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Lemonnier P, Lawson T. Calvin cycle and guard cell metabolism impact stomatal function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 155:59-70. [PMID: 36894379 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal conductance (gs) determines CO2 uptake for photosynthesis (A) and water loss through transpiration, which is essential for evaporative cooling and maintenance of optimal leaf temperature as well as nutrient uptake. Stomata adjust their aperture to maintain an appropriate balance between CO2 uptake and water loss and are therefore critical to overall plant water status and productivity. Although there is considerable knowledge regarding guard cell (GC) osmoregulation (which drives differences in GC volume and therefore stomatal opening and closing), as well as the various signal transduction pathways that enable GCs to sense and respond to different environmental stimuli, little is known about the signals that coordinate mesophyll demands for CO2. Furthermore, chloroplasts are a key feature in GCs of many species, however, their role in stomatal function is unclear and a subject of debate. In this review we explore the current evidence regarding the role of these organelles in stomatal behaviour, including GC electron transport and Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle activity as well as their possible involvement correlating gs and A along with other potential mesophyll signals. We also examine the roles of other GC metabolic processes in stomatal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lemonnier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - T Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
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Piro L, Flütsch S, Santelia D. Arabidopsis Sucrose Synthase 3 (SUS3) regulates starch accumulation in guard cells at the end of day. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2171614. [PMID: 36774587 PMCID: PMC9928453 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2171614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Starch in the stomatal guard cells is largely synthesized using carbon precursors originating from sugars imported from the leaf mesophyll. Such heterotrophic nature of guard cell starch synthesis prompted us to investigate the role of cytosolic sucrose synthases (SUS) in this pathway. Out of the six members of the Arabidopsis SUS gene family, SUS3 was the most highly expressed isoform in guard cells. The Arabidopsis sus3 mutant displayed changes in guard cell starch contents comparable to the Wild Type (WT) up until 6 h into the day. After this time point, sus3 guard cells surprisingly started to accumulate starch at very high rates, reaching the end of the day with significantly more starch than WT. Based on the phenotype of the sus3 mutant, we suggest that in guard cells, SUS3 is involved in the regulation of carbon fluxes towards starch synthesis during the second half of the day. SUS3 may be part of a previously predicted guard cell futile cycle of metabolic reactions, in which sucrose is re-synthesized from UDP-glucose to avoid excessive starch synthesis toward the end of the day. This is in contrast to typical storage organs, in which cytosolic SUS is required to produce ADP-glucose for starch synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Piro
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Flütsch
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Biological Analyses and References, Swiss Federal Institute of Metrology METAS, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Diana Santelia
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Ge S, Ding F, Daniel B, Wu C, Ran M, Ma C, Xue Y, Zhao D, Liu Y, Zhu Z, Fang Z, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Wang S. Carbohydrate metabolism and cytology of S-type cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1255670. [PMID: 37908830 PMCID: PMC10614052 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1255670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is an important tool for hybrid heterosis utilization. However, the underlying mechanisms still need to be discovered. An adequate supply of nutrients is necessary for anther development; pollen abortion would occur if the metabolism of carbohydrates were hampered. Methods In order to better understand the relationship between carbohydrate metabolism disorder and pollen abortion in S-CMS wheat, the submicroscopic structure of wheat anthers was observed using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy; chloroplast proteome changes were explored by comparative proteomic analysis; sugar measuring and enzyme assays were performed; and the expression patterns of carbohydrate metabolism-related genes were studied using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) method. Results These results indicated that the anther and microspore in S-CMS wheat underwent serious structural damage, including premature tapetum degeneration, nutritional shortage, pollen wall defects, and pollen grain malformations. Furthermore, the number of chloroplasts in the anthers of S-CMS lines decreased significantly, causing abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, and disintegration of osmiophilic granules and thylakoids. Meanwhile, some proteins participating in the Calvin cycle and carbohydrate metabolism were abnormally expressed in the chloroplasts of the S-CMS lines, which might lead to chloroplast dysfunction. Additionally, several key enzymes and genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were significantly inhibited in S-CMS. Discussion Based on these results, we proposed a carbohydrate metabolism pathway for anther abortion in S-type cytoplasmic male sterility, which would encourage further exploration of the pollen abortion mechanisms for CMS wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Ge
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
- Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fugong Ding
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Bimpong Daniel
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Cuicui Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Mingyang Ran
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yuhang Xue
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Die Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yike Liu
- Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhanwang Zhu
- Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengwu Fang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Gaisheng Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Northwest Agricuture and Forestry (A&F) University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Shuping Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
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Westgeest AJ, Dauzat M, Simonneau T, Pantin F. Leaf starch metabolism sets the phase of stomatal rhythm. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3444-3469. [PMID: 37260348 PMCID: PMC10473205 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In leaves of C3 and C4 plants, stomata open during the day to favor CO2 entry for photosynthesis and close at night to prevent inefficient transpiration of water vapor. The circadian clock paces rhythmic stomatal movements throughout the diel (24-h) cycle. Leaf transitory starch is also thought to regulate the diel stomatal movements, yet the underlying mechanisms across time (key moments) and space (relevant leaf tissues) remain elusive. Here, we developed PhenoLeaks, a pipeline to analyze the diel dynamics of transpiration, and used it to screen a series of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants impaired in starch metabolism. We detected a sinusoidal, endogenous rhythm of transpiration that overarches days and nights. We determined that a number of severe mutations in starch metabolism affect the endogenous rhythm through a phase shift, resulting in delayed stomatal movements throughout the daytime and diminished stomatal preopening during the night. Nevertheless, analysis of tissue-specific mutations revealed that neither guard-cell nor mesophyll-cell starch metabolisms are strictly required for normal diel patterns of transpiration. We propose that leaf starch influences the timing of transpiration rhythm through an interplay between the circadian clock and sugars across tissues, while the energetic effect of starch-derived sugars is usually nonlimiting for endogenous stomatal movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriam Dauzat
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Florent Pantin
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers F-49000, France
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Chen J, Watson-Lazowski A, Kamble NU, Vickers M, Seung D. Gene expression profile of the developing endosperm in durum wheat provides insight into starch biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:363. [PMID: 37460981 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) is widely grown for pasta production, and more recently, is gaining additional interest due to its resilience to warm, dry climates and its use as an experimental model for wheat research. Like in bread wheat, the starch and protein accumulated in the endosperm during grain development are the primary contributors to the calorific value of durum grains. RESULTS To enable further research into endosperm development and storage reserve synthesis, we generated a high-quality transcriptomics dataset from developing endosperms of variety Kronos, to complement the extensive mutant resources available for this variety. Endosperms were dissected from grains harvested at eight timepoints during grain development (6 to 30 days post anthesis (dpa)), then RNA sequencing was used to profile the transcriptome at each stage. The largest changes in gene expression profile were observed between the earlier timepoints, prior to 15 dpa. We detected a total of 29,925 genes that were significantly differentially expressed between at least two timepoints, and clustering analysis revealed nine distinct expression patterns. We demonstrate the potential of our dataset to provide new insights into key processes that occur during endosperm development, using starch metabolism as an example. CONCLUSION We provide a valuable resource for studying endosperm development in this increasingly important crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Chen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alexander Watson-Lazowski
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
| | | | - Martin Vickers
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - David Seung
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Daloso DDM, Morais EG, Oliveira E Silva KF, Williams TCR. Cell-type-specific metabolism in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1093-1114. [PMID: 36987968 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Every plant organ contains tens of different cell types, each with a specialized function. These functions are intrinsically associated with specific metabolic flux distributions that permit the synthesis of the ATP, reducing equivalents and biosynthetic precursors demanded by the cell. Investigating such cell-type-specific metabolism is complicated by the mosaic of different cells within each tissue combined with the relative scarcity of certain types. However, techniques for the isolation of specific cells, their analysis in situ by microscopy, or modeling of their function in silico have permitted insight into cell-type-specific metabolism. In this review we present some of the methods used in the analysis of cell-type-specific metabolism before describing what we know about metabolism in several cell types that have been studied in depth; (i) leaf source and sink cells; (ii) glandular trichomes that are capable of rapid synthesis of specialized metabolites; (iii) guard cells that must accumulate large quantities of the osmolytes needed for stomatal opening; (iv) cells of seeds involved in storage of reserves; and (v) the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of C4 plants that participate in a CO2 concentrating cycle. Metabolism is discussed in terms of its principal features, connection to cell function and what factors affect the flux distribution. Demand for precursors and energy, availability of substrates and suppression of deleterious processes are identified as key factors in shaping cell-type-specific metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo de Menezes Daloso
- Lab Plant, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CA, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Eva Gomes Morais
- Lab Plant, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CA, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Karen Fernanda Oliveira E Silva
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
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Gámez-Arcas S, Muñoz FJ, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Sánchez-López ÁM, Baslam M, Baroja-Fernández E, Bahaji A, Almagro G, De Diego N, Doležal K, Novák O, Leal-López J, León Morcillo RJ, Castillo AG, Pozueta-Romero J. Glucose-6-P/phosphate translocator2 mediates the phosphoglucose-isomerase1-independent response to microbial volatiles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2137-2154. [PMID: 36111879 PMCID: PMC9706466 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the plastidial isoform of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI1) mediates photosynthesis, metabolism, and development, probably due to its involvement in the synthesis of isoprenoid-derived signals in vascular tissues. Microbial volatile compounds (VCs) with molecular masses of <45 Da promote photosynthesis, growth, and starch overaccumulation in leaves through PGI1-independent mechanisms. Exposure to these compounds in leaves enhances the levels of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE/PHOSPHATE TRANSLOCATOR2 (GPT2) transcripts. We hypothesized that the PGI1-independent response to microbial volatile emissions involves GPT2 action. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the responses of wild-type (WT), GPT2-null gpt2-1, PGI1-null pgi1-2, and pgi1-2gpt2-1 plants to small fungal VCs. In addition, we characterized the responses of pgi1-2gpt2-1 plants expressing GPT2 under the control of a vascular tissue- and root tip-specific promoter to small fungal VCs. Fungal VCs promoted increases in growth, starch content, and photosynthesis in WT and gpt2-1 plants. These changes were substantially weaker in VC-exposed pgi1-2gpt2-1 plants but reverted to WT levels with vascular and root tip-specific GPT2 expression. Proteomic analyses did not detect enhanced levels of GPT2 protein in VC-exposed leaves and showed that knocking out GPT2 reduced the expression of photosynthesis-related proteins in pgi1-2 plants. Histochemical analyses of GUS activity in plants expressing GPT2-GUS under the control of the GPT2 promoter showed that GPT2 is mainly expressed in root tips and vascular tissues around hydathodes. Overall, the data indicated that the PGI1-independent response to microbial VCs involves resetting of the photosynthesis-related proteome in leaves through long-distance GPT2 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Gámez-Arcas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | | | - Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Jesús Leal-López
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael Jorge León Morcillo
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Araceli G Castillo
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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