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Guo G, Yu T, Zhang H, Chen M, Dong W, Zhang S, Tang X, Liu L, Heng W, Zhu L, Jia B. Evidence That PbrSAUR72 Contributes to Iron Deficiency Tolerance in Pears by Facilitating Iron Absorption. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112173. [PMID: 37299155 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element for plants; however, low bioactive Fe in soil continuously places plants in an Fe-deficient environment, triggering oxidative damage. To cope with this, plants make a series of alterations to increase Fe acquisition; however, this regulatory network needs further investigation. In this study, we found notably decreased indoleacetic acid (IAA) content in chlorotic pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) leaves caused by Fe deficiency. Furthermore, IAA treatment slightly induced regreening by increasing chlorophyll synthesis and Fe2+ accumulation. At that point, we identified PbrSAUR72 as a key negative effector output of auxin signaling and established its close relationship to Fe deficiency. Furthermore, the transient PbrSAUR72 overexpression could form regreening spots with increased IAA and Fe2+ content in chlorotic pear leaves, whereas its transient silencing does the opposite in normal pear leaves. In addition, cytoplasm-localized PbrSAUR72 exhibits root expression preferences and displays high homology to AtSAUR40/72. This promotes salt tolerance in plants, indicating a putative role for PbrSAUR72 in abiotic stress responses. Indeed, transgenic plants of Solanum lycopersicum and Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing PbrSAUR72 displayed less sensitivity to Fe deficiency, accompanied by substantially elevated expression of Fe-induced genes, such as FER/FIT, HA, and bHLH39/100. These result in higher ferric chelate reductase and root pH acidification activities, thereby hastening Fe absorption in transgenic plants under an Fe-deficient condition. Moreover, the ectopic overexpression of PbrSAUR72 inhibited reactive oxygen species production in response to Fe deficiency. These findings contribute to a new understanding of PbrSAURs and its involvement in Fe deficiency, providing new insights for the further study of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the Fe deficiency response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fruit Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fruit Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Agricultural Experimental Center of Guiyang, Guiyang Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fruit Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fruit Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Singleron Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Weiyu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Fruit Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shuqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fruit Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaomei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fruit Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fruit Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wei Heng
- State Key Laboratory of Fruit Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Liwu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fruit Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Bing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fruit Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Peng Z, Li W, Gan X, Zhao C, Paudel D, Su W, Lv J, Lin S, Liu Z, Yang X. Genome-Wide Analysis of SAUR Gene Family Identifies a Candidate Associated with Fruit Size in Loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13271. [PMID: 36362065 PMCID: PMC9659022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit size is an important fruit quality trait that influences the production and commodity values of loquats (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). The Small Auxin Upregulated RNA (SAUR) gene family has proven to play a vital role in the fruit development of many plant species. However, it has not been comprehensively studied in a genome-wide manner in loquats, and its role in regulating fruit size remains unknown. In this study, we identified 95 EjSAUR genes in the loquat genome. Tandem duplication and segmental duplication contributed to the expansion of this gene family in loquats. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the SAURs from Arabidopsis, rice, and loquat into nine clusters. By analyzing the transcriptome profiles in different tissues and at different fruit developmental stages and comparing two sister lines with contrasting fruit sizes, as well as by functional predictions, a candidate gene (EjSAUR22) highly expressed in expanding fruits was selected for further functional investigation. A combination of Indoleacetic acid (IAA) treatment and virus-induced gene silencing revealed that EjSAUR22 was not only responsive to auxin, but also played a role in regulating cell size and fruit expansion. The findings from our study provide a solid foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling fruit size in loquats, and also provide potential targets for manipulation of fruit size to accelerate loquat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chongbin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dev Paudel
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA
| | - Wenbing Su
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Juan Lv
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shunquan Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zongli Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xianghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Nagpal P, Reeves PH, Wong JH, Armengot L, Chae K, Rieveschl NB, Trinidad B, Davidsdottir V, Jain P, Gray WM, Jaillais Y, Reed JW. SAUR63 stimulates cell growth at the plasma membrane. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010375. [PMID: 36121899 PMCID: PMC9522268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, regulated cell expansion determines organ size and shape. Several members of the family of redundantly acting Small Auxin Up RNA (SAUR) proteins can stimulate plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase proton pumping activity by inhibiting PM-associated PP2C.D phosphatases, thereby increasing the PM electrochemical potential, acidifying the apoplast, and stimulating cell expansion. Similarly, Arabidopsis thaliana SAUR63 was able to increase growth of various organs, antagonize PP2C.D5 phosphatase, and increase H+-ATPase activity. Using a gain-of-function approach to bypass genetic redundancy, we dissected structural requirements for SAUR63 growth-promoting activity. The divergent N-terminal domain of SAUR63 has a predicted basic amphipathic α-helix and was able to drive partial PM association. Deletion of the N-terminal domain decreased PM association of a SAUR63 fusion protein, as well as decreasing protein level and eliminating growth-promoting activity. Conversely, forced PM association restored ability to promote H+-ATPase activity and cell expansion, indicating that SAUR63 is active when PM-associated. Lipid binding assays and perturbations of PM lipid composition indicate that the N-terminal domain can interact with PM anionic lipids. Mutations in the conserved SAUR domain also reduced PM association in root cells. Thus, both the N-terminal domain and the SAUR domain may cooperatively mediate the SAUR63 PM association required to promote growth. Plant organs reach their final shape and size after substantial cell expansion. Proton pumps at the plasma membrane promote cell expansion by acidifying the cell wall to loosen it, and by increasing electrochemical potential across the plasma membrane for solute uptake that maintains intracellular turgor. Plasma-membrane-associated proteins tightly regulate proton pump activity, in order for organs to grow to an appropriate extent. We have studied requirements for activity of one such regulatory protein in the model plant Arabidopsis called SAUR63. This protein is made rapidly in response to plant growth hormones, and it increases proton pump activity to promote organ growth. These activities depend on its binding to anionic lipids in the plasma membrane, and forced plasma membrane association of SAUR63 can increase growth. Many proteins in the same family are found within Arabidopsis and in all land plants, and likely differ in their affinity for the plasma membrane or in other properties. Further studies of other family members may show how such proteins regulate growth under diverse physiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punita Nagpal
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Paul H. Reeves
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeh Haur Wong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Laia Armengot
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Keun Chae
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel B. Rieveschl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brendan Trinidad
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vala Davidsdottir
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Prateek Jain
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William M. Gray
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Jason W. Reed
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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You X, Nasrullah, Wang D, Mei Y, Bi J, Liu S, Xu W, Wang NN. N 7 -SSPP fusion gene improves salt stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean through ROS scavenging. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2794-2809. [PMID: 35815549 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Considerable signal crosstalk exists in the regulatory network of senescence and stress response. Numerous senescence-associated genes are also involved in plant stress tolerance. However, the underlying mechanisms and application potential of these genes in stress-tolerant crop breeding remain poorly explored. We found that overexpression of SENESCENCE-SUPPRESSED PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE (SSPP), a negative regulator of leaf senescence, significantly improved plant salt tolerance by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging in both Arabidopsis and soybean. However, overexpression of SSPP severely suppressed normal plant growth, limiting its direct use in agriculture. We previously revealed that the N-terminal 1-14 residues of ACS7 (termed 'N7 ') negatively regulated its protein stability through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, and the N7 -mediated protein degradation was suppressed by environmental and senescence signals. To avoid the adverse effects of SSPP, the N7 element was fused to the N-terminus of SSPP. We demonstrated that N7 -SSPP fusion gene effectively rescued SSPP-induced growth suppression but maintained enhanced salt tolerance in Arabidopsis and soybean. Particularly, N7 -SSPP enhanced tolerance to long-term salt stress and increased seed yield in soybean. These results suggest that N7 -SSPP overcomes the disadvantages of SSPP on plant growth inhibition and effectively improves salt tolerance through enhanced ROS scavenging, providing an effective strategy of using posttranslational regulatory element for salt-tolerant crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang You
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nasrullah
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mei
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juanjuan Bi
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Ning Wang
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Guo Z, Mei Y, Wang D, Xiao D, Tang X, Gong Y, Xu X, Wang NN. Identification and Functional Analysis of Key Autophosphorylation Residues of Arabidopsis Senescence Associated Receptor-like Kinase. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168873. [PMID: 36012141 PMCID: PMC9408895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation mediated by protein kinases and phosphatases plays important roles in the regulation of leaf senescence. We previously reported that the senescence-associated leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase AtSARK autophosphorylates on both serine/threonine and tyrosine residues and functions as a positive regulator of Arabidopsis leaf senescence; the senescence-suppressed protein phosphatase SSPP interacts with and dephosphorylates the cytoplasmic domain of AtSARK, thereby negatively regulating leaf senescence. Here, 27 autophosphorylation residues of AtSARK were revealed by mass spectrometry analysis, and six of them, including two Ser, two Thr, and two Tyr residues, were further found to be important for the biological functions of AtSARK. All site-directed mutations of these six residues that resulted in decreased autophosphorylation level of AtSARK could significantly inhibit AtSARK-induced leaf senescence. In addition, mutations mimicking the dephosphorylation form of Ser384 (S384A) or the phosphorylation form of Tyr413 (Y413E) substantially reduced the interaction between AtSARK and SSPP. All results suggest that autophosphorylation of AtSARK is essential for its functions in promoting leaf senescence. The possible roles of S384 and Y413 residues in fine-tuning the interaction between AtSARK and SSPP are discussed herein.
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Fuentes-Merlos MI, Bamba M, Sato S, Higashitani A. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Grafted Tomato with Drought Tolerance. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11151947. [PMID: 35893651 PMCID: PMC9332811 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Grafting is a method used in agriculture to improve crop production and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. This technique is widely used in tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L.; however, the effects of grafting on changes in gene expression associated with stress tolerance in shoot apical meristem cells are still under-discovered. To clarify the effect of grafting, we performed a transcriptomic analysis between non-grafted and grafted tomatoes using the tomato variety Momotaro-scion and rootstock varieties, TD1, GS, and GF. Drought tolerance was significantly improved not only by a combination of compatible resistant rootstock TD1 but also by self-grafted compared to non-grafted lines. Next, we found the differences in gene expression between grafted and non-grafted plants before and during drought stress treatment. These altered genes are involved in the regulation of plant hormones, stress response, and cell proliferation. Furthermore, when comparing compatible (Momo/TD1 and Momo/Momo) and incompatible (Momo/GF) grafted lines, the incompatible line reduced gene expression associated with phytohormones but increased in wounding and starvation stress-response genes. These results conclude that grafting generates drought stress tolerance through several gene expression changes in the apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Atsushi Higashitani
- Correspondence: (M.I.F.-M.); (A.H.); Tel.: +81-22-217-5715 (A.H.); Fax: +81-22-217-5691 (A.H.)
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Huang P, Li Z, Guo H. New Advances in the Regulation of Leaf Senescence by Classical and Peptide Hormones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923136. [PMID: 35837465 PMCID: PMC9274171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is the last stage of leaf development, manifested by leaf yellowing due to the loss of chlorophyll, along with the degradation of macromolecules and facilitates nutrient translocation from the sink to the source tissues, which is essential for the plants' fitness. Leaf senescence is controlled by a sophisticated genetic network that has been revealed through the study of the molecular mechanisms of hundreds of senescence-associated genes (SAGs), which are involved in multiple layers of regulation. Leaf senescence is primarily regulated by plant age, but also influenced by a variety of factors, including phytohormones and environmental stimuli. Phytohormones, as important signaling molecules in plant, contribute to the onset and progression of leaf senescence. Recently, peptide hormones have been reported to be involved in the regulation of leaf senescence, enriching the significance of signaling molecules in controlling leaf senescence. This review summarizes recent advances in the regulation of leaf senescence by classical and peptide hormones, aiming to better understand the coordinated network of different pathways during leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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PpSAUR43, an Auxin-Responsive Gene, Is Involved in the Post-Ripening and Softening of Peaches. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Auxin’s role in the post-ripening of peaches is widely recognized as important. However, little is known about the processes by which auxin regulates fruit post-ripening. As one of the early auxin-responsive genes, it is critical to understand the role of small auxin-up RNA (SAUR) genes in fruit post-ripening and softening. Herein, we identified 72 PpSAUR auxin-responsive factors in the peach genome and divided them into eight subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. Subsequently, the members related to peach post-ripening in the PpSAUR gene family were screened, and we targeted PpSAUR43. The expression of PpSAUR43 was decreased with fruit post-ripening in melting flesh (MF) fruit and was high in non-melting flesh (NMF) fruit. The overexpression of PpSAUR43 showed a slower rate of firmness decline, reduced ethylene production, and a delayed fruit post-ripening process. The MADS-box gene family plays an important regulatory role in fruit ripening. In this study, we showed with yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC) experiments that PpSAUR43 can interact with the MADS-box transcription factor PpCMB1(PpMADS2), which indicates that PpSAUR43 may inhibit fruit ripening by suppressing the function of the PpCMB1 protein. Together, these results indicate that PpSAUR43 acts as a negative regulator involved in the peach post-ripening process.
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Yang F, Miao Y, Liu Y, Botella JR, Li W, Li K, Song CP. Function of Protein Kinases in Leaf Senescence of Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:864215. [PMID: 35548290 PMCID: PMC9083415 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.864215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is an evolutionarily acquired process and it is critical for plant fitness. During senescence, macromolecules and nutrients are disassembled and relocated to actively growing organs. Plant leaf senescence process can be triggered by developmental cues and environmental factors, proper regulation of this process is essential to improve crop yield. Protein kinases are enzymes that modify their substrates activities by changing the conformation, stability, and localization of those proteins, to play a crucial role in the leaf senescence process. Impressive progress has been made in understanding the role of different protein kinases in leaf senescence recently. This review focuses on the recent progresses in plant leaf senescence-related kinases. We summarize the current understanding of the function of kinases on senescence signal perception and transduction, to help us better understand how the orderly senescence degeneration process is regulated by kinases, and how the kinase functions in the intricate integration of environmental signals and leaf age information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuchen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jose R. Botella
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Weiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Liu Y, Xiao L, Chi J, Li R, Han Y, Cui F, Peng Z, Wan S, Li G. Genome-wide identification and expression of SAUR gene family in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and functional identification of AhSAUR3 in drought tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:178. [PMID: 35387613 PMCID: PMC8988358 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small auxin-upregulated RNAs (SAURs) gene family plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the function of few SAUR genes is known in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), one of the world's major food legume crops. This study aimed to perform a comprehensive identification of the SAUR gene family from the peanut genome. RESULTS The genome-wide analysis revealed that a total of 162 SAUR genes were identified in the peanut genome. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the SAUR proteins were classified into eight subfamilies. The SAUR gene family experienced a remarkable expansion after tetraploidization, which contributed to the tandem duplication events first occurring in subgenome A and then segmental duplication events occurring between A and B subgenomes. The expression profiles based on transcriptomic data showed that SAUR genes were dominantly expressed in the leaves, pistils, perianth, and peg tips, and were widely involved in tolerance against abiotic stresses. A total of 18 AhSAUR genes selected from different subfamilies randomly presented 4 major expression patterns according to their expression characteristics in response to indole-3-acetic acid. The members from the same subfamily showed a similar expression pattern. Furthermore, the functional analysis revealed that AhSAUR3 played a negative role in response to drought tolerance. CONCLUSIONS This study provided insights into the evolution and function of the SAUR gene family and may serve as a resource for further functional research on AhSAUR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement & Ecology and Physiology, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan, 250100 Shandong Province China
| | - Lina Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement & Ecology and Physiology, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan, 250100 Shandong Province China
| | - Jingxian Chi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement & Ecology and Physiology, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan, 250100 Shandong Province China
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014 Shandong Province China
| | - Rongchong Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement & Ecology and Physiology, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan, 250100 Shandong Province China
| | - Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement & Ecology and Physiology, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan, 250100 Shandong Province China
| | - Feng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement & Ecology and Physiology, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan, 250100 Shandong Province China
| | - Zhenying Peng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement & Ecology and Physiology, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan, 250100 Shandong Province China
| | - Shubo Wan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement & Ecology and Physiology, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan, 250100 Shandong Province China
| | - Guowei Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement & Ecology and Physiology, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan, 250100 Shandong Province China
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014 Shandong Province China
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11
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Du Y, Luo S, Zhao J, Feng Z, Chen X, Ren W, Liu X, Wang Z, Yu L, Li W, Qu Y, Liu J, Zhou L. Genome and transcriptome-based characterization of high energy carbon-ion beam irradiation induced delayed flower senescence mutant in Lotus japonicus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:510. [PMID: 34732128 PMCID: PMC8564971 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flower longevity is closely related to pollen dispersal and reproductive success in all plants, as well as the commercial value of ornamental plants. Mutants that display variation in flower longevity are useful tools for understanding the mechanisms underlying this trait. Heavy-ion beam irradiation has great potential to improve flower shapes and colors; however, few studies are available on the mutation of flower senescence in leguminous plants. RESULTS A mutant (C416) exhibiting blossom duration eight times longer than that of the wild type (WT) was isolated in Lotus japonicus derived from carbon ion beam irradiation. Genetic assays supported that the delayed flower senescence of C416 was a dominant trait controlled by a single gene, which was located between 4,616,611 Mb and 5,331,876 Mb on chromosome III. By using a sorting strategy of multi-sample parallel genome sequencing, candidate genes were narrowed to the gene CUFF.40834, which exhibited high identity to ethylene receptor 1 in other model plants. A physiological assay demonstrated that C416 was insensitive to ethylene precursor. Furthermore, the dynamic changes of phytohormone regulatory network in petals at different developmental stages was compared by using RNA-seq. In brief, the ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways were negatively regulated in C416, whereas the brassinosteroid (BR) and cytokinin signaling pathways were positively regulated, and auxin exhibited dual effects on flower senescence in Lotus japonicus. The abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway is positively regulated in C416. CONCLUSION So far, C416 might be the first reported mutant carrying a mutation in an endogenous ethylene-related gene in Lotus japonicus, rather than through the introduction of exogenous genes by transgenic techniques. A schematic of the flower senescence of Lotus japonicus from the perspective of the phytohormone regulatory network was provided based on transcriptome profiling of petals at different developmental stages. This study is informative for elucidating the molecular mechanism of delayed flower senescence in C416, and lays a foundation for candidate flower senescence gene identification in Lotus japonicus. It also provides another perspective for the improvement of flower longevity in legume plants by heavy-ion beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanwei Luo
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Feng
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Ren
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanzi Wang
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Yu
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Qu
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- Kejin Innovation Institute of Heavy Ion Beam Biological Industry, Baiyin, 730900, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Libin Zhou
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China.
- Kejin Innovation Institute of Heavy Ion Beam Biological Industry, Baiyin, 730900, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Hussain S, Wang W, Ahmed S, Wang X, Adnan, Cheng Y, Wang C, Wang Y, Zhang N, Tian H, Chen S, Hu X, Wang T, Wang S. PIP2, An Auxin Induced Plant Peptide Hormone Regulates Root and Hypocotyl Elongation in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:646736. [PMID: 34054893 PMCID: PMC8161498 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.646736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Auxin is one of the traditional plant hormones, whereas peptide hormones are peptides with hormone activities. Both auxin and plant peptide hormones regulate multiple aspects of plant growth and development, and there are cross-talks between auxin and plant peptide hormones. PAMP-INDUCED SECRETED PEPTIDES (PIPs) and PIP-LIKEs (PIPLs) are a new family of plant peptide hormone, and PIPL3/TARGET OF LBD SIXTEEN 2 (TOLS2) has been shown to regulate lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. We report here the identification of PIP2 as an auxin response gene, and we found it plays a role in regulating root and hypocotyl development in Arabidopsis. By using quantitative RT-PCR, we found that the expression of PIP2 but not PIP1 and PIP3 was induced by auxin, and auxin induced expression of PIP2 was reduced in nph4-1 and arf19-4, the lost-of-function mutants of Auxin Response Factor 7 (ARF7) and ARF19, respectively. By generating and characterizing overexpressing transgenic lines and gene edited mutants for PIP2, we found that root length in the PIP2 overexpression plant seedlings was slightly shorter when compared with that in the Col wild type plants, but root length of the pip2 mutant seedlings remained largely unchanged. For comparison, we also generated overexpressing transgenic lines and gene edited mutants for PIP3, as well as pip2 pip3 double mutants. Surprisingly, we found that root length in the PIP3 overexpression plant seedlings is shorter than that of the PIP2 overexpression plant seedlings, and the pip3 mutant seedlings also produced short roots. However, root length in the pip2 pip3 double mutant seedlings is largely similar to that in the pip3 single mutant seedlings. On the other hand, hypocotyl elongation assays indicate that only the 35S:PIP2 transgenic plant seedlings produced longer hypocotyls when compared with the Col wild type seedlings. Further analysis indicates that PIP2 promotes cell division as well as cell elongation in hypocotyls. Taken together, our results suggest that PIP2 is an auxin response gene, and PIP2 plays a role in regulating root and hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis likely via regulating cell division and cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saddam Hussain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & Crop Gene Editing, School of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Sajjad Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xutong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Adnan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Hainan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & Crop Gene Editing, School of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Tianya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shucai Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & Crop Gene Editing, School of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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13
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Cao W, Gan L, Wang C, Zhao X, Zhang M, Du J, Zhou S, Zhu C. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Potato Long Non-coding RNAs Associated With Phytophthora infestans Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:619062. [PMID: 33643350 PMCID: PMC7902931 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.619062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a crucial regulatory mechanism in the plant response to biotic and abiotic stress. However, their roles in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) resistance to Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans) largely remain unknown. In this study, we identify 2857 lncRNAs and 33,150 mRNAs of the potato from large-scale published RNA sequencing data. Characteristic analysis indicates a similar distribution pattern of lncRNAs and mRNAs on the potato chromosomes, and the mRNAs were longer and had more exons than lncRNAs. Identification of alternative splicing (AS) shows that there were a total of 2491 lncRNAs generated from AS and the highest frequency (46.49%) of alternative acceptors (AA). We performed R package TCseq to cluster 133 specific differentially expressed lncRNAs from resistance lines and found that the lncRNAs of cluster 2 were upregulated. The lncRNA targets were subject to KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, and the interactive network between lncRNAs and mRNAs was constructed by using GENIE3, a random forest machine learning algorithm. Transient overexpression of StLNC0004 in Nicotiana benthamiana significantly suppresses P. infestans growth compared with a control, and the expression of extensin (NbEXT), the ortholog of the StLNC0004 target gene, was significantly upregulated in the overexpression line. Together, these results suggest that lncRNAs play potential functional roles in the potato response to P. infestans infection.
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14
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Zhang H, Yu Z, Yao X, Chen J, Chen X, Zhou H, Lou Y, Ming F, Jin Y. Genome-wide identification and characterization of small auxin-up RNA (SAUR) gene family in plants: evolution and expression profiles during normal growth and stress response. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:4. [PMID: 33407147 PMCID: PMC7789510 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auxin is critical to plant growth and development, as well as stress responses. Small auxin-up RNA (SAUR) is the largest family of early auxin responsive genes in higher plants. However, the function of few SAUR genes is known owing to functional redundancy among the many family members. RESULTS In this study, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis using protein sequences of 795 SAURs from Anthoceros angustus, Marchantia polymorpha, Physcomitrella patens, Selaginella moellendorffii, Ginkgo biloba, Gnetum montanum, Amborella trichopoda, Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Glycine max, Medicago truncatula and Setaria italica. The phylogenetic trees showed that the SAUR proteins could be divided into 10 clades and three subfamilies, and that SAUR proteins of three bryophyte species were only located in subfamily III, which suggested that they may be ancestral. From bryophyta to anthophyta, SAUR family have appeared very large expansion. The number of SAUR gene in Fabaceae species was considerably higher than that in other plants, which may be associated with independent whole genome duplication event in the Fabaceae lineages. The phylogenetic trees also showed that SAUR genes had expanded independently monocotyledons and dicotyledons in angiosperms. Conserved motif and protein structure prediction revealed that SAUR proteins were highly conserved among higher plants, and two leucine residues in motif I were observed in almost all SAUR proteins, which suggests the residues plays a critical role in the stability and function of SAUR proteins. Expression analysis of SAUR genes using publicly available RNA-seq data from rice and soybean indicated functional similarity of members in the same clade, which was also further confirmed by qRT-PCR. Summarization of SAUR functions also showed that SAUR functions were usually consistent within a subclade. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the evolution and function of the SAUR gene family from bryophyta to anthophyta, particularly in Fabaceae plants. Future investigation to understand the functions of SAUR family members should employ a clade as the study unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zhenjia Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xiaodie Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jingli Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Huiwen Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yuxia Lou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Feng Ming
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Yue Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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15
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Zhang YM, Guo P, Xia X, Guo H, Li Z. Multiple Layers of Regulation on Leaf Senescence: New Advances and Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:788996. [PMID: 34938309 PMCID: PMC8685244 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.788996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is the last stage of leaf development and is an orderly biological process accompanied by degradation of macromolecules and nutrient recycling, which contributes to plant fitness. Forward genetic mutant screening and reverse genetic studies of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) have revealed that leaf senescence is a genetically regulated process, and the initiation and progression of leaf senescence are influenced by an array of internal and external factors. Recently, multi-omics techniques have revealed that leaf senescence is subjected to multiple layers of regulation, including chromatin, transcriptional and post-transcriptional, as well as translational and post-translational levels. Although impressive progress has been made in plant senescence research, especially the identification and functional analysis of a large number of SAGs in crop plants, we still have not unraveled the mystery of plant senescence, and there are some urgent scientific questions in this field, such as when plant senescence is initiated and how senescence signals are transmitted. This paper reviews recent advances in the multiple layers of regulation on leaf senescence, especially in post-transcriptional regulation such as alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Mei Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengru Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhonghai Li,
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16
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Hinckley WE, Brusslan JA. Gene expression changes occurring at bolting time are associated with leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00279. [PMID: 33204935 PMCID: PMC7649007 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the vegetative to reproductive phase transition (termed bolting in Arabidopsis) generally precedes age-dependent leaf senescence (LS). Many studies describe a temporal link between bolting time and LS, as plants that bolt early, senesce early, and plants that bolt late, senesce late. The molecular mechanisms underlying this relationship are unknown and are potentially agriculturally important, as they may allow for the development of crops that can overcome early LS caused by stress-related early-phase transition. We hypothesized that leaf gene expression changes occurring in synchrony with bolting were regulating LS. ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX (ATX) enzymes are general methyltransferases that regulate the adult vegetative to reproductive phase transition. We generated an atx1, atx3, and atx4 (atx1,3,4) triple T-DNA insertion mutant that displays both early bolting and early LS. This mutant was used in an RNA-seq time-series experiment to identify gene expression changes in rosette leaves that are likely associated with bolting. By comparing the early bolting mutant to vegetative WT plants of the same age, we were able to generate a list of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that change expression with bolting as the plants age. We trimmed the list by intersection with publicly available WT datasets, which removed genes from our DEG list that were atx1,3,4 specific. The resulting 398 bolting-associated genes (BAGs) are differentially expressed in a mature rosette leaf at bolting. The BAG list contains many well-characterized LS regulators (ORE1, WRKY45, NAP, WRKY28), and GO analysis revealed enrichment for LS and LS-related processes. These bolting-associated LS regulators may contribute to the temporal coupling of bolting time to LS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judy A. Brusslan
- Department of Biological SciencesCalifornia State UniversityLong Beach, Long BeachCAUSA
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