1
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Rockwell NC, Lagarias JC. Cyanobacteriochromes from Gloeobacterales Provide New Insight into the Diversification of Cyanobacterial Photoreceptors. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168313. [PMID: 37839679 PMCID: PMC11218821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The phytochrome superfamily comprises three groups of photoreceptors sharing a conserved GAF (cGMP-specific phosphodiesterases, cyanobacterial adenylate cyclases, and formate hydrogen lyase transcription activator FhlA) domain that uses a covalently attached linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophore to sense light. Knotted red/far-red phytochromes are widespread in both bacteria and eukaryotes, but cyanobacteria also contain knotless red/far-red phytochromes and cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs). Unlike typical phytochromes, CBCRs require only the GAF domain for bilin binding, chromophore ligation, and full, reversible photoconversion. CBCRs can sense a wide range of wavelengths (ca. 330-750 nm) and can regulate phototaxis, second messenger metabolism, and optimization of the cyanobacterial light-harvesting apparatus. However, the origins of CBCRs are not well understood: we do not know when or why CBCRs evolved, or what selective advantages led to retention of early CBCRs in cyanobacterial genomes. In the current work, we use the increasing availability of genomes and metagenome-assembled-genomes from early-branching cyanobacteria to explore the origins of CBCRs. We reaffirm the earliest branches in CBCR evolution. We also show that early-branching cyanobacteria contain late-branching CBCRs, implicating early appearance of CBCRs during cyanobacterial evolution. Moreover, we show that early-branching CBCRs behave as integrators of light and pH, providing a potential unique function for early CBCRs that led to their retention and subsequent diversification. Our results thus provide new insight into the origins of these diverse cyanobacterial photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Rockwell
- 31 Briggs Hall, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, One Shields Avenue, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - J Clark Lagarias
- 31 Briggs Hall, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, One Shields Avenue, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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2
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Blain-Hartung M, Johannes von Sass G, Plaickner J, Katz S, Tu Hoang O, Andrea Mroginski M, Esser N, Budisa N, Forest KT, Hildebrandt P. On the Role of a Conserved Tryptophan in the Chromophore Pocket of Cyanobacteriochrome. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168227. [PMID: 37544357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacteriochrome Slr1393 can be photoconverted between a red (Pr) and green absorbing form (Pg). The recently determined crystal structures of both states suggest a major movement of Trp496 from a stacking interaction with ring D of the phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore in Pr to a position outside the chromophore pocket in Pg. Here, we investigated the role of this amino acid during photoconversion in solution using engineered protein variants in which Trp496 was substituted by natural and non-natural amino acids. These variants and the native protein were studied by various spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis absorption, fluorescence, IR, NIR and UV resonance Raman) complemented by theoretical approaches. Trp496 is shown to affect the electronic transition of PCB and to be essential for the thermal equilibrium between Pr and an intermediate state O600. However, Trp496 is not required to stabilize the tilted orientation of ring D in Pr, and does not play a role in the secondary structure changes of Slr1393 during the Pr/Pg transition. The present results confirm the re-orientation of Trp496 upon Pr → Pg conversion, but do not provide evidence of a major change in the microenvironment of this residue. Structural models indicate the penetration of water molecules into the chromophore pocket in both Pr and Pg states and thus water-Trp contacts, which can readily account for the subtle spectral changes between Pr and Pg. Thus, we conclude that reorientation of Trp496 during the Pr-to-Pg photoconversion in solution is not associated with a major change in the dielectric environment in the two states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Blain-Hartung
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Johannes von Sass
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. CL1, Müller-Breslau-Str.10, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Plaickner
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Sekr. EW 6-1, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sagie Katz
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oanh Tu Hoang
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Esser
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Sekr. EW 6-1, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany; Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V, Schwarzschildstraße 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nediljko Budisa
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. CL1, Müller-Breslau-Str.10, D-10623 Berlin, Germany; Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Rd, 360 Parker Building, R3T 2N2 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Katrina T Forest
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Bacteriology, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Suzuki T, Yoshimura M, Hoshino H, Fushimi K, Arai M, Narikawa R. Introduction of reversible cysteine ligation ability to the biliverdin-binding cyanobacteriochrome photoreceptor. FEBS J 2023; 290:4999-5015. [PMID: 37488966 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteriochrome (CBCR) photoreceptors are distantly related to the canonical red/far-red reversible phytochrome photoreceptors. In the case of the CBCRs, only the GAF domain is required for chromophore incorporation and photoconversion. The GAF domains of CBCR are highly diversified into many lineages to sense various colors of light. These CBCR GAF domains are divided into two types: those possessing only the canonical Cys residue and those with both canonical and second Cys residues. The canonical Cys residue stably ligates to the chromophore in both cases. The second Cys residue mostly shows reversible adduct formation with the chromophore during photoconversion for spectral tuning. In this study, we focused on the CBCR GAF domain AnPixJg2_BV4, which possesses only the canonical Cys residue. AnPixJg2_BV4 covalently ligates to the biliverdin (BV) chromophore and shows far-red/orange reversible photoconversion. Because BV is a mammalian intrinsic chromophore, BV-binding molecules are advantageous for in vivo optogenetic and bioimaging tool development. To obtain a better developmental platform molecule, we performed site-saturation random mutagenesis and serendipitously obtained a unique variant molecule that showed far-red/blue reversible photoconversion, in which the Cys residue was introduced near the chromophore. This introduced Cys residue functioned as the second Cys residue that reversibly ligated with the chromophore. Because the position of the introduced Cys residue is distinct from the known second Cys residues, the variant molecule obtained in this study would expand our knowledge about the spectral tuning mechanism of CBCRs and contribute to tool development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Masataka Yoshimura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hoshino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Keiji Fushimi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Munehito Arai
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Narikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
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4
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Takeda Y, Ohtsu I, Suzuki T, Nakasone Y, Fushimi K, Ikeuchi M, Terazima M, Dohra H, Narikawa R. Conformational change in an engineered biliverdin-binding cyanobacteriochrome during the photoconversion process. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 745:109715. [PMID: 37549803 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) derived from cyanobacteria are linear-tetrapyrrole-binding photoreceptors related to the canonical red/far-red reversible phytochrome photoreceptors. CBCRs contain chromophore-binding cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase/adenylate cyclase/FhlA (GAF) domains that are highly diverse in their primary sequences and are categorized into many subfamilies. Among this repertoire, the biliverdin (BV)-binding CBCR GAF domains receive considerable attention for their in vivo optogenetic and bioimaging applications because BV is a mammalian intrinsic chromophore and can absorb far-red light that penetrates deep into the mammalian body. The typical BV-binding CBCR GAF domain exhibits reversible photoconversion between far-red-absorbing dark-adapted and orange-absorbing photoproduct states. Herein, we applied various biochemical and spectral studies to identify the details of the conformational change during this photoconversion process. No oligomeric state change was observed, whereas the surface charge would change with a modification of the α-helix structures during the photoconversion process. Combinatorial analysis using partial protease digestion and mass spectrometry identified the region where the conformational change occurred. These results provide clues for the future development of optogenetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Takeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Itsuki Ohtsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Takahisa Suzuki
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakasone
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keiji Fushimi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Hyogo, 657-0013, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ikeuchi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masahide Terazima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideo Dohra
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Rei Narikawa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
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5
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Yu Z, Zhang W, Yang H, Chou SH, Galperin MY, He J. Gas and light: triggers of c-di-GMP-mediated regulation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad034. [PMID: 37339911 PMCID: PMC10505747 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP is responsible for regulating many important physiological functions such as biofilm formation, motility, cell differentiation, and virulence. The synthesis and degradation of c-di-GMP in bacterial cells depend, respectively, on diguanylate cyclases and c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterases. Since c-di-GMP metabolic enzymes (CMEs) are often fused to sensory domains, their activities are likely controlled by environmental signals, thereby altering cellular c-di-GMP levels and regulating bacterial adaptive behaviors. Previous studies on c-di-GMP-mediated regulation mainly focused on downstream signaling pathways, including the identification of CMEs, cellular c-di-GMP receptors, and c-di-GMP-regulated processes. The mechanisms of CME regulation by upstream signaling modules received less attention, resulting in a limited understanding of the c-di-GMP regulatory networks. We review here the diversity of sensory domains related to bacterial CME regulation. We specifically discuss those domains that are capable of sensing gaseous or light signals and the mechanisms they use for regulating cellular c-di-GMP levels. It is hoped that this review would help refine the complete c-di-GMP regulatory networks and improve our understanding of bacterial behaviors in changing environments. In practical terms, this may eventually provide a way to control c-di-GMP-mediated bacterial biofilm formation and pathogenesis in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - He Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Michael Y Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Jin He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
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6
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Hildebrandt P. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Phytochromes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1007. [PMID: 37371587 DOI: 10.3390/biom13061007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are biological photoswitches that translate light into physiological functions. Spectroscopic techniques are essential tools for molecular research into these photoreceptors. This review is directed at summarizing how resonance Raman and IR spectroscopy contributed to an understanding of the structure, dynamics, and reaction mechanism of phytochromes, outlining the substantial experimental and theoretical challenges and describing the strategies to master them. It is shown that the potential of the various vibrational spectroscopic techniques can be most efficiently exploited using integral approaches via a combination of theoretical methods as well as other experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Priyadarshini N, Steube N, Wiens D, Narikawa R, Wilde A, Hochberg GKA, Enomoto G. Evidence for an early green/red photocycle that precedes the diversification of GAF domain photoreceptor cyanobacteriochromes. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s43630-023-00387-4. [PMID: 36781703 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes are linear tetrapyrrole-binding photoreceptors in eukaryotes and bacteria, primarily responding to red and far-red light signals reversibly. Among the GAF domain-based phytochrome superfamily, cyanobacteria-specific cyanobacteriochromes show various optical properties covering the entire visible region. It is unknown what physiological demands drove the evolution of cyanobacteriochromes in cyanobacteria. Here, we utilize ancestral sequence reconstruction and biochemical verification to show that the resurrected ancestral cyanobacteriochrome proteins reversibly respond to green and red light signals. pH titration analyses indicate that the deprotonation of the bound phycocyanobilin chromophore is crucial to perceive green light. The ancestral cyanobacteriochromes show only modest thermal reversion to the green light-absorbing form, suggesting that they evolved to sense the incident green/red light ratio. Many cyanobacteria can utilize green light for photosynthesis using phycobilisome light-harvesting complexes. The green/red sensing cyanobacteriochromes may have allowed better acclimation to changing light environments by rearranging the absorption capacity of the phycobilisome through chromatic acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nibedita Priyadarshini
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albertstr. 19, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Steube
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wiens
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rei Narikawa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Annegret Wilde
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg K A Hochberg
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany. .,Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 14, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Gen Enomoto
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan.
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8
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Böhm C, Gourinchas G, Zweytick S, Hujdur E, Reiter M, Trstenjak S, Sensen CW, Winkler A. Characterisation of sequence-structure-function space in sensor-effector integrators of phytochrome-regulated diguanylate cyclases. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1761-1779. [PMID: 35788917 PMCID: PMC9587094 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between protein sequence, structure and function is one of the fundamental challenges in biochemistry. A direct correlation, however, is often not trivial since protein dynamics also play an important functional role-especially in signal transduction processes. In a subfamily of bacterial light sensors, phytochrome-activated diguanylate cyclases (PadCs), a characteristic coiled-coil linker element connects photoreceptor and output module, playing an essential role in signal integration. Combining phylogenetic analyses with biochemical characterisations, we were able to show that length and composition of this linker determine sensor-effector function and as such are under considerable evolutionary pressure. The linker length, together with the upstream PHY-specific domain, influences the dynamic range of effector activation and can even cause light-induced enzyme inhibition. We demonstrate phylogenetic clustering according to linker length, and the development of new linker lengths as well as new protein function within linker families. The biochemical characterisation of PadC homologs revealed that the functional coupling of PHY dimer interface and linker element defines signal integration and regulation of output functionality. A small subfamily of PadCs, characterised by a linker length breaking the coiled-coil pattern, shows a markedly different behaviour from other homologs. The effect of the central helical spine on PadC function highlights its essential role in signal integration as well as direct regulation of diguanylate cyclase activity. Appreciation of sensor-effector linkers as integrator elements and their coevolution with sensory modules is a further step towards the use of functionally diverse homologs as building blocks for rationally designed optogenetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Böhm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Geoffrey Gourinchas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67404, Illkirch, France
| | - Sophie Zweytick
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Elvira Hujdur
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Reiter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Sara Trstenjak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Wilhelm Sensen
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Római körút 21, 6723, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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9
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Rockwell NC, Moreno MV, Martin SS, Lagarias JC. Protein-chromophore interactions controlling photoisomerization in red/green cyanobacteriochromes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:471-491. [PMID: 35411484 PMCID: PMC9609751 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptors in the phytochrome superfamily use 15,16-photoisomerization of a linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophore to photoconvert between two states with distinct spectral and biochemical properties. Canonical phytochromes include master regulators of plant growth and development in which light signals trigger interconversion between a red-absorbing 15Z dark-adapted state and a metastable, far-red-absorbing 15E photoproduct state. Distantly related cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) carry out a diverse range of photoregulatory functions in cyanobacteria and exhibit considerable spectral diversity. One widespread CBCR subfamily typically exhibits a red-absorbing 15Z dark-adapted state similar to that of phytochrome that gives rise to a distinct green-absorbing 15E photoproduct. This red/green CBCR subfamily also includes red-inactive examples that fail to undergo photoconversion, providing an opportunity to study protein-chromophore interactions that either promote photoisomerization or block it. In this work, we identified a conserved lineage of red-inactive CBCRs. This enabled us to identify three substitutions sufficient to block photoisomerization in photoactive red/green CBCRs. The resulting red-inactive variants faithfully replicated the fluorescence and circular dichroism properties of naturally occurring examples. Converse substitutions restored photoconversion in naturally red-inactive CBCRs. This work thus identifies protein-chromophore interactions that control the fate of the excited-state population in red/green cyanobacteriochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Marcus V Moreno
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shelley S Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - J Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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10
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Schwarzländer M, Zurbriggen MD. Sensors and controllers-for and from plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:473-476. [PMID: 34608975 PMCID: PMC8491071 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Matias D. Zurbriggen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology and CEPLAS, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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