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Erickson JL, Prautsch J, Reynvoet F, Niemeyer F, Hause G, Johnston IG, Schattat MH. Stromule Geometry Allows Optimal Spatial Regulation of Organelle Interactions in the Quasi-2D Cytoplasm. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:618-630. [PMID: 37658689 PMCID: PMC11094753 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, plastids form elongated extensions called stromules, the regulation and purposes of which remain unclear. Here, we quantitatively explore how different stromule structures serve to enhance the ability of a plastid to interact with other organelles: increasing the effective space for interaction and biomolecular exchange between organelles. Interestingly, electron microscopy and confocal imaging showed that the cytoplasm in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells is extremely thin (around 100 nm in regions without organelles), meaning that inter-organelle interactions effectively take place in 2D. We combine these imaging modalities with mathematical modeling and new in planta experiments to demonstrate how different stromule varieties (single or multiple, linear or branching) could be employed to optimize different aspects of inter-organelle interaction capacity in this 2D space. We found that stromule formation and branching provide a proportionally higher benefit to interaction capacity in 2D than in 3D. Additionally, this benefit depends on optimal plastid spacing. We hypothesize that cells can promote the formation of different stromule architectures in the quasi-2D cytoplasm to optimize their interaction interface to meet specific requirements. These results provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying the transition from low to high stromule numbers, the consequences for interaction with smaller organelles, how plastid access and plastid to nucleus signaling are balanced and the impact of plastid density on organelle interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lee Erickson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, Halle 06120, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Weinbergweg 10, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Jennifer Prautsch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Frisine Reynvoet
- Department of Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Frederik Niemeyer
- Department of Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Department of Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Iain G Johnston
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Realfagbygget, Bergen, Vestland 5007, Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Høyteknologisenteret, Bergen, Vestland 5006, Norway
| | - Martin Harmut Schattat
- Department of Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, Halle 06120, Germany
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2
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Zhuang X, Li R, Jiang L. A century journey of organelles research in the plant endomembrane system. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1312-1333. [PMID: 38226685 PMCID: PMC11062446 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
We are entering an exciting century in the study of the plant organelles in the endomembrane system. Over the past century, especially within the past 50 years, tremendous advancements have been made in the complex plant cell to generate a much clearer and informative picture of plant organelles, including the molecular/morphological features, dynamic/spatial behavior, and physiological functions. Importantly, all these discoveries and achievements in the identification and characterization of organelles in the endomembrane system would not have been possible without: (1) the innovations and timely applications of various state-of-art cell biology tools and technologies for organelle biology research; (2) the continuous efforts in developing and characterizing new organelle markers by the plant biology community; and (3) the landmark studies on the identification and characterization of the elusive organelles. While molecular aspects and results for individual organelles have been extensively reviewed, the development of the techniques for organelle research in plant cell biology is less appreciated. As one of the ASPB Centennial Reviews on "organelle biology," here we aim to take a journey across a century of organelle biology research in plants by highlighting the important tools (or landmark technologies) and key scientists that contributed to visualize organelles. We then highlight the landmark studies leading to the identification and characterization of individual organelles in the plant endomembrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruixi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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3
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Mueller-Schuessele SJ, Leterme S, Michaud M. Plastid Transient and Stable Interactions with Other Cell Compartments. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2776:107-134. [PMID: 38502500 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3726-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Plastids are organelles delineated by two envelopes playing important roles in different cellular processes such as energy production or lipid biosynthesis. To regulate their biogenesis and their function, plastids have to communicate with other cellular compartments. This communication can be mediated by metabolites, signaling molecules, and by the establishment of direct contacts between the plastid envelope and other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, plasma membrane, and the nucleus. These interactions are highly dynamic and respond to different biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the mechanisms involved in the formation of plastid-organelle contact sites and their functions are still far from being understood. In this chapter, we summarize our current knowledge about plastid contact sites and their role in the regulation of plastid biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sébastien Leterme
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRIG, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Morgane Michaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRIG, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
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4
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Koenig AM, Liu B, Hu J. Visualizing the dynamics of plant energy organelles. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:2029-2040. [PMID: 37975429 PMCID: PMC10754284 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant organelles predominantly rely on the actin cytoskeleton and the myosin motors for long-distance trafficking, while using microtubules and the kinesin motors mostly for short-range movement. The distribution and motility of organelles in the plant cell are fundamentally important to robust plant growth and defense. Chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes are essential organelles in plants that function independently and coordinately during energy metabolism and other key metabolic processes. In response to developmental and environmental stimuli, these energy organelles modulate their metabolism, morphology, abundance, distribution and motility in the cell to meet the need of the plant. Consistent with their metabolic links in processes like photorespiration and fatty acid mobilization is the frequently observed inter-organellar physical interaction, sometimes through organelle membranous protrusions. The development of various organelle-specific fluorescent protein tags has allowed the simultaneous visualization of organelle movement in living plant cells by confocal microscopy. These energy organelles display an array of morphology and movement patterns and redistribute within the cell in response to changes such as varying light conditions, temperature fluctuations, ROS-inducible treatments, and during pollen tube development and immune response, independently or in association with one another. Although there are more reports on the mechanism of chloroplast movement than that of peroxisomes and mitochondria, our knowledge of how and why these three energy organelles move and distribute in the plant cell is still scarce at the functional and mechanistic level. It is critical to identify factors that control organelle motility coupled with plant growth, development, and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Koenig
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Jianping Hu
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
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5
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Mathur J, Kunjumon TK, Mammone A, Mathur N. Membrane contacts with the endoplasmic reticulum modulate plastid morphology and behaviour. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1293906. [PMID: 38111880 PMCID: PMC10726010 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1293906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastid behaviour often occurs in tandem with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dynamics. In order to understand the underlying basis for such linked behaviour we have used time-lapse imaging-based analysis of plastid movement and pleomorphy, including the extension and retraction of stromules. Stable transgenic plants that simultaneously express fluorescent fusion proteins targeted to the plastid stroma, and the ER along with BnCLIP1-eGFP, an independent plastid envelope localized membrane contact site (MCS) marker were utilized. Our experiments strongly suggest that transient MCS formed between the plastid envelope and the ER are responsible for their concomitant behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Mathur
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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6
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Carmichael RE, Richards DM, Fahimi HD, Schrader M. Organelle Membrane Extensions in Mammalian Cells. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050664. [PMID: 37237478 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organelles within eukaryotic cells are not isolated static compartments, instead being morphologically diverse and highly dynamic in order to respond to cellular needs and carry out their diverse and cooperative functions. One phenomenon exemplifying this plasticity, and increasingly gaining attention, is the extension and retraction of thin tubules from organelle membranes. While these protrusions have been observed in morphological studies for decades, their formation, properties and functions are only beginning to be understood. In this review, we provide an overview of what is known and still to be discovered about organelle membrane protrusions in mammalian cells, focusing on the best-characterised examples of these membrane extensions arising from peroxisomes (ubiquitous organelles involved in lipid metabolism and reactive oxygen species homeostasis) and mitochondria. We summarise the current knowledge on the diversity of peroxisomal/mitochondrial membrane extensions, as well as the molecular mechanisms by which they extend and retract, necessitating dynamic membrane remodelling, pulling forces and lipid flow. We also propose broad cellular functions for these membrane extensions in inter-organelle communication, organelle biogenesis, metabolism and protection, and finally present a mathematical model that suggests that extending protrusions is the most efficient way for an organelle to explore its surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Carmichael
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - David M Richards
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - H Dariush Fahimi
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schrader
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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7
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He C, Berkowitz O, Hu S, Zhao Y, Qian K, Shou H, Whelan J, Wang Y. Co-regulation of mitochondrial and chloroplast function: Molecular components and mechanisms. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100496. [PMID: 36435968 PMCID: PMC9860188 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic interdependence, interactions, and coordination of functions between chloroplasts and mitochondria are established and intensively studied. However, less is known about the regulatory components that control these interactions and their responses to external stimuli. Here, we outline how chloroplastic and mitochondrial activities are coordinated via common components involved in signal transduction pathways, gene regulatory events, and post-transcriptional processes. The endoplasmic reticulum emerges as a point of convergence for both transcriptional and post-transcriptional pathways that coordinate chloroplast and mitochondrial functions. Although the identification of molecular components and mechanisms of chloroplast and mitochondrial signaling increasingly suggests common players, this raises the question of how these allow for distinct organelle-specific downstream pathways. Outstanding questions with respect to the regulation of post-transcriptional pathways and the cell and/or tissue specificity of organelle signaling are crucial for understanding how these pathways are integrated at a whole-plant level to optimize plant growth and its response to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunman He
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Shanshan Hu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base on Engineering Biology, International Campus of Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Huixia Shou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base on Engineering Biology, International Campus of Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, P.R. China
| | - James Whelan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base on Engineering Biology, International Campus of Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
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8
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Bauwe H. Photorespiration - Rubisco's repair crew. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 280:153899. [PMID: 36566670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The photorespiratory repair pathway (photorespiration in short) was set up from ancient metabolic modules about three billion years ago in cyanobacteria, the later ancestors of chloroplasts. These prokaryotes developed the capacity for oxygenic photosynthesis, i.e. the use of water as a source of electrons and protons (with O2 as a by-product) for the sunlight-driven synthesis of ATP and NADPH for CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle. However, the CO2-binding enzyme, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (known under the acronym Rubisco), is not absolutely selective for CO2 and can also use O2 in a side reaction. It then produces 2-phosphoglycolate (2PG), the accumulation of which would inhibit and potentially stop the Calvin cycle and subsequently photosynthetic electron transport. Photorespiration removes the 2-PG and in this way prevents oxygenic photosynthesis from poisoning itself. In plants, the core of photorespiration consists of ten enzymes distributed over three different types of organelles, requiring interorganellar transport and interaction with several auxiliary enzymes. It goes together with the release and to some extent loss of freshly fixed CO2. This disadvantageous feature can be suppressed by CO2-concentrating mechanisms, such as those that evolved in C4 plants thirty million years ago, which enhance CO2 fixation and reduce 2PG synthesis. Photorespiration itself provided a pioneer variant of such mechanisms in the predecessors of C4 plants, C3-C4 intermediate plants. This article is a review and update particularly on the enzyme components of plant photorespiration and their catalytic mechanisms, on the interaction of photorespiration with other metabolism and on its impact on the evolution of photosynthesis. This focus was chosen because a better knowledge of the enzymes involved and how they are embedded in overall plant metabolism can facilitate the targeted use of the now highly advanced methods of metabolic network modelling and flux analysis. Understanding photorespiration more than before as a process that enables, rather than reduces, plant photosynthesis, will help develop rational strategies for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Bauwe
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18051, Rostock, Germany.
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9
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Goto-Yamada S, Oikawa K, Yamato KT, Kanai M, Hikino K, Nishimura M, Mano S. Image-Based Analysis Revealing the Molecular Mechanism of Peroxisome Dynamics in Plants. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:883491. [PMID: 35592252 PMCID: PMC9110829 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.883491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are present in eukaryotic cells and have essential roles in various biological processes. Plant peroxisomes proliferate by de novo biosynthesis or division of pre-existing peroxisomes, degrade, or replace metabolic enzymes, in response to developmental stages, environmental changes, or external stimuli. Defects of peroxisome functions and biogenesis alter a variety of biological processes and cause aberrant plant growth. Traditionally, peroxisomal function-based screening has been employed to isolate Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that are defective in peroxisomal metabolism, such as lipid degradation and photorespiration. These analyses have revealed that the number, subcellular localization, and activity of peroxisomes are closely related to their efficient function, and the molecular mechanisms underlying peroxisome dynamics including organelle biogenesis, protein transport, and organelle interactions must be understood. Various approaches have been adopted to identify factors involved in peroxisome dynamics. With the development of imaging techniques and fluorescent proteins, peroxisome research has been accelerated. Image-based analyses provide intriguing results concerning the movement, morphology, and number of peroxisomes that were hard to obtain by other approaches. This review addresses image-based analysis of peroxisome dynamics in plants, especially A. thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Goto-Yamada
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T. Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masatake Kanai
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hikino
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shoji Mano
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shoji Mano
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10
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Mathur J, Kroeker OF, Lobbezoo M, Mathur N. The ER Is a Common Mediator for the Behavior and Interactions of Other Organelles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:846970. [PMID: 35401583 PMCID: PMC8990311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.846970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Optimal functioning of a plant cell depends upon the efficient exchange of genetic information, ions, proteins and metabolites between the different organelles. Intuitively, increased proximity between organelles would be expected to play an important role in facilitating exchanges between them. However, it remains to be seen whether under normal, relatively non-stressed conditions organelles maintain close proximity at all. Moreover, does interactivity involve direct and frequent physical contact between the different organelles? Further, many organelles transition between spherical and tubular forms or sporadically produce thin tubular extensions, but it remains unclear whether changes in organelle morphology play a role in increasing their interactivity. Here, using targeted multicolored fluorescent fusion proteins, we report observations on the spatiotemporal relationship between plastids, mitochondria, peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum in living plant cells. Under normal conditions of growth, we observe that the smaller organelles do not establish direct, physical contacts with each other but, irrespective of their individual form they all maintain intimate connectivity with the ER. Proximity between organelles does increase in response to stress through concomitant alterations in ER dynamics. Significantly, even under increased proximity the ER still remains sandwiched between the different organelles. Our observations provide strong live-imaging-based evidence for the ER acting as a common mediator in interactions between other organelles.
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11
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Kang BH, Anderson CT, Arimura SI, Bayer E, Bezanilla M, Botella MA, Brandizzi F, Burch-Smith TM, Chapman KD, Dünser K, Gu Y, Jaillais Y, Kirchhoff H, Otegui MS, Rosado A, Tang Y, Kleine-Vehn J, Wang P, Zolman BK. A glossary of plant cell structures: Current insights and future questions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:10-52. [PMID: 34633455 PMCID: PMC8846186 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, the authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics, and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Shin-ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Kai Dünser
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bethany Karlin Zolman
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
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12
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Welchen E, Gonzalez DH. Breaking boundaries: exploring short- and long-distance mitochondrial signalling in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:494-501. [PMID: 34255867 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Communication of mitochondria with other cell compartments is essential for the coordination of cellular functions. Mitochondria send retrograde signals through metabolites, redox changes, direct organelle contacts and protein trafficking. Accumulating evidence indicates that, in animal systems, changes in mitochondrial function also trigger responses in other, either neighbouring or distantly located, cells. Although not clearly established, there are indications that this type of communication may also be operative in plants. Grafting experiments suggested that the translocation of entire mitochondria or submitochondrial vesicles between neighbouring cells is possible in plants, as already documented in animals. Changes in mitochondrial function also regulate cell-to-cell communication via plasmodesmata and may be transmitted over long distances through plant hormones acting as mitokines to relay mitochondrial signals to distant tissues. Long-distance movement of transcripts encoding mitochondrial proteins involved in crucial aspects of metabolism and retrograde signalling was also described. Finally, changes in mitochondrial reactive species (ROS) production may affect the 'ROS wave' that triggers systemic acquired acclimation throughout the plant. In this review, we summarise available evidence suggesting that mitochondria establish sophisticated communications not only within the cell but also with neighbouring cells and distant tissues to coordinate plant growth and stress responses in a cell nonautonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Welchen
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Daniel H Gonzalez
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
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Munnik T, Mongrand S, Zársky V, Blatt M. Dynamic membranes-the indispensable platform for plant growth, signaling, and development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:547-549. [PMID: 33822219 PMCID: PMC8133590 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teun Munnik
- Research Cluster Green Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94215, Amsterdam, 1090GE, The Netherlands
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Viktor Zársky
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mike Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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