1
|
Understanding and Modulating Antibody Fine Specificity: Lessons from Combinatorial Biology. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11030048. [PMID: 35892708 PMCID: PMC9326607 DOI: 10.3390/antib11030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial biology methods such as phage and yeast display, suitable for the generation and screening of huge numbers of protein fragments and mutated variants, have been useful when dissecting the molecular details of the interactions between antibodies and their target antigens (mainly those of protein nature). The relevance of these studies goes far beyond the mere description of binding interfaces, as the information obtained has implications for the understanding of the chemistry of antibody–antigen binding reactions and the biological effects of antibodies. Further modification of the interactions through combinatorial methods to manipulate the key properties of antibodies (affinity and fine specificity) can result in the emergence of novel research tools and optimized therapeutics.
Collapse
|
2
|
Affinity-matured variants derived from nimotuzumab keep the original fine specificity and exhibit superior biological activity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1194. [PMID: 31988343 PMCID: PMC6985160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nimotuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor with a long history of therapeutic use, recognizing an epitope different from the ones targeted by other antibodies against the same antigen. It is also distinguished by much less toxicity resulting in a better safety profile, which has been attributed to its lower affinity compared to these other antibodies. Nevertheless, the ideal affinity window for optimizing the balance between anti-tumor activity and toxic effects has not been determined. In the current work, the paratope of the phage-displayed nimotuzumab Fab fragment was evolved in vitro to obtain affinity-matured variants. Soft-randomization of heavy chain variable region CDRs and phage selection resulted in mutated variants with improved binding ability. Two recombinant antibodies were constructed using these variable regions, which kept the original fine epitope specificity and showed moderate affinity increases against the target (3-4-fold). Such differences were translated into a greatly enhanced inhibitory capacity upon ligand-induced receptor phosphorylation on tumor cells. The new antibodies, named K4 and K5, are valuable tools to explore the role of affinity in nimotuzumab biological properties, and could be used for applications requiring a fine-tuning of the balance between binding to tumor cells and healthy tissues.
Collapse
|
3
|
Fukunaga A, Maeta S, Reema B, Nakakido M, Tsumoto K. Improvement of antibody affinity by introduction of basic amino acid residues into the framework region. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 15:81-85. [PMID: 30073208 PMCID: PMC6068084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are widely used not only as therapeutic agents but also as research tools and diagnostic agents, and extensive efforts have been made to generate antibodies that have higher affinity. It was recently reported that introduction of charged residues into the framework region of an antibody improved its affinity; however, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we used kinetic and thermodynamic analyses of the antibody-antigen interaction to investigate the molecular mechanism by which an antibody with introduced charged residues recognizes its antigen with higher affinity. The introduction of basic amino acid residues resulted in improvement of the affinity whereas the introduction of acidic residues weakened the interaction. For two mutant antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) with improved affinity (named K5- and R5-mutants), the balance between the association rate constant kon and the dissociation rate constant koff was distinct despite each mutant having the same number of charged residues. Moreover, thermodynamic analysis of the interactions in the transition state revealed a difference between the K5- and R5-mutants in terms of enthalpic energy change following formation of the encounter complex with the antigen. These results suggest that the affinity of the K5- and R5-mutants is improved by distinct mechanisms. Although the mutations destabilize the Fab and necessitate further studies, our strategy is expected to become a versatile and simple means to improve the affinity of antibodies to their antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fukunaga
- Technology Development, Sysmex Corporation, 4-4-4 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeta
- Technology Development, Sysmex Corporation, 4-4-4 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Bajaj Reema
- Technology Development, Sysmex Corporation, 4-4-4 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, 108-8639 Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology and University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 103-0081, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 103-0081, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, 108-8639 Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology and University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 103-0081, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 103-0081, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fenrich K, Gordon T. Canadian Association of Neuroscience Review: Axonal Regeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems – Current Issues and Advances. Can J Neurol Sci 2016; 31:142-56. [PMID: 15198438 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100053798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractInjured nerves regenerate their axons in the peripheral (PNS) but not the central nervous system (CNS). The contrasting capacities have been attributed to the growth permissive Schwann cells in the PNS and the growth inhibitory environment of the oligodendrocytes in the CNS. In the current review, we first contrast the robust regenerative response of injured PNS neurons with the weak response of the CNS neurons, and the capacity of Schwann cells and not the oligodendrocytes to support axonal regeneration. We then consider the factors that limit axonal regeneration in both the PNS and CNS. Limiting factors in the PNS include slow regeneration of axons across the injury site, progressive decline in the regenerative capacity of axotomized neurons (chronic axotomy) and progressive failure of denervated Schwann cells to support axonal regeneration (chronic denervation). In the CNS on the other hand, it is the poor regenerative response of neurons, the inhibitory proteins that are expressed by oligodendrocytes and act via a common receptor on CNS neurons, and the formation of the glial scar that prevent axonal regeneration in the CNS. Strategies to overcome these limitations in the PNS are considered in detail and contrasted with strategies in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Fenrich
- Centre for Neuroscience, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fukunaga A, Tsumoto K. Improving the affinity of an antibody for its antigen via long-range electrostatic interactions. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:773-80. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
6
|
Achmon Y, Ben-Barak Zelas Z, Fishman A. Cloning Rosa hybrid phenylacetaldehyde synthase for the production of 2-phenylethanol in a whole cell Escherichia coli system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:3603-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
7
|
Combinatorial Design of an Anticalin Directed against the Extra-Domain B for the Specific Targeting of Oncofetal Fibronectin. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:780-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Selection of antibodies from synthetic antibody libraries. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 526:87-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Han Z, Anderson DW, Papermaster DS. Prominin-1 localizes to the open rims of outer segment lamellae in Xenopus laevis rod and cone photoreceptors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:361-73. [PMID: 22076989 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prominin-1 expresses in rod and cone photoreceptors. Mutations in the prominin-1 gene cause retinal degeneration in humans. In this study, the authors investigated the expression and subcellular localization of xlProminin-1 protein, the Xenopus laevis ortholog of prominin-1, in rod and cone photoreceptors of this frog. METHODS Antibodies specific for xlProminin-1 were generated. Immunoblotting was used to study the expression and posttranslational processing of xlProminin-1 protein. Immunocytochemical light and electron microscopy and transgenesis were used to study the subcellular distribution of xlProminin-1. RESULTS xlProminin-1 is expressed and is subject to posttranslational proteolytic processing in the retina, brain, and kidney. xlProminin-1 is differently expressed and localized in outer segments of rod and cone photoreceptors of X. laevis. Antibodies specific for the N or C termini of xlProminin-1 labeled the open rims of lamellae of cone outer segments (COS) and the open lamellae at the base of rod outer segments (ROS). By contrast, anti-peripherin-2/rds antibody, Xper5A11, labeled the closed rims of cone lamellae adjacent to the ciliary axoneme and the rims of the closed ROS disks. The extent of labeling of the basal ROS by anti-xlProminin-1 antibodies varied with the light cycle in this frog. The entire ROS was also faintly labeled by both antibodies, a result that contrasts with the current notion that prominin-1 localizes only to the basal ROS. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that xlProminin-1 may serve as an anti-fusogenic factor in the regulation of disk morphogenesis and may help to maintain the open lamellar structure of basal ROS and COS disks in X. laevis photoreceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Han
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fawcett JW, Schwab ME, Montani L, Brazda N, Müller HW. Defeating inhibition of regeneration by scar and myelin components. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 109:503-22. [PMID: 23098733 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52137-8.00031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Axon regeneration and the sprouting processes that underlie plasticity are blocked by inhibitory factors in the central nervous system (CNS) environment, several of which are upregulated after injury. The major inhibitory molecules are those associated with myelin and those associated with the glial scar. In myelin, NogoA, MAG, and OMgp are present on normal oligodendrocytes and on myelin debris. They act partly via the Nogo receptor, partly via an unidentified amino-Nogo receptor. In the glial scar, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans, semaphorins, and the formation of a collagen-based membrane are all inhibitory. Methods to counteract these forms of inhibition have been identified, and these treatments promote axon regeneration in the damaged spinal cord, and in some cases recovery of function through enhanced plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Fawcett
- Cambridge University Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reier PJ, Lane MA, Hall ED, Teng YD, Howland DR. Translational spinal cord injury research: preclinical guidelines and challenges. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 109:411-33. [PMID: 23098728 PMCID: PMC4288927 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52137-8.00026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the neurobiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) have prompted increasing attention to opportunities for moving experimental strategies towards clinical applications. Preclinical studies are the centerpiece of the translational process. A major challenge is to establish strategies for achieving optimal translational progression while minimizing potential repetition of previous disappointments associated with clinical trials. This chapter reviews and expands upon views pertaining to preclinical design reported in recently published opinion surveys. Subsequent discussion addresses other preclinical considerations more specifically related to current and potentially imminent cellular and pharmacological approaches to acute/subacute and chronic SCI. Lastly, a retrospective and prospective analysis examines how guidelines currently under discussion relate to select examples of past, current, and future clinical translations. Although achieving definition of the "perfect" preclinical scenario is difficult to envision, this review identifies therapeutic robustness and independent replication of promising experimental findings as absolutely critical prerequisites for clinical translation. Unfortunately, neither has been fully embraced thus far. Accordingly, this review challenges the notion "everything works in animals and nothing in humans", since more rigor must first be incorporated into the bench-to-bedside translational process by all concerned, whether in academia, clinical medicine, or corporate circles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Reier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Riboldi G, Nizzardo M, Simone C, Falcone M, Bresolin N, Comi GP, Corti S. ALS genetic modifiers that increase survival of SOD1 mice and are suitable for therapeutic development. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:133-48. [PMID: 21816207 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a frequently fatal motor neuron disease without any cure. To find molecular therapeutic targets, several studies crossed transgenic ALS murine models with animals transgenic for some ALS target genes. We aimed to revise the new discoveries and new works in this field. We selected the 10 most promising genes, according to their capability when down-regulated or up-regulated in ALS animal models, for increasing life span and mitigating disease progression: XBP-1, NogoA and NogoB, dynein, heavy and medium neurofilament, NOX1 and NOX2, MLC-mIGF-1, NSE-VEGF, and MMP-9. Interestingly, some crucial modifier genes have been described as being involved in common pathways, the most significant of which are inflammation and cytoskeletal activities. The endoplasmic reticulum also seems to play an important role in ALS pathogenesis, as it is involved in different selected gene pathways. In addition, these genes have evident links to each other, introducing the hypothesis of a single unknown, common pathway involving all of these identified genes and others to be discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulietta Riboldi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Dino Ferrari Centre, University of Milan, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Y, Khaing ZZ, Li N, Hall B, Schmidt CE, Ellington AD. Aptamer antagonists of myelin-derived inhibitors promote axon growth. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9726. [PMID: 20300533 PMCID: PMC2838799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin of the adult central nervous system (CNS) is one of the major sources of inhibitors of axon regeneration following injury. The three known myelin-derived inhibitors (Nogo, MAG, and OMgp) bind with high affinity to the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) on axons and limit neurite outgrowth. Here we show that RNA aptamers can be generated that bind with high affinity to NgR, compete with myelin-derived inhibitors for binding to NgR, and promote axon elongation of neurons in vitro even in the presence of these inhibitors. Aptamers may have key advantages over protein antagonists, including low immunogenicity and the possibility of ready modification during chemical synthesis for stability, signaling, or immobilization. This first demonstration that aptamers can directly influence neuronal function suggests that aptamers may prove useful for not only healing spinal cord and other neuronal damage, but may be more generally useful as neuromodulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zin Z. Khaing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Na Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brad Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christine E. Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Ellington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schlapschy M, Fogarasi M, Gruber H, Gresch O, Schäfer C, Aguib Y, Skerra A. Functional humanization of an anti-CD16 Fab fragment: obstacles of switching from murine {lambda} to human {lambda} or {kappa} light chains. Protein Eng Des Sel 2008; 22:175-88. [PMID: 19022801 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzn066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An alphaCD30xalphaCD16 bispecific monoclonal antibody (MAb) was previously shown to induce remission of Hodgkin's disease refractory to chemo- and radiotherapy through specific activation of natural killer (NK) cells, but the appearance of a human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) response prevented its use for prolonged therapy. Here, we describe an effort to humanize the Fab arm directed against FcgammaRIII (CD16), which-in context with the previously humanized CD30 Fab fragment-provides the necessary component for the design of a clinically useful bispecific antibody. Thus, the CDRs of the anti-CD16 mouse IgG1/lambda MAb A9 were grafted onto human Ig sequences. In a first attempt, the murine V(lambda) domain was converted to a humanized lambda chain, which led, however, to complete loss of antigen-binding activity and extremely poor folding efficiency upon periplasmic expression in Escherichia coli. Hence, its CDRs were transplanted onto a human kappa light chain in a second attempt, which resulted in a functional recombinant Fab fragment, yet with 100-fold decreased antigen affinity. In the next step, an in vitro affinity maturation was performed, wherein random mutations were introduced into the humanized V(H) and V(kappa) domains through error-prone PCR, followed by a filter sandwich colony screening assay for increased binding activity towards the bacterially produced extracellular CD16 fragment. Finally, an optimized Fab fragment was obtained, which carries nine additional amino acid exchanges and exhibits an affinity that is within a factor of 2 identical to that of the original murine A9 Fab fragment. The resulting humanized Fab fragment was fully functional with respect to binding of the recombinant CD16 antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and in cytofluorimetry with CD16-positive granulocytes, thus providing a promising starting point for the preparation of a fully human bispecific antibody that permits the therapeutic recruitment of NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlapschy
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Improvement of an Antibody Neutralizing the Anthrax Toxin by Simultaneous Mutagenesis of Its Six Hypervariable Loops. J Mol Biol 2008; 378:1094-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
16
|
Bourquin C, van der Haar ME, Anz D, Sandholzer N, Neumaier I, Endres S, Skerra A, Schwab ME, Linington C. DNA vaccination efficiently induces antibodies to Nogo-A and does not exacerbate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 588:99-105. [PMID: 18495110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against the neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo-A enhance axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury. However, antibodies directed against myelin components can also enhance CNS inflammation. The present study was designed to assess the efficacy of DNA vaccination for generating antibodies against Nogo-A and to study their pathogenic potential in a mouse model for multiple sclerosis. Mice were immunized by a single i.m. injection of a plasmid expression vector encoding either full length membrane-integral Nogo-A equipped with a signal peptide or two versions of its large N-terminal extramembrane region. The presence of serum antibodies to Nogo-A was measured 4 weeks after injection by ELISA, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. DNA vaccination efficiently induced production of Nogo-A-specific antibodies that recognized recombinant, intracellular Nogo-A in cell culture but also stained native Nogo-A on the oligodendrocyte surface. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced in DNA-vaccinated mice by immunization with proteolipid peptide (a.a. 139-154). In contrast to vaccination with DNA encoding myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein that exacerbates this disease, Nogo-A DNA vaccination did not enhance clinical severity of disease. In summary, DNA vaccination is a simple and efficient method for generating an antibody response to Nogo-A. No pathogenicity was observed even during a full-blown inflammatory response of the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Bourquin
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck Institute for Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marklund N, Bareyre FM, Royo NC, Thompson HJ, Mir AK, Grady MS, Schwab ME, McIntosh TK. Cognitive outcome following brain injury and treatment with an inhibitor of Nogo-A in association with an attenuated downregulation of hippocampal growth-associated protein-43 expression. J Neurosurg 2007; 107:844-53. [PMID: 17937233 DOI: 10.3171/jns-07/10/0844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Central nervous system axons regenerate poorly after traumatic brain injury (TBI), partly due to inhibitors such as the protein Nogo-A present in myelin. The authors evaluated the efficacy of anti-Nogo-A monoclonal antibody (mAb) 7B12 administration on the neurobehavioral and cognitive outcome of rats following lateral fluid-percussion brain injury, characterized the penetration of the 7B12 or control antibodies into target brain regions, and evaluated the effects of Nogo-A inhibition on hemispheric tissue loss and sprouting of uninjured motor tracts in the cervical cord. To elucidate a potential molecular response to Nogo-A inhibition, we evaluated the effects of 7B12 on hippocampal GAP-43 expression. METHODS Beginning 24 hours after lateral fluid-percussion brain injury or sham injury in rats, the mAb 7B12 or control antibody was infused intracerebroventricularly over 14 days, and behavior was assessed over 4 weeks. RESULTS Immunoreactivity for 7B12 or immunoglobulin G was detected in widespread brain regions at 1 and 3 weeks postinjury. The brain-injured animals treated with 7B12 showed improvement in cognitive function (p < 0.05) at 4 weeks but no improvement in neurological motor function from 1 to 4 weeks postinjury compared with brain-injured, vehicle-treated controls. The enhanced cognitive function following inhibition of Nogo-A was correlated with an attenuated postinjury downregulation of hippocampal GAP-43 expression (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Increased GAP-43 expression may be a novel molecular mechanism of the enhanced cognitive recovery mediated by Nogo-A inhibition after TBI in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Marklund
- Traumatic Brain Injury Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brenneman MM, Wagner SJ, Cheatwood JL, Heldt SA, Corwin JV, Reep RL, Kartje GL, Mir AK, Schwab ME. Nogo-A inhibition induces recovery from neglect in rats. Behav Brain Res 2007; 187:262-72. [PMID: 17963852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neglect is a complex human cognitive spatial disorder typically induced by damage to prefrontal or posterior parietal association cortices. Behavioral treatments for neglect rarely generalize outside of the therapeutic context or across tasks within the same therapeutic context. Recovery, when it occurs, is spontaneous over the course of weeks to months, but often it is incomplete. A number of studies have indicated that anti-Nogo-A antibodies can be used to enhance plasticity and behavioral recovery following damage to motor cortex, and spinal cord. In the present studies the anti-Nogo-A antibodies IN-1, 7B12, or 11C7 were applied intraventricularly to adult rats demonstrating severe neglect produced by unilateral medial agranular cortex lesions in rats. The three separate anti-Nogo-A antibody groups were treated immediately following the medial agranular cortex lesions. Each of the three antibodies induced dramatic significant behavioral recovery from neglect relative to controls. Severing the corpus callosum to destroy inputs from the contralesional hemisphere resulted in reinstatement of severe neglect, pointing to a possible role of interhemispheric mechanisms in behavioral recovery from neglect.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zander H, Hettich E, Greiff K, Chatwell L, Skerra A. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant human Nogo-A ectodomain. FEBS J 2007; 274:2603-13. [PMID: 17437522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nogo-A is a physiologically relevant inhibitor of neuronal growth and regeneration in the myelin of the adult human central nervous system and has attracted considerable attention as a molecular target for the treatment of spinal cord injuries. To gain insight into the structural and functional properties of the large extramembrane region that is characteristic for the Nogo-A splice form of this member of the Reticulon family of membrane proteins, we cloned and expressed the region comprising residues 334-966 as a soluble homogeneous protein in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. SDS/PAGE, under nonreducing conditions, and a systematic substitution analysis of all six Cys residues of Nogo-A indicated that this domain forms two structural disulfide bonds among Cys residues 424, 464, 559 and 597, whereas the Cys residues at positions 699 and 912 seem to be dispensable for folding. The occurrence of a hot spot for host cell proteases and a limited proteolysis experiment suggest that the N-terminal region of Nogo-A up to residue 373 is structurally disordered. Although analytical gel permeation chromatography revealed a large apparent molecular size for the recombinant Nogo-A fragment, indicating oligomer formation, data from analytical ultracentrifugation and dynamic light scattering support a stable monomeric quaternary structure. Notably, the CD spectrum is indicative of a high content of random coil, such that Nogo-A exhibits--at least in part--features of a natively unfolded protein. Nevertheless, the protein fragment identified in this study, as well as its biochemical analysis, provide a promising starting point for future investigations to track down globular subdomains and functionally important regions as well as putative receptor-binding sites therein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilke Zander
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Freising, Weihenstephan, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zander H, Reineke U, Schneider-Mergener J, Skerra A. Epitope mapping of the neuronal growth inhibitor Nogo-A for the Nogo receptor and the cognate monoclonal antibody IN-1 by means of the SPOT technique. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:185-96. [PMID: 17486692 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nogo-A is a potent inhibitor of axonal outgrowth in the central nervous system of adult mammals, where it is expressed as a membrane protein on oligodendrocytes and in myelin. Here we describe an attempt to identify linear peptide epitopes in its sequence that are responsible for the interaction either with the Nogo receptor (NgR) or with the neutralizing monoclonal antibody IN-1. Analysis of an array of immobilized overlapping 15 mer peptides covering the entire amino acid sequence of human Nogo-A (1192 residues) revealed a single epitope with prominent binding activity both towards the recombinant NgR and the IN-1 F(ab) fragment. Further truncation and substitution analysis yielded the minimal epitope sequence 'IKxLRRL' (x not equal to P), which occurs within the so-called Nogo66 region (residues 1054-1120) of Nogo-A. The bacterially produced Nogo66 fragment exhibited binding activity both for the recombinant NgR and for the IN-1 F(ab) fragment on the Western blot as well as in ELISA. Unexpectedly, the synthetic epitope peptide and the recombinant Nogo66 showed cross-reactivity with the 8-18C5 F(ab) fragment, which is directed against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) as a structurally unrelated target. On the other hand, the recombinant N-terminal domain of Nogo-A (residues 334-966) was shown to specifically interact on the Western blot and in an ELISA with the IN-1 F(ab) fragment but not with the recombinant NgR, which is in agreement with previous results. Hence, our data suggest that there is a distinct binding site for the Nogo receptor in the Nogo66 region of Nogo-A, whereas its interaction with NgR is less specific than anticipated before. Although there probably exists a non-linear epitope for the neutralizing antibody IN-1 in the N-terminal region of Nogo-A, which is likely to be accessible from outside the cell, a previously postulated second binding site for NgR in this region (called Nogo-A-24) remains elusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilke Zander
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, An der Saatzucht 5, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maier IC, Schwab ME. Sprouting, regeneration and circuit formation in the injured spinal cord: factors and activity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 361:1611-34. [PMID: 16939978 PMCID: PMC1664674 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries are particularly traumatic, owing to the limited capabilities of the mammalian CNS for repair. Nevertheless, functional recovery is observed in patients and experimental animals, but the degree of recovery is variable. We review the crucial characteristics of mammalian spinal cord function, tract development, injury and the current experimental therapeutic approaches for repair. Regenerative or compensatory growth of neurites and the formation of new, functional circuits require spontaneous and experimental reactivation of developmental mechanisms, suppression of the growth-inhibitory properties of the adult CNS tissue and specific targeted activation of new connections by rehabilitative training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irin C Maier
- Brain Research Institute, University and ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu BP, Cafferty WB, Budel SO, Strittmatter SM. Extracellular regulators of axonal growth in the adult central nervous system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 361:1593-610. [PMID: 16939977 PMCID: PMC1664666 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust axonal growth is required during development to establish neuronal connectivity. However, stable fibre patterns are necessary to maintain adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) function. After adult CNS injury, factors that maintain axonal stability limit the recovery of function. Extracellular molecules play an important role in preserving the stability of the adult CNS axons and in restricting recovery from pathological damage. Adult axonal growth inhibitors include a group of proteins on the oligodendrocyte, Nogo-A, myelin-associated glycoprotein, oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein and ephrin-B3, which interact with axonal receptors, such as NgR1 and EphA4. Extracellular proteoglycans containing chondroitin sulphates also inhibit axonal sprouting in the adult CNS, particularly at the sites of astroglial scar formation. Therapeutic perturbations of these extracellular axonal growth inhibitors and their receptors or signalling mechanisms provide a degree of axonal sprouting and regeneration in the adult CNS. After CNS injury, such interventions support a partial return of neurological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of MedicinePO Box 208018, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wark KL, Hudson PJ. Latest technologies for the enhancement of antibody affinity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:657-70. [PMID: 16828920 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
High affinity antibodies are crucial both for the discovery and validation of biomarkers for human health and disease and as clinical diagnostic and therapeutic reagents. This review describes some of the latest technologies for the design, mutation and selection of high affinity antibodies that provide a paradigm for molecular evolution of a far wider range of proteins including enzymes. Strategies include both in vivo and in vitro methods and embrace the latest concepts for antibody display and selection. Specifically, affinity enhancement can be tailored to the target-binding surface, typically the complementary determining region (CDR) loops in antibodies, whereas enhanced stability, expression or catalytic properties can be affected by selected changes to the core protein scaffold. Together, these technologies provide a rapid and powerful strategy to drive the next generation of protein-based reagents for numerous clinical, environmental and agribusiness applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Wark
- CRC for Diagnostics at CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Scott ALM, Ramer LM, Soril LJJ, Kwiecien JM, Ramer MS. Targeting myelin to optimize plasticity of spared spinal axons. Mol Neurobiol 2006; 33:91-111. [PMID: 16603791 DOI: 10.1385/mn:33:2:91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Functional re-innervation of target neurons following neurological damage such as spinal cord injury is an essential requirement of potential therapies. There are at least two avenues by which this can be achieved: (a) through the regeneration of injured axons and (b) through promoting plasticity of those spared by the initial insult. There are several reasons why the latter approach may be more feasible, not the least of which are the inhibitory character of the glial scar, the often long distances over which injured axons must regrow, and the fact that spared axons are often already in the vicinity of denervated targets. The challenge is to unveil the well-recognized intrinsic plasticity of spared axons in a way that avoids complications, such as pain or autonomic dysfunction. One approach that we as well as others have taken is to target growth-suppressing signaling pathways initiated in spared axons by myelin-derived proteins. This article reviews models used for the study of spinal axon plasticity and describes the anatomical and behavioral effects of interfering with myelinderived proteins, their receptors, and components of their intracellular signaling cascades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela L M Scott
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Myelin of the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) has been attributed to suppress structural plasticity and to impede regenerating nerve fibers. Nogo-A is possibly the best characterized of a variety of neurite growth inhibitors present in CNS myelin. Neutralizing its activity results in improved axon regrowth and functional recovery in experimental CNS lesion models of adult rodents and primates. While Nogo-A has become a major target for therapeutic intervention to promote axon regeneration in the CNS, it is realized that such an approach will likely have to be combined with other therapeutic strategies to maximize functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI).
Collapse
|
26
|
Liebscher T, Schnell L, Schnell D, Scholl J, Schneider R, Gullo M, Fouad K, Mir A, Rausch M, Kindler D, Hamers FPT, Schwab ME. Nogo-A antibody improves regeneration and locomotion of spinal cord-injured rats. Ann Neurol 2006; 58:706-19. [PMID: 16173073 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord trauma leads to loss of motor, sensory and autonomic functions below the lesion. Recovery is very restricted, due in part to neurite growth inhibitory myelin proteins, in particular Nogo-A. Two neutralizing antibodies against Nogo-A were used to study recovery and axonal regeneration after spinal cord lesions. Three months old Lewis rats were tested in sensory-motor tasks (open field locomotion, crossing of ladder rungs and narrow beams, the CatWalk(R) runway, reactions to heat and von Frey hairs). A T-shaped lesion was made at T8, and an intrathecal catheter delivered highly purified anti-Nogo-A monoclonal IgGs or unspecific IgGs for 2 weeks. A better outcome in motor behavior was obtained as early as two weeks after lesion in the animals receiving the Nogo-A antibodies. Withdrawal responses to heat and mechanical stimuli were not different between the groups. Histology showed enhanced regeneration of corticospinal axons in the anti-Nogo-A antibody groups. fMRI revealed significant cortical responses to stimulation of the hindpaw exclusively in anti-Nogo-A animals. These results demonstrate that neutralization of the neurite growth inhibitor Nogo-A by intrathecal antibodies leads to enhanced regeneration and reorganization of the injured CNS, resulting in improved recovery of compromised functions in the absence of dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liebscher
- University and ETH Zurich, Brain Research Institute, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nasreen A, Vogt M, Kim HJ, Eichinger A, Skerra A. Solubility engineering and crystallization of human apolipoprotein D. Protein Sci 2006; 15:190-9. [PMID: 16322568 PMCID: PMC2242363 DOI: 10.1110/ps.051775606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a physiologically important member of the lipocalin protein family that was discovered as a peripheral subunit of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) but is also abundant in other body fluids and organs, including neuronal tissue. Although it has been possible to produce functional ApoD in the periplasm of Escherichia coli and to demonstrate its ligand-binding activity for progesterone and arachidonic acid, the recombinant protein suffers from a pronounced tendency to aggregate and to adsorb to vessel surfaces as well as chromatography matrices, thus hampering further structural investigation. Here, we describe a systematic mutagenesis study directed at presumably exposed hydrophobic side chains of the unglycosylated recombinant protein. As a result, one ApoD mutant with just three new amino acid substitutions--W99H, I118S, and L120S--was identified, which exhibits the following features: (1) improved yield upon periplasmic biosynthesis in E. coli, (2) elution as a monomeric protein from a gel permeation chromatography column, and (3) unchanged binding activity for its physiological ligands. In addition, the engineered ApoD was successfully crystallized (space group I4 with unit cell parameters a = 75.1 A, b = 75.1 A, c = 166.0 A, alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees), thus demonstrating its conformationally homogeneous behavior and providing a basis for the future X-ray structural analysis of this functionally still puzzling protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber Nasreen
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lenzlinger PM, Shimizu S, Marklund N, Thompson HJ, Schwab ME, Saatman KE, Hoover RC, Bareyre FM, Motta M, Luginbuhl A, Pape R, Clouse AK, Morganti-Kossmann C, McIntosh TK. Delayed inhibition of Nogo-A does not alter injury-induced axonal sprouting but enhances recovery of cognitive function following experimental traumatic brain injury in rats. Neuroscience 2005; 134:1047-56. [PMID: 15979242 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 04/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury causes long-term neurological motor and cognitive deficits, often with limited recovery. The inability of CNS axons to regenerate following traumatic brain injury may be due, in part, to inhibitory molecules associated with myelin. One of these myelin-associated proteins, Nogo-A, inhibits neurite outgrowth in vitro, and inhibition of Nogo-A in vivo enhances axonal outgrowth and sprouting and improves outcome following experimental CNS insults. However, the involvement of Nogo-A in the neurobehavioral deficits observed in experimental traumatic brain injury remains unknown and was evaluated in the present study using the 11C7 monoclonal antibody against Nogo-A. Anesthetized, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to either lateral fluid percussion brain injury of moderate severity (2.5-2.6 atm) or sham injury. Beginning 24 h post-injury, monoclonal antibody 11C7 (n=17 injured, n=6 shams included) or control Ab (IgG) (n=16 injured, n=5 shams included) was infused at a rate of 5 microl/h over 14 days into the ipsilateral ventricle using osmotic minipumps connected to an implanted cannula. Rats were assessed up to 4 weeks post-injury using tests for neurological motor function (composite neuroscore, and sensorimotor test of adhesive paper removal) and, at 4 weeks, cognition was assessed using the Morris water maze. Hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neuron damage and corticospinal tract sprouting, using an anterograde tracer (biotinylated dextran amine), were also evaluated. Brain injury significantly increased sprouting from the uninjured corticospinal tract but treatment with monoclonal antibody 11C7 did not further increase the extent of sprouting nor did it alter the extent of CA3 cell damage. Animals treated with 11C7 showed no improvement in neurologic motor deficits but did show significantly improved cognitive function at 4 weeks post-injury when compared with brain-injured, IgG-treated animals. To our knowledge, the present findings are the first to suggest that (1) traumatic brain injury induces axonal sprouting in the corticospinal tract and this sprouting may be independent of myelin-associated inhibitory factors and (2) that post-traumatic inhibition of Nogo-A may promote cognitive recovery unrelated to sprouting in the corticospinal tract or neuroprotective effects on hippocampal cell loss following experimental traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Lenzlinger
- Traumatic Brain Injury Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, 105 Hayden Hall, 3320 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Seymour AB, Andrews EM, Tsai SY, Markus TM, Bollnow MR, Brenneman MM, O'Brien TE, Castro AJ, Schwab ME, Kartje GL. Delayed treatment with monoclonal antibody IN-1 1 week after stroke results in recovery of function and corticorubral plasticity in adult rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005; 25:1366-75. [PMID: 15889044 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal death due to ischemic stroke results in permanent deficits in sensory, language, and motor functions. The growth-restrictive environment of the adult central nervous system (CNS) is an obstacle to functional recovery after stroke and other CNS injuries. In this regard, Nogo-A is a potent neurite growth-inhibitory protein known to restrict neuronal plasticity in adults. Previously, we have found that treatment with monoclonal antibody (mAb) IN-1 to neutralize Nogo-A immediately after stroke enhanced motor cortico-efferent plasticity and recovery of skilled forelimb function in rats. However, immediate treatment for stroke is often not clinically feasible. Thus, the present study was undertaken to determine whether cortico-efferent plasticity and functional recovery would occur if treatment with mAb IN-1 was delayed 1 week after stroke. Adult rats were trained on a forelimb-reaching task, and the middle cerebral artery was occluded to induce focal cerebral ischemia to the forelimb sensorimotor cortex. After 1 week, animals received mAb IN-1 treatment, control antibody, or no treatment, and were tested for 9 more weeks. To assess cortico-efferent plasticity, the sensorimotor cortex opposite the stroke lesion was injected with an anterograde neuroanatomical tracer. Behavioral analysis demonstrated a recovery of skilled forelimb function, and anatomical studies revealed neuroplasticity at the level of the red nucleus in animals treated with mAb IN-1, thus demonstrating the efficacy of this treatment even if administered 1 week after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Seymour
- Neurology and Research Service, Hines VA Hospital, Roosevelt Road and Fifth Avenue, Hines, Illinois, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Teng FYH, Tang BL. Why do Nogo/Nogo-66 receptor gene knockouts result in inferior regeneration compared to treatment with neutralizing agents? J Neurochem 2005; 94:865-74. [PMID: 16092935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IN-1, the monoclonal antibody against the exon 3-encoded N-terminal domain of Nogo-A, and the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) antagonist NEP1-40 have both shown efficacy in promoting regeneration in animal spinal cord injury models, the latter even when administered subcutaneously 1 week after injury. These results are supportive of the hypothesis that the Nogo-NgR axis is a major path for inhibition of spinal cord axonal regeneration and uphold the promises of these neutralizing agents in clinical applications. However, mice with targeted disruption of Nogo and NgR have, surprisingly, only modest regenerative capacity (if any) compared with treatment with IN-1 or NEP1-40. Disruption of the Nogo gene by various groups yielded results ranging from significant regenerative improvement in young mice to no improvement. Likewise, knockout of NgR produced some improvement in raphespinal and rubrospinal axonal regeneration, but not that of corticospinal neurons. Other than invoking possible differences in genetic background, we suggest here some possible and testable explanations for the above phenomena. These possibilities include effects of IN-1 and NEP1-40 on the CNS beyond neutralization of Nogo and NgR functions, and the latter's possible role in the CNS beyond that of neuronal growth inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Yu Hsuan Teng
- Department of Biochemistry and Programme in Neurobiology and Aging, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Papadopoulos CM, Tsai SY, Cheatwood JL, Bollnow MR, Kolb BE, Schwab ME, Kartje GL. Dendritic plasticity in the adult rat following middle cerebral artery occlusion and Nogo-a neutralization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 16:529-36. [PMID: 16033928 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhi132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Our work has shown that following focal ischemic lesion in adult rats, neutralization of the axon growth inhibitor Nogo-A with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) IN-1 results in functional recovery. Furthermore, new axonal connections were formed from the contralesional cortex to subcortical areas corresponding to the observed functional recovery. The present study investigated whether dendritic changes, also known to subserve functional recovery, paralleled the axonal plasticity shown after ischemic lesion and treatment with mAb IN-1. Golgi-Cox-stained layer V pyramidal neurons in the contralesional sensorimotor cortex were examined for evidence of dendritic sprouting. Results demonstrated increased dendritic arborization and spine density in the mAb IN-1-treated animals with lesion. Interestingly, administration of mAb IN-1 without lesion resulted in transient dendritic outgrowth with no change in spine density. These results suggest a novel role for Nogo-A in limiting dendritic plasticity after stroke.
Collapse
|
32
|
Teng FYH, Tang BL. Nogo signaling and non-physical injury-induced nervous system pathology. J Neurosci Res 2005; 79:273-8. [PMID: 15619232 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Nogo gene products were described first as myelin-associated inhibitors that prevent neuronal regeneration upon injury. Recent findings have also implicated Nogo in several neuronal pathologies that are not induced by physical injury. Nogo-A may be an important determinant of autoimmune demyelinating diseases, as active immunization with Nogo-A fragments attenuates the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Nogo-A levels are elevated markedly in hippocampal neurons of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), in brain and muscle of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and in schizophrenic patients. Concrete evidence for a direct role of Nogo-A in the latter neuropathies is not yet available, but such a role is logically in line with new findings associated with localization of Nogo-A and Nogo-Nogo-66 receptor (NgR)-mediated signaling. We speculate on possible linkages between the effect of aberrant elevation of Nogo levels and the signaling consequences that could lead to nervous system pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Yu Hsuan Teng
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cass B, Pham PL, Kamen A, Durocher Y. Purification of recombinant proteins from mammalian cell culture using a generic double-affinity chromatography scheme. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 40:77-85. [PMID: 15721774 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Revised: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transient transfection of mammalian cells has proven to be a useful technique for the rapid production of recombinant proteins because of its ability to produce milligram quantities within 2 weeks following cloning of their corresponding cDNA. This rapid production also requires a fast and efficient purification scheme that can be applied generically, typically through the use of affinity tags such as the polyhistidine-tag for capture by immobilized metal-affinity chromatography (IMAC) or the Strep-tag II, which binds to the StrepTactin affinity ligand. However, one-step purification using either of these tags has disadvantages in terms of yield, elution conditions, and purity. Here, we show that the addition of both Strep-tag-II and (His)(8) to the C-terminal of r-proteins allows efficient purification by consecutive IMAC and StrepTactin affinity. This approach has been successfully demonstrated using the intracellular protein DsRed, as well as two secreted proteins, secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), all produced by transient transfection of HEK293-EBNA1 cells in medium supplemented with bovine calf serum. All proteins were purified to >99% homogeneity with yields varying from 29 to 81%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Cass
- Animal Cell Technology Group, Bioprocess Sector, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Que., Canada H4P 2R2
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Whittlesey KJ, Shea LD. Delivery systems for small molecule drugs, proteins, and DNA: the neuroscience/biomaterial interface. Exp Neurol 2005; 190:1-16. [PMID: 15473976 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Revised: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of cellular processes in vivo by the delivery of drugs, proteins or DNA is of paramount importance to neuroscience research. Methods for the presentation of these molecules vary widely, including direct injection (either systemic or stereotactic), osmotic pump-mediated chronic delivery, or even implantation of cells engineered to indefinitely secrete a factor of interest. Biomaterial-based delivery systems represent an alternative to more traditional approaches, with the possibility of increased efficacy. Drug-releasing biomaterials, either as injectable microspheres or as three-dimensional implants, can deliver a molecule of interest (including small molecule drugs, biologically active proteins, or DNA) over a more prolonged period of time than by standard bolus injection, avoiding the need for repeated administration. Furthermore, sustained-release systems can maintain therapeutic concentrations at a target site, thus reducing the chance for toxicity. This review summarizes applications of polymer-based delivery of small molecule drugs, proteins, and DNA specifically relevant to neuroscience research. We detail the fabrication procedures for the polymeric systems and their utility in various experimental models. The biomaterial field offers unique experimental tools with downstream clinical application for the study and treatment of neurologic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Whittlesey
- Interdepartmental Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Buchli AD, Schwab ME. Inhibition of Nogo: a key strategy to increase regeneration, plasticity and functional recovery of the lesioned central nervous system. Ann Med 2005; 37:556-67. [PMID: 16338758 DOI: 10.1080/07853890500407520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult central nervous system (CNS) myelin and oligodendrocytes, Nogo-A exerts a growth inhibitory function leading to restricted axonal regeneration. After development of different anti-Nogo-A antibodies and other Nogo-A blocking reagents their application has recently been studied in various in vivo animal models of spinal cord injury and stroke. These studies show that intracerebral application of Nogo-A-inactivating reagents leads to enhanced regeneration and compensatory sprouting, structural reorganization or plasticity, and functional recovery as seen in different behavioural analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita D Buchli
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fouad K, Klusman I, Schwab ME. Regenerating corticospinal fibers in the Marmoset (Callitrix jacchus) after spinal cord lesion and treatment with the anti-Nogo-A antibody IN-1. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:2479-82. [PMID: 15525289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing the myelin-associated growth inhibitor Nogo-A in adult spinal cord-injured rats can promote regeneration of injured and compensatory sprouting of uninjured axons. Nogo-A is present in humans, making its neutralization a possible novel treatment option for paraplegic patients. In this study we examined the effects of an extensively used anti-Nogo-A antibody (mAb IN-1) on the regenerative capabilities of lesioned corticospinal tract (CST) axons in a primate, the Marmoset monkey. Unilateral thoracic lesions of the CST were performed in six adult Marmosets, followed by the application of mAb IN-1 into the cerebrospinal fluid circulation by a graft of hybridoma cells. A unilateral injection of biotin dextran amine into the motor cortex was performed to analyse sprouting and regeneration of the lesioned axons. In the control antibody-treated animal CST fibers stopped rostral to the lesion site and often showed retraction bulbs. In contrast, in four out of five mAb IN-1-treated animals fine labeled neurites had grown into, through and around the lesion site. Thus, this study provides first anatomical evidence that in primates, the neutralization of the myelin-associated inhibitor Nogo-A results in increased regenerative sprouting and growth of lesioned spinal cord axons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Fouad
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G4, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rich RL, Myszka DG. A survey of the year 2002 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2004; 16:351-82. [PMID: 14732928 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have compiled 819 articles published in the year 2002 that involved commercial optical biosensor technology. The literature demonstrates that the technology's application continues to increase as biosensors are contributing to diverse scientific fields and are used to examine interactions ranging in size from small molecules to whole cells. Also, the variety of available commercial biosensor platforms is increasing and the expertise of users is improving. In this review, we use the literature to focus on the basic types of biosensor experiments, including kinetics, equilibrium analysis, solution competition, active concentration determination and screening. In addition, using examples of particularly well-performed analyses, we illustrate the high information content available in the primary response data and emphasize the impact of including figures in publications to support the results of biosensor analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Prinjha RK, McAdam RA, Burbidge SA, Ellis JH. Strategies for developing Nogo antagonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2004.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
39
|
Emerick AJ, Kartje GL. Behavioral recovery and anatomical plasticity in adult rats after cortical lesion and treatment with monoclonal antibody IN-1. Behav Brain Res 2004; 152:315-25. [PMID: 15196799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Revised: 09/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that monoclonal antibody (mAb) IN-1 treatment after ischemic infarct in adult rats results in significant recovery of skilled forelimb use. Such recovery was correlated with axonal outgrowth from the intact, opposite motor cortex into deafferented subcortical motor areas. In the present study, we investigated the effects of mAb IN-1 treatment after adult sensorimotor cortex (SMC) aspiration lesion on behavioral recovery and neuroanatomical plasticity in the corticospinal tract. Adult rats underwent unilateral SMC aspiration lesion and treatment with either mAb IN-1 or a control Ab, or no treatment. Animals were then tested over a 6-week period in the skilled forelimb use task and the skilled ladder rung walking task. We found that animals treated with mAb IN-1 after SMC lesion fully recovered the use of forelimb reaching, but showed no improvement in digit grasping as tested in the skilled forelimb use task. The mAb IN-1 treatment group was also significantly improved as compared to control groups in the skilled ladder rung walking test. Furthermore, neuroanatomical tracing revealed a significant increase in the corticospinal projections into the deafferented motor areas of the spinal cord after mAb IN-1 treatment. These results indicate that treatment with mAb IN-1 after cortical aspiration lesion induces remodeling of motor pathways resulting in recovery in only certain behavioral tasks, suggesting that the cause of brain damage influences behavioral recovery after mAb IN-1 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- April J Emerick
- Research and Neurology Service, Edward Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The molecule Nogo has captured the imagination of many as a possible key player, and therefore therapeutic target, in the pathological settings of central nervous system (CNS) injury and degenerative pathology. Found in both glial cells and neurons, the endogenous, physiological role of Nogo is as yet unknown. Recently reported targeted disruption of the Nogo gene did not result in any obvious neuro-anatomical or neurological phenotype. Compared with wild-type mice, Nogo-deficient mice also did not exhibit a truly convincing enhancement in their ability to regenerate CNS neurons upon injury. Does the molecule have any important physiological function at all? Other recent discoveries of new interacting partners of Nogo at the mitochondria and the CNS paranode suggest intriguing links to the modulation of apoptosis and developmental organization or signalling at the axoglial junction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Y H Teng
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Nogo-A is one of several neurite growth inhibitory components present in oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin membranes. Nogo has a crucial role in restricting axonal regeneration and compensatory fibre growth in the injured adult mammalian CNS. Recent studies have shown that in vivo applications of Nogo neutralizing antibodies, peptides blocking the Nogo receptor subunit NgR, or blockers of the postreceptor components Rho-A and ROCK induce long-distance axonal regeneration and compensatory sprouting, accompanied by an impressive enhancement of functional recovery, in the rat and mouse spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute University of Zurich, and Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lee DHS, Strittmatter SM, Sah DWY. Targeting the Nogo receptor to treat central nervous system injuries. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 2:872-8. [PMID: 14668808 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H S Lee
- Biogen Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Breithaupt C, Schubart A, Zander H, Skerra A, Huber R, Linington C, Jacob U. Structural insights into the antigenicity of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9446-51. [PMID: 12874380 PMCID: PMC170938 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1133443100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal loss. The immunopathogenesis of demyelination in multiple sclerosis involves an autoantibody response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a type I transmembrane protein located at the surface of CNS myelin. Here we present the crystal structures of the extracellular domain of MOG (MOGIgd) at 1.45-A resolution and the complex of MOGIgd with the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of the MOG-specific demyelinating monoclonal antibody 8-18C5 at 3.0-A resolution. MOGIgd adopts an IgV like fold with the A'GFCC'C" sheet harboring a cavity similar to the one used by the costimulatory molecule B7-2 to bind its ligand CTLA4. The antibody 8-18C5 binds to three loops located at the membrane-distal side of MOG with a surprisingly dominant contribution made by MOG residues 101-108 containing a strained loop that forms the upper edge of the putative ligand binding site. The sequence R101DHSYQEE108 is unique for MOG, whereas large parts of the remaining sequence are conserved in potentially tolerogenic MOG homologues expressed outside the immuno-privileged environment of the CNS. Strikingly, the only sequence identical to DHSYQEE was found in a Chlamydia trachomatis protein of unknown function, raising the possibility that Chlamydia infections may play a role in the MOG-specific autoimmune response in man. Our data provide the structural basis for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting the pathogenic autoantibody response to MOG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Breithaupt
- Abteilung Strukturforschung, Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|