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Talukdar A, Maddhesiya P, Namsa ND, Doley R. Snake venom toxins targeting the central nervous system. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2084418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Talukdar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Priya Maddhesiya
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Nima Dondu Namsa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Robin Doley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
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Ivanušec A, Šribar J, Križaj I. Secreted Phospholipases A 2 - not just Enzymes: Revisited. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:873-888. [PMID: 35002531 PMCID: PMC8741859 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.68093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) participate in a very broad spectrum of biological processes through their enzymatic activity and as ligands for membrane and soluble receptors. The physiological roles of sPLA2s as enzymes have been very well described, while their functions as ligands are still poorly known. Since the last overview of sPLA2-binding proteins (sPLA2-BPs) 10 years ago, several important discoveries have occurred in this area. New and more sensitive analytical tools have enabled the discovery of additional sPLA2-BPs, which are presented and critically discussed here. The structural diversity of sPLA2-BPs reveals sPLA2s as very promiscuous proteins, and we offer some structural explanations for this nature that makes these proteins evolutionarily highly advantageous. Three areas of physiological engagement of sPLA2-BPs have appeared most clearly: cellular transport and signalling, and regulation of the enzymatic activity of sPLA2s. Due to the multifunctionality of sPLA2s, they appear to be exceptional pharmacological targets. We reveal the potential to exploit interactions of sPLA2s with other proteins in medical terms, for the development of original diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. We conclude this survey by suggesting the priority questions that need to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrijan Ivanušec
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Šribar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Šribar J, Kovačič L, Oberčkal J, Ivanušec A, Petan T, Fox JW, Križaj I. The neurotoxic secreted phospholipase A 2 from the Vipera a. ammodytes venom targets cytochrome c oxidase in neuronal mitochondria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:283. [PMID: 30670719 PMCID: PMC6342964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-neurotoxic secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) block neuro-muscular transmission by poisoning nerve terminals. Damage inflicted by such sPLA2s (β-ntx) on neuronal mitochondria is characteristic, very similar to that induced by structurally homologous endogenous group IIA sPLA2 when its activity is elevated, as, for example, in the early phase of Alzheimer's disease. Using ammodytoxin (Atx), the β-ntx from the venom of the nose-horned viper (Vipera a. ammodytes), the sPLA2 receptor R25 has been detected in neuronal mitochondria. This receptor has been purified from porcine cerebral cortex mitochondria by a new Atx-affinity-based chromatographic procedure. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed R25 to be the subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase (CCOX), an essential constituent of the respiratory chain complex. CCOX was confirmed as being the first intracellular membrane receptor for sPLA2 by alternative Atx-affinity-labellings of purified CCOX, supported also by the encounter of Atx and CCOX in PC12 cells. This discovery suggests the explanation of the mechanism by which β-ntx hinders production of ATP in poisoned nerve endings. It also provides a new insight into the potential function and dysfunction of endogenous GIIA sPLA2 in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Šribar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Kovačič
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Oberčkal
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adrijan Ivanušec
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jay W Fox
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Oberčkal J, Kovačič L, Šribar J, Leonardi A, Dolinar K, Pucer Janež A, Križaj I. On the role of protein disulfide isomerase in the retrograde cell transport of secreted phospholipases A2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120692. [PMID: 25763817 PMCID: PMC4357439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the finding that ammodytoxin (Atx), a neurotoxic secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) in snake venom, binds specifically to protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in vitro we show that these proteins also interact in living rat PC12 cells that are able to internalize this group IIA (GIIA) sPLA2. Atx and PDI co-localize in both differentiated and non-differentiated PC12 cells, as shown by fluorescence microscopy. Based on a model of the complex between Atx and yeast PDI (yPDI), a three-dimensional model of the complex between Atx and human PDI (hPDI) was constructed. The Atx binding site on hPDI is situated between domains b and b’. Atx interacts hPDI with an extensive area on its interfacial binding surface. The mammalian GIB, GIIA, GV and GX sPLA2s have the same fold as Atx. The first three sPLA2s have been detected intracellularly but not the last one. The models of their complexes with hPDI were constructed by replacement of Atx with the respective mammalian sPLA2 in the Atx—hPDI complex and molecular docking of the structures. According to the generated models, mammalian GIB, GIIA and GV sPLA2s form complexes with hPDI very similar to that with Atx. The contact area between GX sPLA2 and hPDI is however different from that of the other sPLA2s. Heterologous competition of Atx binding to hPDI with GV and GX sPLA2s confirmed the model-based expectation that GV sPLA2 was a more effective inhibitor than GX sPLA2, thus validating our model. The results suggest a role of hPDI in the (patho)physiology of some snake venom and mammalian sPLA2s by assisting the retrograde transport of these molecules from the cell surface. The sPLA2–hPDI model constitutes a valuable tool to facilitate further insights into this process and into the (patho)physiology of sPLA2s in relation to their action intracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Oberčkal
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Kovačič
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Šribar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adrijana Leonardi
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Dolinar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Pucer Janež
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Šribar J, Oberčkal J, Križaj I. Understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the presynaptic toxicity of secreted phospholipases A2: An update. Toxicon 2014; 89:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ostrowski M, Žnidaršič PP, Raynal B, Saul F, Faure G. Human coagulation factor Xa prevents oligomerization of anti-coagulant phospholipases A2. TOXIN REV 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2013.860170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kovačič L, Paulič N, Leonardi A, Hodnik V, Anderluh G, Podlesek Z, Žgur-Bertok D, Križaj I, Butala M. Structural insight into LexA-RecA* interaction. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:9901-10. [PMID: 23965307 PMCID: PMC3834820 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RecA protein is a hallmark for the bacterial response to insults inflicted on DNA. It catalyzes the strand exchange step of homologous recombination and stimulates self-inactivation of the LexA transcriptional repressor. Importantly, by these activities, RecA contributes to the antibiotic resistance of bacteria. An original way to decrease the acquisition of antibiotic resistance would be to block RecA association with LexA. To engineer inhibitors of LexA–RecA complex formation, we have mapped the interaction area between LexA and active RecA–ssDNA filament (RecA*) and generated a three-dimensional model of the complex. The model revealed that one subunit of the LexA dimer wedges into a deep helical groove of RecA*, forming multiple interaction sites along seven consecutive RecA protomers. Based on the model, we predicted that LexA in its DNA-binding conformation also forms a complex with RecA* and that the operator DNA sterically precludes interaction with RecA*, which guides the induction of SOS gene expression. Moreover, the model shows that besides the catalytic C-terminal domain of LexA, its N-terminal DNA-binding domain also interacts with RecA*. Because all the model-based predictions have been confirmed experimentally, the presented model offers a validated insight into the critical step of the bacterial DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Kovačič
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, JoŽef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia and Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Faure G, Saul F. Crystallographic characterization of functional sites of crotoxin and ammodytoxin, potent β-neurotoxins from Viperidae venom. Toxicon 2012; 60:531-8. [PMID: 22683534 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on a description of the three-dimensional structures of two β-neurotoxins, the monomeric PLA(2) ammodytoxin from Vipera ammodytes ammodytes, and heterodimeric crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus, and a detailed structural analysis of their multiple functional sites. We have recently determined at high resolution the crystal structures of two natural isoforms of ammodytoxin (AtxA and AtxC) (Saul et al., 2010) which exhibit different toxicity profiles and different anticoagulant properties. Comparative structural analysis of these two PLA(2) isoforms, which differ only by two amino acid residues, allowed us to detect local conformational changes and delineate the role of critical residues in the anticoagulant and neurotoxic functions of these PLA(2) (Saul et al., 2010). We have also determined, at 1.35Å resolution, the crystal structure of heterodimeric crotoxin (Faure et al., 2011). The three-dimensional structure of crotoxin revealed details of the binding interface between its acidic (CA) and basic (CB) subunits and allowed us to identify key residues involved in the stability and toxicity of this potent heterodimeric β-neurotoxin (Faure et al., 2011). The precise spatial orientation of the three covalently linked polypeptide chains in the mature CA subunit complexed with CB helps us to understand the role played by critical residues of the CA subunit in the increased toxicity of the crotoxin complex. Since the CA subunit is a natural inhibitor of the catalytic and anticoagulant activities of CB, identification of the CA-CB binding interface describes residues involved in this inhibition. We propose future research directions based on knowledge of the recently reported 3D structures of crotoxin and ammodytoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Faure
- Institut Pasteur, Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS, URA 2182, Département de Neuroscience, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France.
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A recent evaluation of the lethal potencies of ammodytoxins. Toxicon 2012; 59:642-3. [PMID: 22406514 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ammodytoxin A (AtxA) is the most toxic secreted phospholipase A(2) of the three isotoxins with presynaptic neurotoxicity, isolated from the venom of the nose-horned viper (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes), with an LD(50) of 21 μg/kg in mice. The toxic potencies of two other isoforms have been re-evaluated using highly purified recombinant proteins, with their intraperitoneal LD(50)s determined as 960 μg/kg for AtxB and 310 μg/kg for AtxC. AtxB and AtxC differ from AtxA in only three and two amino acid residues, respectively.
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Križaj I. Ammodytoxin: a window into understanding presynaptic toxicity of secreted phospholipases A(2) and more. Toxicon 2011; 58:219-29. [PMID: 21726572 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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