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Kim K, Schwarz JM, Ben Amar M. A two-dimensional vertex model for curvy cell-cell interfaces at the subcellular scale. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20240193. [PMID: 39192725 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cross-sections of cell shapes in a tissue monolayer typically resemble a tiling of convex polygons. Yet, examples exist where the polygons are not convex with curved cell-cell interfaces, as seen in the adaxial epidermis. To date, two-dimensional vertex models predicting the structure and mechanics of cell monolayers have been mostly limited to convex polygons. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a framework to study curvy cell-cell interfaces at the subcellular scale within vertex models by using a parametrized curve between vertices that is expanded in a Fourier series and whose coefficients represent additional degrees of freedom. This extension to non-convex polygons allows for cells with the same shape index, or dimensionless perimeter, to be, for example, either elongated or globular with lobes. In the presence of applied, anisotropic stresses, we find that local, subcellular curvature or buckling can be energetically more favourable than larger scale deformations involving groups of cells. Inspired by recent experiments, we also find that local, subcellular curvature at cell-cell interfaces emerges in a group of cells in response to the swelling of additional cells surrounding the group. Our framework, therefore, can account for a wider array of multicellular responses to constraints in the tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungeun Kim
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - J M Schwarz
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Indian Creek Farm , Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Martine Ben Amar
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité , 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital , 75013 Paris, France
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2
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Wilkens A, Czerniawski P, Bednarek P, Libik-Konieczny M, Yamada K. ATML1 Regulates the Differentiation of ER Body-Containing Large Pavement Cells in Rosette Leaves of Brassicaceae Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:1160-1172. [PMID: 38590036 PMCID: PMC11287205 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived organelles, ER bodies, participate in the defense against herbivores in Brassicaceae plants. ER bodies accumulate β-glucosidases, which hydrolyze specialized thioglucosides known as glucosinolates to generate bioactive substances. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the leaf ER (LER) bodies are formed in large pavement cells, which are found in the petioles, margins and blades of rosette leaves. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in establishing large pavement cells are unknown. Here, we show that the ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA MERISTEM L1 LAYER (ATML1) transcription factor regulates the formation of LER bodies in large pavement cells of rosette leaves. Overexpression of ATML1 enhanced the expression of LER body-related genes and the number of LER body-containing large pavement cells, whereas its knock-out resulted in opposite effects. ATML1 enhances endoreduplication and cell size through LOSS OF GIANT CELLS FROM ORGANS (LGO). Although the overexpression and knock-out of LGO affected the appearance of large pavement cells in Arabidopsis, the effect on LER body-related gene expression and LER body formation was weak. LER body-containing large pavement cells were also found in Eutrema salsugineum, another Brassicaceae species. Our results demonstrate that ATML1 establishes large pavement cells to induce LER body formation in Brassicaceae plants and thereby possibly contribute to the defense against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwine Wilkens
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, Krakow 30-239, Poland
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Paweł Czerniawski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zygmunta Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznan 61-713, Poland
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zygmunta Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznan 61-713, Poland
| | - Marta Libik-Konieczny
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, Krakow 30-239, Poland
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, Krakow 30-387, Poland
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3
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Xu L, Liu Y, Feng S, Liu C, Zhong X, Ren Y, Liu Y, Huang Y, Yang M. The relationship between atmospheric particulate matter, leaf surface microstructure, and the phyllosphere microbial diversity of Ulmus L. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:566. [PMID: 38880875 PMCID: PMC11181616 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants can retain atmospheric particulate matter (PM) through their unique foliar microstructures, which has a profound impact on the phyllosphere microbial communities. Yet, the underlying mechanisms linking atmospheric particulate matter (PM) retention by foliar microstructures to variations in the phyllosphere microbial communities remain a mystery. In this study, we conducted a field experiment with ten Ulmus lines. A series of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and high-throughput amplicon sequencing, were applied to examine the relationship between foliar surface microstructures, PM retention, and phyllosphere microbial diversity of Ulmus L. RESULTS We characterized the leaf microstructures across the ten Ulmus lines. Chun exhibited a highly undulated abaxial surface and dense stomatal distribution. Langya and Xingshan possessed dense abaxial trichomes, while Lieye, Zuiweng, and Daguo had sparsely distributed, short abaxial trichomes. Duomai, Qingyun, and Lang were characterized by sparse stomata and flat abaxial surfaces, whereas Jinye had sparsely distributed but extensive stomata. The mean leaf retention values for total suspended particulate (TSP), PM2.5, PM2.5-10, PM10-100, and PM> 100 were 135.76, 6.60, 20.10, 90.98, and 13.08 µg·cm- 2, respectively. Trichomes substantially contributed to PM2.5 retention, while larger undulations enhanced PM2.5-10 retention, as evidenced by positive correlations between PM2.5 and abaxial trichome density and between PM2.5-10 and the adaxial raw microroughness values. Phyllosphere microbial diversity patterns varied among lines, with bacteria dominated by Sediminibacterium and fungi by Mycosphaerella, Alternaria, and Cladosporium. Redundancy analysis confirmed that dense leaf trichomes facilitated the capture of PM2.5-associated fungi, while bacteria were less impacted by PM and struggled to adhere to leaf microstructures. Long and dense trichomes provided ideal microhabitats for retaining PM-borne microbes, as evidenced by positive feedback loops between PM2.5, trichome characteristics, and the relative abundances of microorganisms like Trichoderma and Aspergillus. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, a three-factor network profile was constructed, which provides a foundation for further exploration into how different plants retain PM through foliar microstructures, thereby impacting phyllosphere microbial communities.
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Grants
- 216Z6301G Science and Technology Development Fund of Central Guidance on Local, China
- 216Z6301G Science and Technology Development Fund of Central Guidance on Local, China
- 216Z6301G Science and Technology Development Fund of Central Guidance on Local, China
- 216Z6301G Science and Technology Development Fund of Central Guidance on Local, China
- 216Z6301G Science and Technology Development Fund of Central Guidance on Local, China
- 216Z6301G Science and Technology Development Fund of Central Guidance on Local, China
- 216Z6301G Science and Technology Development Fund of Central Guidance on Local, China
- 216Z6301G Science and Technology Development Fund of Central Guidance on Local, China
- 216Z6301G Science and Technology Development Fund of Central Guidance on Local, China
- 21326301D Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province, China
- 21326301D Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province, China
- 21326301D Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province, China
- 21326301D Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province, China
- 21326301D Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province, China
- 21326301D Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province, China
- 21326301D Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province, China
- 21326301D Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province, China
- 21326301D Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Liren Xu
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
- Hebei Academy of Forestry and Grassland Science, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yichao Liu
- Hebei Academy of Forestry and Grassland Science, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Shuxiang Feng
- Hebei Academy of Forestry and Grassland Science, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Xinyu Zhong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yachao Ren
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yinran Huang
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.
- Hebei Academy of Forestry and Grassland Science, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China.
| | - Minsheng Yang
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.
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Li R, Du K, Zhang C, Shen X, Yun L, Wang S, Li Z, Sun Z, Wei J, Li Y, Guo B, Sun C. Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals the spatiotemporal distribution of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis and transposable element activity in Gynostemma pentaphyllum shoot apexes and leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1394587. [PMID: 38779067 PMCID: PMC11109411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1394587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino is an important producer of dammarene-type triterpenoid saponins. These saponins (gypenosides) exhibit diverse pharmacological benefits such as anticancer, antidiabetic, and immunomodulatory effects, and have major potential in the pharmaceutical and health care industries. Here, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile the transcriptomes of more than 50,000 cells derived from G. pentaphyllum shoot apexes and leaves. Following cell clustering and annotation, we identified five major cell types in shoot apexes and four in leaves. Each cell type displayed substantial transcriptomic heterogeneity both within and between tissues. Examining gene expression patterns across various cell types revealed that gypenoside biosynthesis predominantly occurred in mesophyll cells, with heightened activity observed in shoot apexes compared to leaves. Furthermore, we explored the impact of transposable elements (TEs) on G. pentaphyllum transcriptomic landscapes. Our findings the highlighted the unbalanced expression of certain TE families across different cell types in shoot apexes and leaves, marking the first investigation of TE expression at the single-cell level in plants. Additionally, we observed dynamic expression of genes involved in gypenoside biosynthesis and specific TE families during epidermal and vascular cell development. The involvement of TE expression in regulating cell differentiation and gypenoside biosynthesis warrant further exploration. Overall, this study not only provides new insights into the spatiotemporal organization of gypenoside biosynthesis and TE activity in G. pentaphyllum shoot apexes and leaves but also offers valuable cellular and genetic resources for a deeper understanding of developmental and physiological processes at single-cell resolution in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Du
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chuyi Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Yun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiying Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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5
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Zhang M, Zhang S. Stomatal development: NRPM proteins in dynamic localization of ERECTA receptor. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R143-R146. [PMID: 38412823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic cellular localization of receptors is key to the perception of their peptide ligands and the activation of downstream signaling pathways. A new study identifies NRPMs as novel regulators of ERECTA receptor localization and stomatal formation downstream of the EPF1/EPF2 peptide ligands and upstream of the YDA MAPK cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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6
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Yu J, Zhang Y, Cosgrove DJ. The nonlinear mechanics of highly extensible plant epidermal cell walls. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316396121. [PMID: 38165937 PMCID: PMC10786299 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316396121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant epidermal cell walls maintain the mechanical integrity of plants and restrict organ growth. Mechanical analyses can give insights into wall structure and are inputs for mechanobiology models of plant growth. To better understand the intrinsic mechanics of epidermal cell walls and how they may accommodate large deformations during growth, we analyzed a geometrically simple material, onion epidermal strips consisting of only the outer (periclinal) cell wall, ~7 μm thick. With uniaxial stretching by >40%, the wall showed complex three-phase stress-strain responses while cyclic stretching revealed reversible and irreversible deformations and elastic hysteresis. Stretching at varying strain rates and temperatures indicated the wall behaved more like a network of flexible cellulose fibers capable of sliding than a viscoelastic composite with pectin viscosity. We developed an analytic framework to quantify nonlinear wall mechanics in terms of stiffness, deformation, and energy dissipation, finding that the wall stretches by combined elastic and plastic deformation without compromising its stiffness. We also analyzed mechanical changes in slightly dehydrated walls. Their extension became stiffer and more irreversible, highlighting the influence of water on cellulose stiffness and sliding. This study offers insights into the structure and deformation modes of primary cell walls and presents a framework that is also applicable to tissues and whole organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yu
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
- China Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Structural Analysis and Safety Assessment, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
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7
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Hou S, Rodrigues O, Liu Z, Shan L, He P. Small holes, big impact: Stomata in plant-pathogen-climate epic trifecta. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:26-49. [PMID: 38041402 PMCID: PMC10872522 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of stomatal aperture opening and closure represents an evolutionary battle between plants and pathogens, characterized by adaptive strategies that influence both plant resistance and pathogen virulence. The ongoing climate change introduces further complexity, affecting pathogen invasion and host immunity. This review delves into recent advances on our understanding of the mechanisms governing immunity-related stomatal movement and patterning with an emphasis on the regulation of stomatal opening and closure dynamics by pathogen patterns and host phytocytokines. In addition, the review explores how climate changes impact plant-pathogen interactions by modulating stomatal behavior. In light of the pressing challenges associated with food security and the unpredictable nature of climate changes, future research in this field, which includes the investigation of spatiotemporal regulation and engineering of stomatal immunity, emerges as a promising avenue for enhancing crop resilience and contributing to climate control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguo Hou
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261325, China; School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China.
| | - Olivier Rodrigues
- Unité de Recherche Physiologie, Pathologie et Génétique Végétales, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INP-PURPAN, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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8
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Kim MS, Lee SW, Kim K, Kim Y, Hwang H, Hinterdorfer P, Choi D, Ko K. Single-cell transcriptome sequencing of plant leaf expressing anti-HER2 VHH-FcK cancer therapeutic protein. Sci Data 2023; 10:911. [PMID: 38114492 PMCID: PMC10730532 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The transgenic plant is a promising strategy for the production of highly valuable biotherapeutic proteins such as recombinant vaccines and antibodies. To achieve an efficient level of protein production, codon sequences and expression cassette elements need to be optimized. However, the systematical expression of recombinant proteins in plant biomass can generally be controlled for the production of therapeutic proteins after the generation of transgenic plants. Without understanding the transgene expression patterns in plant tissue, it is difficult to enhance further production levels. In this study, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaf, expressing an immunotherapeutic llama antibody against breast cancer, anti-HER2 VHH-Fc, was conducted to obtain data on the expression pattern of tissue-specific cells. These high-quality scRNA-seq data enabled the identification of gene expression patterns by cell types, which can be applied to select the best cell types or tissues for the high production of these recombinant antibodies. These data provide a foundation to elucidate the mechanisms that regulate the biosynthesis of recombinant proteins in N. tabacum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Shin Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Biosciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin, 17058, Korea
| | - Seung-Won Lee
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA
| | - Kibum Kim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06074, Korea
| | - Yerin Kim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06074, Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Hwang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06074, Korea
| | - Peter Hinterdorfer
- Department of Applied Experimental Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Doil Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06074, Korea.
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9
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Ullah G, Ibrahim M, Nawaz G, Khatoon A, Jamil M, Rehman SU, Ali EA, Tariq A. Plant-Derived Smoke Mitigates the Inhibitory Effects of the Auxin Inhibitor 2,3,5-Triiodo Benzoic Acid (TIBA) by Enhancing Root Architecture and Biochemical Parameters in Maize. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2604. [PMID: 37514219 PMCID: PMC10383894 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate and compare the effects of plant-derived smoke (PDS) and auxin (IAA and IBA) on maize growth under the application of 2,3,5-triiodo benzoic acid (TIBA). For this purpose, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), each at a concentration of 10 ppm, along with PDS at a ratio of 1:500 (v/v) were used alone and in combination with 10 ppm of TIBA. The results indicate that the germination percentage (%) of maize seeds was enhanced under IAA, IBA and PDS treatment. However, IAA and IBA resulted in reduced germination when applied in combination with TIBA. Importantly, the germination percentage (%) was improved by PDS under TIBA treatment. The analysis of seedling height, length of leaves, and number of primary, seminal and secondary/lateral roots showed improvement under individual treatments of IAA and IBA, PDS and PDS + TIBA treatment, while these values were reduced under IAA + TIBA and IBA + TIBA application. Chlorophyll content, total soluble sugars and antioxidative enzymatic activity including POD and SOD increased in seedlings treated with PDS alone or both PDS and TIBA, while in seedlings treated with IAA and TIBA or IBA and TIBA, their levels were decreased. APX and CAT responded in the opposite way-under IAA, IBA and PDS treatment, their levels were found to be lower than the control (simple water treatment), while TIBA treatment with either IAA, IBA or PDS enhanced their levels as compared to the control. These results reveal that PDS has the potential to alleviate the inhibitory effects of TIBA. This study highlights the role of PDS in preventing TIBA from blocking the auxin entry sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulfan Ullah
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 2600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 2600, Pakistan
| | - Ghazala Nawaz
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 2600, Pakistan
| | - Amana Khatoon
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 2600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 2600, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 2262, Pakistan
| | - Essam A Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akash Tariq
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
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10
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Liang X, Ma Z, Ke Y, Wang J, Wang L, Qin B, Tang C, Liu M, Xian X, Yang Y, Wang M, Zhang Y. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses reveal cellular and molecular patterns of rubber tree response to early powdery mildew infection. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:2222-2237. [PMID: 36929646 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a perennial woody plant, the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) must adapt to various environmental challenges through gene expression in multiple cell types. It is still unclear how genes in this species are expressed at the cellular level and the precise mechanisms by which cells respond transcriptionally to environmental stimuli, especially in the case of pathogen infection. Here, we characterized the transcriptomes in Hevea leaves during early powdery mildew infection using single-cell RNA sequencing. We identified 10 cell types and constructed the first single-cell atlas of Hevea leaves. Distinct gene expression patterns of the cell clusters were observed under powdery mildew infection, which was especially significant in the epidermal cells. Most of the genes involved in host-pathogen interactions in epidermal cells exhibited a pattern of dramatically increased expression with increasing pseudotime. Interestingly, we found that the HbCNL2 gene, encoding a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein, positively modulated the defence of rubber leaves against powdery mildew. Overexpression of the HbCNL2 gene triggered a typical cell death phenotype in tobacco leaves and a higher level of reactive oxygen species in the protoplasts of Hevea leaves. The HbCNL2 protein was located in the cytomembrane and nucleus, and its leucine-rich repeat domain interacted with the histidine kinase-like ATPase domain of the molecular chaperone HbHSP90 in the nucleus. Collectively, our results provide the first observation of the cellular and molecular responses of Hevea leaves to biotrophic pathogen infection and can guide the identification of disease-resistance genes in this important tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liang
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhan Ma
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuhang Ke
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Bi Qin
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Chaorong Tang
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mingyang Liu
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xuemei Xian
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ye Yang
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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11
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Dubois M, Achon I, Brench RA, Polyn S, Tenorio Berrío R, Vercauteren I, Gray JE, Inzé D, De Veylder L. SIAMESE-RELATED1 imposes differentiation of stomatal lineage ground cells into pavement cells. NATURE PLANTS 2023:10.1038/s41477-023-01452-7. [PMID: 37386150 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The leaf epidermis represents a multifunctional tissue consisting of trichomes, pavement cells and stomata, the specialized cellular pores of the leaf. Pavement cells and stomata both originate from regulated divisions of stomatal lineage ground cells (SLGCs), but whereas the ontogeny of the stomata is well characterized, the genetic pathways activating pavement cell differentiation remain relatively unexplored. Here, we reveal that the cell cycle inhibitor SIAMESE-RELATED1 (SMR1) is essential for timely differentiation of SLGCs into pavement cells by terminating SLGC self-renewal potency, which depends on CYCLIN A proteins and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE B1. By controlling SLGC-to-pavement cell differentiation, SMR1 determines the ratio of pavement cells to stomata and adjusts epidermal development to suit environmental conditions. We therefore propose SMR1 as an attractive target for engineering climate-resilient plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Dubois
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ignacio Achon
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Robert A Brench
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stefanie Polyn
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Rubén Tenorio Berrío
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Vercauteren
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Julie E Gray
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium.
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12
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Kuan C, Yang SL, Ho CMK. Using quantitative methods to understand leaf epidermal development. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e28. [PMID: 37077990 PMCID: PMC10097589 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As the interface between plants and the environment, the leaf epidermis provides the first layer of protection against drought, ultraviolet light, and pathogen attack. This cell layer comprises highly coordinated and specialised cells such as stomata, pavement cells and trichomes. While much has been learned from the genetic dissection of stomatal, trichome and pavement cell formation, emerging methods in quantitative measurements that monitor cellular or tissue dynamics will allow us to further investigate cell state transitions and fate determination in leaf epidermal development. In this review, we introduce the formation of epidermal cell types in Arabidopsis and provide examples of quantitative tools to describe phenotypes in leaf research. We further focus on cellular factors involved in triggering cell fates and their quantitative measurements in mechanistic studies and biological patterning. A comprehensive understanding of how a functional leaf epidermis develops will advance the breeding of crops with improved stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kuan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Li Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Min Kimmy Ho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
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13
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Pfaff SA, Wang X, Wagner ER, Wilson LA, Kiemle SN, Cosgrove DJ. Detecting the orientation of newly-deposited crystalline cellulose with fluorescent CBM3. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100089. [PMID: 36426175 PMCID: PMC9678952 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose microfibril patterning influences many of the mechanical attributes of plant cell walls. We developed a simple, fluorescence microscopy-based method to detect the orientation of newly-synthesized cellulose microfibrils in epidermal peels of onion and Arabidopsis. It is based on Alexa Fluor 488-tagged carbohydrate binding module 3a (CBM3a) from Clostridium thermocellum which displayed a nearly 4-fold greater binding to cell walls at pH 5.5 compared with pH 8. Binding to isolated cellulose did not display this pH dependence. At pH 7.5 fibrillar patterns at the surface of the epidermal peels were visible, corresponding to the directionality of surface cellulose microfibrils, as verified by atomic force microscopy. The fibrillar pattern was not visible as the labeling intensity increased at lower pH. The pH of greatest cell wall labeling corresponds to the isoelectric point of CBM3a, suggesting that electrostatic forces limit CBM3a penetration into the wall. Consistent with this, digestion of the wall with pectate lyase to remove homogalacturonan increased labeling intensity. We conclude that electrostatic interactions strongly influence labeling of cell walls with CBM3 and potentially other proteins, holding implications for any work that relies on penetration of protein probes such as CBMs, antibodies, or enzymes into charged polymeric substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Pfaff
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Edward R. Wagner
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Liza A. Wilson
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sarah N. Kiemle
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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14
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Galindo-Trigo S. STARTing to dissect the molecular determinants of GLABRA2 activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2064-2065. [PMID: 36135829 PMCID: PMC9706426 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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15
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Bawa G, Liu Z, Wu R, Zhou Y, Liu H, Sun S, Liu Y, Qin A, Yu X, Zhao Z, Yang J, Hu M, Sun X. PIN1 regulates epidermal cells development under drought and salt stress using single-cell analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1043204. [PMID: 36466268 PMCID: PMC9716655 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1043204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the course of evolution, plants have developed plasticity to acclimate to environmental stresses such as drought and salt stress. These plant adaptation measures involve the activation of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction and the expression of stress related genes. Here, we investigated the role of the plasma membrane-localized transporter of auxin PINFORMED1 (PIN1) in the regulation of pavement cells (PCs) and guard cells (GCs) development under drought and salt stress conditions. The results showed that drought and salt stress treatment affected the development of PCs and GCs. Further analysis identified the different regulation mechanisms of PIN1 in regulating the developmental patterns of PCs and GCs under drought and salt stress conditions. Drought and salt stress also regulated the expression dynamics of PIN1 in pif1/3/4/5 quadruple mutants. Collectively, we revealed that PIN1 plays a crucial role in regulating plant epidermal cells development under drought and salt stress conditions, thus contributing to developmental rebustness and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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16
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Gao Y, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Song H, Yang Q, Yang P, Gao X, Gao J, Feng B. Conuping BSA-Seq and RNA-Seq Reveal the Molecular Pathway and Genes Associated with the Plant Height of Foxtail Millet ( Setaria italica). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11824. [PMID: 36233125 PMCID: PMC9569614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) plays an important role in C4 crop research and agricultural development in arid areas due to its short growth period, drought tolerance, and barren tolerance. Exploration of the dwarfing mechanism and the dwarf genes of foxtail millet can provide a reference for dwarf breeding and dwarf research of other C4 crops. In this study, genetic analysis was performed using phenotypic data, candidate genes were screened by bulk segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-Seq); differentially expressed genes and metabolic pathways in different strains of high samples were analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The association analysis of BSA-Seq and RNA-Seq further narrowed the candidate range. As a result, a total of three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and nine candidate genes related to plant height were obtained on chromosomes I and IX. Based on the functional prediction of the candidate genes, we propose a hypothetical mechanism for the formation of millet dwarfing, in which, metabolism and MAPK signaling play important roles in the formation of foxtail millet plant height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Dexing Township Agro-Pastoral Comprehensive Service Center, Nyingchi 860700, China
| | - Yuhao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiongying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hui Song
- Anyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455099, China
| | - Qinghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Pu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jinfeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Baili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
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17
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Le Gloanec C, Collet L, Silveira SR, Wang B, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Kierzkowski D. Cell type-specific dynamics underlie cellular growth variability in plants. Development 2022; 149:276118. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Coordination of growth, patterning and differentiation is required for shaping organs in multicellular organisms. In plants, cell growth is controlled by positional information, yet the behavior of individual cells is often highly heterogeneous. The origin of this variability is still unclear. Using time-lapse imaging, we determined the source and relevance of cellular growth variability in developing organs of Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that growth is more heterogeneous in the leaf blade than in the midrib and petiole, correlating with higher local differences in growth rates between neighboring cells in the blade. This local growth variability coincides with developing stomata. Stomatal lineages follow a specific, time-dependent growth program that is different from that of their surroundings. Quantification of cellular dynamics in the leaves of a mutant lacking stomata, as well as analysis of floral organs, supports the idea that growth variability is mainly driven by stomata differentiation. Thus, the cell-autonomous behavior of specialized cells is the main source of local growth variability in otherwise homogeneously growing tissue. Those growth differences are buffered by the immediate neighbors of stomata and trichomes to achieve robust organ shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Le Gloanec
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Loann Collet
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Sylvia R. Silveira
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Binghan Wang
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Anne-Lise Routier-Kierzkowska
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
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18
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Wong A, Gehring C. New Horizons in Plant Cell Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5826. [PMID: 35628641 PMCID: PMC9147848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Responding to environmental stimuli with appropriate molecular mechanisms is essential to all life forms and particularly so in sessile organisms such as plants [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Wong
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Wenzhou 325060, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou 325060, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou 325060, China
| | - Christoph Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biology & Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
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19
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Weijers D, Bezanilla M, Jiang L, Roeder AHK, Williams M. Back to the roots: A focus on plant cell biology. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1-3. [PMID: 34755878 PMCID: PMC8774064 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Reviewing Editor, The Plant Cell and Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Guest Editor, The Plant Cell and School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Guest Editor, The Plant Cell and Weil Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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