αTM) and its aglycone tomatidine (TD) are abundant in the skin of unripe green tomato and present in tomato leaves and flowers. They mainly serve as defensive agents to protect the plant against infections by insects, bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. In addition, the two products display a range of pharmacological properties potentially useful to treat various human diseases. We have analyzed all known pharmacological activities of αTM and TD, and the corresponding molecular targets and pathways impacted by these two steroidal alkaloids. In experimental models, αTM displays anticancer effects, particularly strong against androgen-independent prostate cancer, as well as robust antifungal effects. αTM is a potent cholesterol binder, useful as a vaccine adjuvant to improve delivery of protein antigens or therapeutic oligonucleotides. TD is a much less cytotoxic compound, able to restrict the spread of certain viruses (such as dengue, chikungunya and porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses) and to provide cardio and neuro-protective effects toward human cells. Both αTM and TD exhibit marked anti-inflammatory activities. They proceed through multiple signaling pathways and protein targets, including the sterol C24 methyltransferase Erg6 and vitamin D receptor, both directly targeted by TD. αTM is a powerful regulator of the NFkB/ERK signaling pathway implicated in various diseases. Collectively, the analysis shed light on the multitargeted action of αTM/TD and their usefulness as chemo-preventive or chemotherapeutic agents. A novel medicinal application for αTM is proposed.
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13
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Nakayasu M, Umemoto N, Akiyama R, Ohyama K, Lee HJ, Miyachi H, Watanabe B, Muranaka T, Saito K, Sugimoto Y, Mizutani M. Characterization of C-26 aminotransferase, indispensable for steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:81-92. [PMID: 34273198 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are toxic specialized metabolites found in members of the Solanaceae, such as Solanum tuberosum (potato) and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). The major potato SGAs are α-solanine and α-chaconine, which are biosynthesized from cholesterol. Previously, we have characterized two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that function in hydroxylation at the C-22, C-26 and C-16α positions, but the aminotransferase responsible for the introduction of a nitrogen moiety into the steroidal skeleton remains uncharacterized. Here, we show that PGA4 encoding a putative γ-aminobutyrate aminotransferase is involved in SGA biosynthesis in potatoes. The PGA4 transcript was expressed at high levels in tuber sprouts, in which SGAs are abundant. Silencing the PGA4 gene decreased potato SGA levels and instead caused the accumulation of furostanol saponins. Analysis of the tomato PGA4 ortholog, GAME12, essentially provided the same results. Recombinant PGA4 protein exhibited catalysis of transamination at the C-26 position of 22-hydroxy-26-oxocholesterol using γ-aminobutyric acid as an amino donor. Solanum stipuloideum (PI 498120), a tuber-bearing wild potato species lacking SGA, was found to have a defective PGA4 gene expressing the truncated transcripts, and transformation of PI 498120 with functional PGA4 resulted in the complementation of SGA production. These findings indicate that PGA4 is a key enzyme for transamination in SGA biosynthesis. The disruption of PGA4 function by genome editing will be a viable approach for accumulating valuable steroidal saponins in SGA-free potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Nakayasu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Umemoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Co., Ltd. Fukuura 1-13-5, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Ryota Akiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hyoung J Lee
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Miyachi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Bunta Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
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14
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Sugiyama A. Flavonoids and saponins in plant rhizospheres: roles, dynamics, and the potential for agriculture. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1919-1931. [PMID: 34113972 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are in constant interaction with a myriad of soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere, an area of soil in close contact with plant roots. Recent research has highlighted the importance of plant-specialized metabolites (PSMs) in shaping and modulating the rhizosphere microbiota; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment and function of the microbiota mostly remain unaddressed. Flavonoids and saponins are a group of PSMs whose biosynthetic pathways have largely been revealed. Although these PSMs are abundantly secreted into the rhizosphere and exert various functions, the secretion mechanisms have not been clarified. This review summarizes the roles of flavonoids and saponins in the rhizosphere with a special focus on interactions between plants and the rhizosphere microbiota. Furthermore, this review introduces recent advancements in the dynamics of these metabolites in the rhizosphere and indicates potential applications of PSMs for crop production and discusses perspectives in this emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Japan
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15
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Nakayasu M, Ohno K, Takamatsu K, Aoki Y, Yamazaki S, Takase H, Shoji T, Yazaki K, Sugiyama A. Tomato roots secrete tomatine to modulate the bacterial assemblage of the rhizosphere. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:270-284. [PMID: 33619554 PMCID: PMC8154044 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are the group of plant specialized metabolites which are widely distributed in angiosperm plants and have various biological activities. The present study focused on α-tomatine, a major saponin present in tissues of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. α-Tomatine is responsible for defense against plant pathogens and herbivores, but its biological function in the rhizosphere remains unknown. Secretion of tomatine was higher at the early growth than the green-fruit stage in hydroponically grown plants, and the concentration of tomatine in the rhizosphere of field-grown plants was higher than that of the bulk soil at all growth stages. The effects of tomatine and its aglycone tomatidine on the bacterial communities in the soil were evaluated in vitro, revealing that both compounds influenced the microbiome in a concentration-dependent manner. Numerous bacterial families were influenced in tomatine/tomatidine-treated soil as well as in the tomato rhizosphere. Sphingomonadaceae species, which are commonly observed and enriched in tomato rhizospheres in the fields, were also enriched in tomatine- and tomatidine-treated soils. Moreover, a jasmonate-responsive ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 4 mutant associated with low tomatine production caused the root-associated bacterial communities to change with a reduced abundance of Sphingomonadaceae. Taken together, our results highlight the role of tomatine in shaping the bacterial communities of the rhizosphere and suggest additional functions of tomatine in belowground biological communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Nakayasu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kohei Ohno
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takamatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yamazaki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Hisabumi Takase
- Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Shoji
- Department of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Author for communication:
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16
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Wakabayashi T, Ishiwa S, Shida K, Motonami N, Suzuki H, Takikawa H, Mizutani M, Sugimoto Y. Identification and characterization of sorgomol synthase in sorghum strigolactone biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:902-913. [PMID: 33793911 PMCID: PMC8133691 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs), first identified as germination stimulants for root parasitic weeds, act as endogenous phytohormones regulating shoot branching and as root-derived signal molecules mediating symbiotic communications in the rhizosphere. Canonical SLs typically have an ABCD ring system and can be classified into orobanchol- and strigol-type based on the C-ring stereochemistry. Their simplest structures are 4-deoxyorobanchol (4DO) and 5-deoxystrigol (5DS), respectively. Diverse canonical SLs are chemically modified with one or more hydroxy or acetoxy groups introduced into the A- and/or B-ring of these simplest structures, but the biochemical mechanisms behind this structural diversity remain largely unexplored. Sorgomol in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is a strigol-type SL with a hydroxy group at C-9 of 5DS. In this study, we characterized sorgomol synthase. Microsomal fractions prepared from a high-sorgomol-producing cultivar of sorghum, Sudax, were shown to convert 5DS to sorgomol. A comparative transcriptome analysis identified SbCYP728B subfamily as candidate genes encoding sorgomol synthase. Recombinant SbCYP728B35 catalyzed the conversion of 5DS to sorgomol in vitro. Substrate specificity revealed that the C-8bS configuration in the C-ring of 5DS stereoisomers was essential for this reaction. The overexpression of SbCYP728B35 in Lotus japonicus hairy roots, which produce 5DS as an endogenous SL, also resulted in the conversion of 5DS to sorgomol. Furthermore, SbCYP728B35 expression was not detected in nonsorgomol-producing cultivar, Abu70, suggesting that this gene is responsible for sorgomol production in sorghum. Identification of the mechanism modifying parental 5DS of strigol-type SLs provides insights on how plants biosynthesize diverse SLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ishiwa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kasumi Shida
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Noriko Motonami
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Hirosato Takikawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Author for communication:
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17
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You Y, van Kan JA. Bitter and sweet make tomato hard to (b)eat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:90-100. [PMID: 33220068 PMCID: PMC8126962 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The glycoalkaloid saponin α-tomatine is a tomato-specific secondary metabolite that accumulates to millimolar levels in vegetative tissues and has antimicrobial and antinutritional activity that kills microbial pathogens and deters herbivorous insects. We describe recent insights into the biosynthetic pathway of α-tomatine synthesis and its regulation. We discuss the mode of action of α-tomatine by physically interacting with sterols, thereby disrupting membranes, and how tomato protects itself from its toxic action. Tomato pathogenic microbes can enzymatically hydrolyze, and thereby inactivate, α-tomatine using either of three distinct types of glycosyl hydrolases. We also describe findings that extend well beyond the simple concept of plants producing toxins and pathogens inactivating them. There are reports that toxicity of α-tomatine is modulated by external pH, that α-tomatine can trigger programmed cell death in fungi, that cellular localization matters for the impact of α-tomatine on invading microbes, and that α-tomatine breakdown products generated by microbial hydrolytic enzymes can modulate plant immune responses. Finally, we address a number of outstanding questions that deserve attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua You
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Jan A.L. van Kan
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
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18
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The biosynthetic pathway of potato solanidanes diverged from that of spirosolanes due to evolution of a dioxygenase. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1300. [PMID: 33637735 PMCID: PMC7910490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum), a worldwide major food crop, produces the toxic, bitter tasting solanidane glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine. Controlling levels of glycoalkaloids is an important focus on potato breeding. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) contains a bitter spirosolane glycoalkaloid, α-tomatine. These glycoalkaloids are biosynthesized from cholesterol via a partly common pathway, although the mechanisms giving rise to the structural differences between solanidane and spirosolane remained elusive. Here we identify a 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase, designated as DPS (Dioxygenase for Potato Solanidane synthesis), that is a key enzyme for solanidane glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in potato. DPS catalyzes the ring-rearrangement from spirosolane to solanidane via C-16 hydroxylation. Evolutionary divergence of spirosolane-metabolizing dioxygenases contributes to the emergence of toxic solanidane glycoalkaloids in potato and the chemical diversity in Solanaceae. One goal of potato breeding is to reduce the accumulation of toxic solanidane glycoalkaloids. Here the authors show that potato DPS, a 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase, catalyzes ring rearrangement of a biosynthetic precursor to differentiate solanidanes from spirosolanes that are found in other solanaceous plants.
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19
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Kim J, Coradetti ST, Kim YM, Gao Y, Yaegashi J, Zucker JD, Munoz N, Zink EM, Burnum-Johnson KE, Baker SE, Simmons BA, Skerker JM, Gladden JM, Magnuson JK. Multi-Omics Driven Metabolic Network Reconstruction and Analysis of Lignocellulosic Carbon Utilization in Rhodosporidium toruloides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:612832. [PMID: 33585414 PMCID: PMC7873862 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.612832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides is a promising host for converting lignocellulosic biomass to bioproducts and biofuels. In this work, we performed multi-omics analysis of lignocellulosic carbon utilization in R. toruloides and reconstructed the genome-scale metabolic network of R. toruloides. High-quality metabolic network models for model organisms and orthologous protein mapping were used to build a draft metabolic network reconstruction. The reconstruction was manually curated to build a metabolic model using functional annotation and multi-omics data including transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and RB-TDNA sequencing. The multi-omics data and metabolic model were used to investigate R. toruloides metabolism including lipid accumulation and lignocellulosic carbon utilization. The developed metabolic model was validated against high-throughput growth phenotyping and gene fitness data, and further refined to resolve the inconsistencies between prediction and data. We believe that this is the most complete and accurate metabolic network model available for R. toruloides to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonhoon Kim
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Department of Energy, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Samuel T Coradetti
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Junko Yaegashi
- Department of Energy, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Jeremy D Zucker
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Nathalie Munoz
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Erika M Zink
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Kristin E Burnum-Johnson
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Scott E Baker
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Department of Energy, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Department of Energy, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Skerker
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - John M Gladden
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Department of Energy, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Jon K Magnuson
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Department of Energy, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
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20
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Ma R, Su P, Jin B, Guo J, Tian M, Mao L, Tang J, Chen T, Lai C, Zeng W, Cui G, Huang L. Molecular cloning and functional identification of a high-efficiency (+)-borneol dehydrogenase from Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 158:363-371. [PMID: 33243711 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl, rich in terpenoids, is an important commercial plant. The monoterpenes borneol and camphor are highly desired compounds that have been widely and diversely used in medicine and spices since ancient times. However, the key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of borneol and camphor in C. camphora remains unknown, which limits access to these natural products. Here, the chirality of borneol and camphor were identified in C. camphora leaves. Besides the main (+)-borneol and (+)-camphor, C. camphora also contains small amounts of (-)-borneol and (-)-camphor. Then, CcBDH3 - an efficient (+)-borneol dehydrogenase (BDH) - was identified that catalyzed (+)-borneol into (+)-camphor in the presence of NAD+. The Km value was 25.1 μM with a kcat value of 5.4 × 10-3 s-1 at pH 8.5 and 30 °C. CcBDH3, which also yields (-)-camphor from (-)-borneol as a substrate, had a Km value of 36.9 μM with a kcat of 2.1 × 10-3 s-1, and pH of 8.0 and temperature of 32 °C. We further compared the conformational specificity of two other reported BDHs, ZSD1 and ADH2, and found that ZSD1 had the highest conversion rate with (-)-borneol. These findings provide a new way for the production of camphor with various optical activities by metabolic engineering, and the identified camphor biosynthesis pathway provides the foundation for using genetic engineering to improve the production and purity of (+)-borneol in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshuidong Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ping Su
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700, China; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, United States.
| | - Baolong Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Mei Tian
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Liuying Mao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Jinfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Changjiangsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Wen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshuidong Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing, 100700, China.
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21
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Zhao DK, Zhao Y, Chen SY, Kennelly EJ. Solanum steroidal glycoalkaloids: structural diversity, biological activities, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1423-1444. [DOI: 10.1039/d1np00001b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical structures of typical Solanum steroidal glycoalkaloids from eggplant, tomato, and potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ke Zhao
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environment, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, 10468, USA
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Sui-Yun Chen
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environment, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, P. R. China
| | - Edward J. Kennelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, 10468, USA
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, 10016, USA
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22
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Shimizu K, Kushida A, Akiyama R, Lee HJ, Okamura Y, Masuda Y, Sakata I, Tanino K, Matsukida S, Inoue T, Sugimoto Y, Mizutani M. Hatching stimulation activity of steroidal glycoalkaloids toward the potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:319-325. [PMID: 33088195 PMCID: PMC7557651 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes (Globodera spp. and Heterodera spp.) are highly evolved sedentary endoparasites that are considered as harmful pests worldwide. The hatching of the dormant eggs of cyst nematodes occurs in response to hatching factors (HFs), which are compounds that are secreted from the roots of host plants. Solanoeclepin A (SEA), a triterpene compound, has been isolated as HF for potato cyst nematode (PCN) eggs, whereas other compounds, such as steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), are also known to show weak hatching stimulation (HS) activity. However, the structures of both compounds are different and the HF-mediated hatching mechanism is still largely unknown. In the present study, we observed specific hatching of PCN eggs stimulated by the hairy root culture media of potato and tomato, revealing the biosynthesis and secretion of HFs. SGAs, such as α-solanine, α-chaconine, and α-tomatine, showed significant HS activity, despite being remarkably less activities than that of SEA. Then, we evaluated the contribution of SGAs on the HS activities of the hairy root culture media. The estimated SGAs content in the hairy root culture media were low and nonconcordant with the HS activity of those, suggesting that the HS activity of SGAs did not contribute much. The analysis of structure-activity relationship revealed that the structural requirements of the HS activity of SGAs are dependent on the sugar moieties attached at the C3-hydoroxyl group and the alkaloid property of their aglycones. The stereochemistry in the EF rings of their aglycone also affected the strength of the HS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Shimizu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Kushida
- Plant Nematology Group, Division of Agro-environmental Research, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555, Japan
| | - Ryota Akiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hyoung Jae Lee
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuya Okamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Masuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Itaru Sakata
- Plant Nematology Group, Division of Agro-environmental Research, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanino
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Seiji Matsukida
- Odawara Research Center, Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., 345 Takada, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0216, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Inoue
- Odawara Research Center, Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., 345 Takada, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0216, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-78-803-5885 Fax: +81-78-803-5884
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Sonawane PD, Jozwiak A, Panda S, Aharoni A. 'Hijacking' core metabolism: a new panache for the evolution of steroidal glycoalkaloids structural diversity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 55:118-128. [PMID: 32446857 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are defense specialized metabolites produced by thousands of Solanum species. These metabolites are remarkable in structural diversity formed following modifications in their core scaffold. In recent years, it became clear that a large portion of this chemical repertoire was acquired through various molecular mechanisms involving 'hijacking' of core metabolism enzymes. This was typically accompanied by gene duplication and divergence and further neofunctionalization as well as modified subcellular localization and evolution of new substrate preferences. In this review, we highlight recent findings in the SGAs biosynthetic pathway and elaborate on similar occurrences in other chemical classes that enabled evolution of specialized metabolic pathways and its underlying structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant D Sonawane
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adam Jozwiak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sayantan Panda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Akiyama R, Lee HJ, Nakayasu M, Osakabe K, Osakabe Y, Umemoto N, Saito K, Muranaka T, Sugimoto Y, Mizutani M. Characterization of steroid 5α-reductase involved in α-tomatine biosynthesis in tomatoes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2019; 36:253-263. [PMID: 31983879 PMCID: PMC6978498 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.1030a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
α-tomatine and dehydrotomatine are steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) that accumulate in the mature green fruits, leaves, and flowers of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and function as defensive compounds against pathogens and predators. The aglycones of α-tomatine and dehydrotomatine are tomatidine and dehydrotomatidine (5,6-dehydrogenated tomatidine), and tomatidine is derived from dehydrotomatidine via four reaction steps: C3 oxidation, isomerization, C5α reduction, and C3 reduction. Our previous studies (Lee et al. 2019) revealed that Sl3βHSD is involved in the three reactions except for C5α reduction, and in the present study, we aimed to elucidate the gene responsible for the C5α reduction step in the conversion of dehydrotomatidine to tomatidine. We characterized the two genes, SlS5αR1 and SlS5αR2, which show high homology with DET2, a brassinosteroid 5α reductase of Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression pattern of SlS5αR2 is similar to those of SGA biosynthetic genes, while SlS5αR1 is ubiquitously expressed, suggesting the involvement of SlS5αR2 in SGA biosynthesis. Biochemical analysis of the recombinant proteins revealed that both of SlS5αR1 and SlS5αR2 catalyze the reduction of tomatid-4-en-3-one at C5α to yield tomatid-3-one. Then, SlS5αR1- or SlS5αR2-knockout hairy roots were constructed using CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing. In the SlS5αR2-knockout hairy roots, the α-tomatine level was significantly decreased and dehydrotomatine was accumulated. On the other hand, no change in the amount of α-tomatine was observed in the SlS5αR1-knockout hairy root. These results indicate that SlS5αR2 is responsible for the C5α reduction in α-tomatine biosynthesis and that SlS5αR1 does not significantly contribute to α-tomatine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Akiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkoudai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hyoung Jae Lee
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkoudai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakayasu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkoudai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Keishi Osakabe
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuriko Osakabe
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Umemoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkoudai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkoudai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-78-803-5885 Fax: +81-78-803-5884
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