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Kimura K, Kuwahara A, Suzuki S, Nakanishi T, Kumagai I, Asano R. Cancer therapeutic trispecific antibodies recruiting both T and natural killer cells to cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2023; 50:212. [PMID: 37859608 PMCID: PMC10620844 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are major effector cells recruited by cancer therapeutic bispecific antibodies; however, differences in the populations of these cells in individual tumors limit the general use of these antibodies. In the present study, trispecific antibodies were created, namely T cell and NK cell engagers (TaKEs), that recruit both T cells and NK cells. Notably, three Fc‑fused TaKEs were designed, TaKE1‑Fc, TaKE2‑Fc and TaKE3‑Fc, using variable fragments targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor on tumor cells, CD3 on T cells, and CD16 on NK cells. Among them, TaKE1‑Fc was predicted to form a circular tetrabody‑like configuration and exhibited the highest production and greatest cancer growth inhibitory effects. TaKE1 was prepared from TaKE1‑Fc by digesting the Fc region for further functional evaluation. The resulting TaKE1 exhibited trispecificity via its ability to bind cancer cells, T cells and NK cells, as well as comparable or greater cancer growth inhibitory effects to those of two bispecific antibodies that recruit T cells and NK cells, respectively. A functional trispecific antibody with the potential to exert strong therapeutic effects independent of T cell and NK cell populations was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Kimura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuwahara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Saori Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Division of Science and Engineering for Materials, Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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2
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Tapia-Galisteo A, Compte M, Álvarez-Vallina L, Sanz L. When three is not a crowd: trispecific antibodies for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Theranostics 2023; 13:1028-1041. [PMID: 36793863 PMCID: PMC9925307 DOI: 10.7150/thno.81494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the clinical success of the first bispecific antibody approved by the FDA against B cell malignancies (blinatumomab), many obstacles remain such as dosing, treatment resistance, and modest efficacy in solid tumors. To overcome these limitations, considerable efforts have been dedicated to the development of multispecific antibodies, opening up new avenues to address both the complex biology of cancer and the onset of anti-tumoral immune responses. Simultaneous targeting of two tumor-associated antigens is presumed to enhance cancer cell selectivity and reduce immune escape. Co-engagement of CD3, along with agonists of co-stimulatory molecules or antagonists of co-inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors in a single molecule, may revert T cell exhaustion. Similarly, targeting of two activating receptors in NK cells may improve their cytotoxic potency. And these are only examples of the potential of antibody-based molecular entities engaging three (or more) relevant targets. From the perspective of health care costs, multispecific antibodies are appealing, since a similar (or superior) therapeutic effect could be obtained with a single therapeutic agent as with a combination of different monoclonal antibodies. Despite challenges in production, multispecific antibodies are endowed with unprecedented properties, which may render them more potent biologics for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tapia-Galisteo
- Immuno-oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Biomedical Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Compte
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Leadartis S.L., Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez-Vallina
- Immuno-oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Biomedical Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sanz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Gandullo-Sánchez L, Ocaña A, Pandiella A. HER3 in cancer: from the bench to the bedside. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:310. [PMID: 36271429 PMCID: PMC9585794 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The HER3 protein, that belongs to the ErbB/HER receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family, is expressed in several types of tumors. That fact, together with the role of HER3 in promoting cell proliferation, implicate that targeting HER3 may have therapeutic relevance. Furthermore, expression and activation of HER3 has been linked to resistance to drugs that target other HER receptors such as agents that act on EGFR or HER2. In addition, HER3 has been associated to resistance to some chemotherapeutic drugs. Because of those circumstances, efforts to develop and test agents targeting HER3 have been carried out. Two types of agents targeting HER3 have been developed. The most abundant are antibodies or engineered antibody derivatives that specifically recognize the extracellular region of HER3. In addition, the use of aptamers specifically interacting with HER3, vaccines or HER3-targeting siRNAs have also been developed. Here we discuss the state of the art of the preclinical and clinical development of drugs aimed at targeting HER3 with therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Gandullo-Sánchez
- grid.428472.f0000 0004 1794 2467Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- grid.411068.a0000 0001 0671 5785Hospital Clínico San Carlos and CIBERONC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- grid.428472.f0000 0004 1794 2467Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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4
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Raeisi H, Azimirad M, Nabavi-Rad A, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Yadegar A, Zali MR. Application of recombinant antibodies for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection: Current status and future perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972930. [PMID: 36081500 PMCID: PMC9445313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), known as the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, is regarded as one of the most common healthcare-associated bacterial infections worldwide. Due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains, development of new therapeutic methods for C. difficile infection (CDI) has become crucially important. In this context, antibodies have been introduced as valuable tools in the research and clinical environments, as far as the effectiveness of antibody therapy for CDI was reported in several clinical investigations. Hence, production of high-performance antibodies for treatment of CDI would be precious. Traditional approaches of antibody generation are based on hybridoma technology. Today, application of in vitro technologies for generating recombinant antibodies, like phage display, is considered as an appropriate alternative to hybridoma technology. These techniques can circumvent the limitations of the immune system and they can be exploited for production of antibodies against different types of biomolecules in particular active toxins. Additionally, DNA encoding antibodies is directly accessible in in vitro technologies, which enables the application of antibody engineering in order to increase their sensitivity and specificity. Here, we review the application of antibodies for CDI treatment with an emphasis on recombinant fragment antibodies. Also, this review highlights the current and future prospects of the aforementioned approaches for antibody-mediated therapy of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Raeisi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Azimirad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nabavi-Rad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Abbas Yadegar, ;
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Intramuscular delivery of formulated RNA encoding six linked nanobodies is highly protective for exposures to three Botulinum neurotoxin serotypes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11664. [PMID: 35803998 PMCID: PMC9266081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single domain antibodies (sdAbs), also called nanobodies, have substantial biophysical advantages over conventional antibodies and are increasingly being employed as components of immunotherapeutic agents. One particularly favorable property is the ability to link different sdAbs into heteromultimers. This feature allows production of single molecules capable of simultaneously targeting more than one antigen. In addition, cooperative binding of multiple linked sdAbs to non-overlapping epitopes on the same target can produce synergistic improvements in target affinity, variant specificity, and in vivo potencies. Here we seek to test the option of increased component sdAbs in these heteromultimers by testing different sdAb heterohexamers in which each of the six camelid sdAb components (VHHs) can neutralize one of three different Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes, A, B or E. Each heterohexamer bound all three targeted BoNT serotypes and protected mice from at least 100 MIPLD50 of each serotype. To test the potential of mRNA therapeutics encoding long sdAb heteromultimers, one heterohexamer was encoded as replicating RNA (repRNA), formulated with a cationic nanocarrier, and delivered to mice via intramuscular injection. Heterohexamer antitoxin serum expression levels were easily detected by 8 h post-treatment, peaked at 5–10 nM around two days, and persisted for more than three days. Mice treated with the formulated repRNA one day post-treatment survived challenge with 100 MIPLD50 of each toxin serotype, demonstrating the function of all six component VHHs. Use of long sdAb multimers, administered as proteins or repRNA, offer the potential for substantially improved versatility in the development of antibody-based therapeutics.
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Surowka M, Schaefer W, Klein C. Ten years in the making: application of CrossMab technology for the development of therapeutic bispecific antibodies and antibody fusion proteins. MAbs 2021; 13:1967714. [PMID: 34491877 PMCID: PMC8425689 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1967714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have recently attracted intense interest. CrossMab technology was described in 2011 as novel approach enabling correct antibody light-chain association with their respective heavy chain in bispecific antibodies, together with methods enabling correct heavy-chain association using existing pairs of antibodies. Since the original description, CrossMab technology has evolved in the past decade into one of the most mature, versatile, and broadly applied technologies in the field, and nearly 20 bispecific antibodies based on CrossMab technology developed by Roche and others have entered clinical trials. The most advanced of these are the Ang-2/VEGF bispecific antibody faricimab, currently undergoing regulatory review, and the CD20/CD3 T cell bispecific antibody glofitamab, currently in pivotal Phase 3 trials. In this review, we introduce the principles of CrossMab technology, including its application for the generation of bi-/multispecific antibodies with different geometries and mechanisms of action, and provide an overview of CrossMab-based therapeutics in clinical trials.
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Pharmaceutical strategies in the emerging era of antibody-based biotherapeutics for the treatment of cancers overexpressing MET receptor tyrosine kinase. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:106-121. [PMID: 33171292 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical innovation in the development of novel antibody-based biotherapeutics with increased therapeutic indexes makes MET-targeted cancer therapy a clinical reality.
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Yao HP, Hudson R, Wang MH. Progress and challenge in development of biotherapeutics targeting MET receptor for treatment of advanced cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188425. [PMID: 32961258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advanced epithelial cancers such as gastric, lung, and pancreatic tumors are featured by invasive proliferation, distant metastasis, acquired chemoresistance, and tumorigenic stemness. For the last decade, molecular-targeted therapies using therapeutic antibodies, small molecule kinase inhibitors and immune-checkpoint blockades have been applied for these diseases with significant clinical benefits. Nevertheless, there is still a large gap to achieve curative outcomes. MET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition protein), a receptor tyrosine kinase, is a tumorigenic determinant that regulates epithelial cancer initiation, progression, and malignancy. Increased MET expression also has prognostic value for cancer progression and patient survival. These features provide the rationale to target MET for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the importance of MET in epithelial tumorigenesis and the development of antibody-based biotherapeutics, including bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates, for clinical application. The findings from both preclinical and clinical studies highlight the potential of MET-targeted biotherapeutics for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Rachel Hudson
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Ming-Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Biology Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.
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9
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Goulet DR, Atkins WM. Considerations for the Design of Antibody-Based Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:74-103. [PMID: 31173761 PMCID: PMC6891151 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based proteins have become an important class of biologic therapeutics, due in large part to the stability, specificity, and adaptability of the antibody framework. Indeed, antibodies not only have the inherent ability to bind both antigens and endogenous immune receptors but also have proven extremely amenable to protein engineering. Thus, several derivatives of the monoclonal antibody format, including bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and antibody fragments, have demonstrated efficacy for treating human disease, particularly in the fields of immunology and oncology. Reviewed here are considerations for the design of antibody-based therapeutics, including immunological context, therapeutic mechanisms, and engineering strategies. First, characteristics of antibodies are introduced, with emphasis on structural domains, functionally important receptors, isotypic and allotypic differences, and modifications such as glycosylation. Then, aspects of therapeutic antibody design are discussed, including identification of antigen-specific variable regions, choice of expression system, use of multispecific formats, and design of antibody derivatives based on fragmentation, oligomerization, or conjugation to other functional moieties. Finally, strategies to enhance antibody function through protein engineering are reviewed while highlighting the impact of fundamental biophysical properties on protein developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195.
| | - William M Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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King HAD, Gonelli CA, Tullett KM, Lahoud MH, Purcell DFJ, Drummer HE, Poumbourios P, Center RJ. Conjugation of an scFab domain to the oligomeric HIV envelope protein for use in immune targeting. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220986. [PMID: 31430333 PMCID: PMC6701830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising strategy for the enhancement of vaccine-mediated immune responses is by directly targeting protein antigens to immune cells. Targeting of antigens to the dendritic cell (DC) molecule Clec9A has been shown to enhance antibody affinity and titers for model antigens, and influenza and enterovirus antigens, and may be advantageous for immunogens that otherwise fail to elicit antibodies with sufficient titers and breadth for broad protection, such as the envelope protein (Env) of HIV. Previously employed targeting strategies often utilize receptor-specific antibodies, however it is impractical to conjugate a bivalent IgG antibody to oligomeric antigens, including HIV Env trimers. Here we designed single chain variable fragment (scFv) and single chain Fab (scFab) constructs of a Clec9A-targeting antibody, expressed as genetically fused conjugates with the soluble ectodomain of Env, gp140. This conjugation did not affect the presentation of Env neutralising antibody epitopes. The scFab moiety was shown to be more stable than scFv, and in the context of gp140 fusions, was able to mediate better binding to recombinant and cell surface-expressed Clec9A, although the level of binding to cell-surface Clec9A was lower than that of the anti-Clec9A IgG. However, binding to Clec9A on the surface of DCs was not detected. Mouse immunization experiments suggested that the Clec9A-binding activity of the scFab-gp140 conjugate was insufficient to enhance Env-specific antibody responses. This is an important first proof of principle study demonstrating the conjugation of a scFab to an oligomeric protein antigen, and that an scFab displays better antigen binding than the corresponding scFv. Future developments of this technique that increase the scFab affinity will provide a valuable means to target oligomeric proteins to cell surface antigens of interest, improving vaccine-generated immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibody Affinity
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- HIV Antibodies/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/therapy
- HIV Infections/virology
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice
- Proof of Concept Study
- Protein Domains/genetics
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Receptors, Mitogen/immunology
- Receptors, Mitogen/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/administration & dosage
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/administration & dosage
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A. D. King
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher A. Gonelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsteen M. Tullett
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mireille H. Lahoud
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damian F. J. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi E. Drummer
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pantelis Poumbourios
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rob J. Center
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Vasilenko EA, Mokhonov VV, Gorshkova EN, Astrakhantseva IV. Bispecific Antibodies: Formats and Areas of Application. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893318020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Wu X, Yuan R, Bacica M, Demarest SJ. Generation of orthogonal Fab-based trispecific antibody formats. Protein Eng Des Sel 2018; 31:249-256. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Wu
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10290 Campus Point Dr., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Richard Yuan
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10290 Campus Point Dr., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Bacica
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10290 Campus Point Dr., San Diego, CA, USA
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A Single Tri-Epitopic Antibody Virtually Recapitulates the Potency of a Combination of Three Monoclonal Antibodies in Neutralization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020084. [PMID: 29462889 PMCID: PMC5848185 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard of treatment for botulism, equine antitoxin, is a foreign protein with associated safety issues and a short serum half-life which excludes its use as a prophylactic antitoxin and makes it a less-than-optimal therapeutic. Due to these limitations, a recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) product is preferable. It has been shown that combining three mAbs that bind non-overlapping epitopes leads to highly potent botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) neutralization. Recently, a triple human antibody combination for BoNT/A has demonstrated potent toxin neutralization in mouse models with no serious adverse events when tested in a Phase I clinical trial. However, a triple antibody therapeutic poses unique development and manufacturing challenges. Thus, potentially to streamline development of BoNT antitoxins, we sought to achieve the potency of multiple mAb combinations in a single IgG-based molecule that has a long serum half-life. The design, production, and testing of a single tri-epitopic IgG1-based mAb (TeAb) containing the binding sites of each of the three parental BoNT/A mAbs yielded an antibody of nearly equal potency to the combination. The approach taken here could be applied to the design and creation of other multivalent antibodies that could be used for a variety of applications, including toxin elimination.
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14
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Brinkmann U, Kontermann RE. The making of bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2017; 9:182-212. [PMID: 28071970 PMCID: PMC5297537 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1268307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades we have seen a phenomenal evolution of bispecific antibodies for therapeutic applications. The 'zoo' of bispecific antibodies is populated by many different species, comprising around 100 different formats, including small molecules composed solely of the antigen-binding sites of two antibodies, molecules with an IgG structure, and large complex molecules composed of different antigen-binding moieties often combined with dimerization modules. The application of sophisticated molecular design and genetic engineering has solved many of the technical problems associated with the formation of bispecific antibodies such as stability, solubility and other parameters that confer drug properties. These parameters may be summarized under the term 'developability'. In addition, different 'target product profiles', i.e., desired features of the bispecific antibody to be generated, mandates the need for access to a diverse panel of formats. These may vary in size, arrangement, valencies, flexibility and geometry of their binding modules, as well as in their distribution and pharmacokinetic properties. There is not 'one best format' for generating bispecific antibodies, and no single format is suitable for all, or even most of, the desired applications. Instead, the bispecific formats collectively serve as a valuable source of diversity that can be applied to the development of therapeutics for various indications. Here, a comprehensive overview of the different bispecific antibody formats is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Im Nonnenwald, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Roland E. Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße, Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Gantke T, Weichel M, Herbrecht C, Reusch U, Ellwanger K, Fucek I, Eser M, Müller T, Griep R, Molkenthin V, Zhukovsky EA, Treder M. Trispecific antibodies for CD16A-directed NK cell engagement and dual-targeting of tumor cells. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:673-684. [PMID: 28981915 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies that redirect the lytic activity of cytotoxic immune effector cells, such as T- and NK cells, onto tumor cells have emerged as a highly attractive and clinically validated treatment modality for hematological malignancies. Advancement of this therapeutic concept into solid tumor indications, however, is hampered by the scarcity of targetable antigens that are surface-expressed on tumor cells but demonstrate only limited expression on healthy tissues. To overcome this limitation, the concept of dual-targeting, i.e. the simultaneous targeting of two tumor-expressed surface antigens with limited co-expression on non-malignant cells, with multispecific antibodies has been proposed to increase tumor selectivity of antibody-induced effector cell cytotoxicity. Here, a novel CD16A (FcγRIIIa)-directed trispecific, tetravalent antibody format, termed aTriFlex, is described, that is capable of redirecting NK cell cytotoxicity to two surface-expressed antigens. Using a BCMA/CD200-based in vitro model system, the potential use of aTriFlex antibodies for dual-targeting and selective induction of NK cell-mediated target cell lysis was investigated. Bivalent bispecific target cell binding was found to result in significant avidity gains and up to 17-fold increased in vitro potency. These data suggest trispecific aTriFlex antibodies may support dual-targeting strategies to redirect NK cell cytotoxicity with increased selectivity to enable targeting of solid tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Gantke
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Weichel
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Herbrecht
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Reusch
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ivica Fucek
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Eser
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Remko Griep
- Abcheck s.r.o., Teslova 3, 30100 Plzen, Czech Republic
| | | | - Eugene A Zhukovsky
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Biomunex Pharmaceuticals, 96bis Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Martin Treder
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Liu H, Saxena A, Sidhu SS, Wu D. Fc Engineering for Developing Therapeutic Bispecific Antibodies and Novel Scaffolds. Front Immunol 2017; 8:38. [PMID: 28184223 PMCID: PMC5266686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have become molecules of choice to treat autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Moreover, bispecific/multispecific antibodies that target more than one antigen or epitope on a target cell or recruit effector cells (T cell, natural killer cell, or macrophage cell) toward target cells have shown great potential to maximize the benefits of antibody therapy. In the past decade, many novel concepts to generate bispecific and multispecific antibodies have evolved successfully into a range of formats from full bispecific immunoglobulin gammas to antibody fragments. Impressively, antibody fragments such as bispecific T-cell engager, bispecific killer cell engager, trispecific killer cell engager, tandem diabody, and dual-affinity-retargeting are showing exciting results in terms of recruiting and activating self-immune effector cells to target and lyse tumor cells. Promisingly, crystallizable fragment (Fc) antigen-binding fragment and monomeric antibody or half antibody may be particularly advantageous to target solid tumors owing to their small size and thus good tissue penetration potential while, on the other hand, keeping Fc-related effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis, and extended serum half-life via interaction with neonatal Fc receptor. This review, therefore, focuses on the progress of Fc engineering in generating bispecific molecules and on the use of small antibody fragment as scaffolds for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai , China
| | - Abhishek Saxena
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai , China
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donghui Wu
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai , China
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17
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Egan TJ, Diem D, Weldon R, Neumann T, Meyer S, Urech DM. Novel multispecific heterodimeric antibody format allowing modular assembly of variable domain fragments. MAbs 2016; 9:68-84. [PMID: 27786600 PMCID: PMC5240654 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1248012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multispecific antibody formats provide a promising platform for the development of novel therapeutic concepts that could facilitate the generation of safer, more effective pharmaceuticals. However, the production and use of such antibody-based multispecifics is often made complicated by: 1) the instability of the antibody fragments of which they consist, 2) undesired inter-subunit associations, and 3) the need to include recombinant heterodimerization domains that confer distribution-impairing bulk or enhance immunogenicity. In this paper, we describe a broadly-applicable method for the stabilization of human or humanized antibody Fv fragments that entails replacing framework region IV of a Vκ1/VH3-consensus Fv framework with the corresponding germ-line sequence of a λ-type VL chain. We then used this stable Fv framework to generate a novel heterodimeric multispecific antibody format that assembles by cognate VL/VH associations between 2 split variable domains in the core of the complex. This format, termed multispecific antibody-based therapeutics by cognate heterodimerization (MATCH), can be applied to produce homogeneous and highly stable antibody-derived molecules that simultaneously bind 4 distinct antigens. The heterodimeric design of the MATCH format allows efficient in-format screening of binding domain combinations that result in maximal cooperative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Egan
- a Numab AG, Wadenswil , Switzerland.,b Cartilage Engineering & Regeneration Lab, Department of Health , Science & Technology, The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) , Zurich , Switzerland
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18
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Ha JH, Kim JE, Kim YS. Immunoglobulin Fc Heterodimer Platform Technology: From Design to Applications in Therapeutic Antibodies and Proteins. Front Immunol 2016; 7:394. [PMID: 27766096 PMCID: PMC5052280 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The monospecific and bivalent characteristics of naturally occurring immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies depend on homodimerization of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) regions of two identical heavy chains (HCs) and the subsequent assembly of two identical light chains (LCs) via disulfide linkages between each HC and LC. Immunoglobulin Fc heterodimers have been engineered through modifications to the CH3 domain interface, with different mutations on each domain such that the engineered Fc fragments, carrying the CH3 variant pair, preferentially form heterodimers rather than homodimers. Many research groups have adopted different strategies to generate Fc heterodimers, with the goal of high heterodimerization yield, while retaining biophysical and biological properties of the wild-type Fc. Based on their ability to enforce heterodimerization between the two different HCs, the established Fc heterodimers have been extensively exploited as a scaffold to generate bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) in full-length IgG and IgG-like formats. These have many of the favorable properties of natural IgG antibodies, such as high stability, long serum half-life, low immunogenicity, and immune effector functions. As of July 2016, more than seven heterodimeric Fc-based IgG-format bsAbs are being evaluated in clinical trials. In addition to bsAbs, heterodimeric Fc technology is very promising for the generation of Fc-fused proteins and peptides, as well as cytokines (immunocytokines), which can present the fusion partners in the natural monomeric or heterodimeric form rather than the artificial homodimeric form with wild-type Fc. Here, we present relevant concepts and strategies for the generation of heterodimeric Fc proteins, and their application in the development of bsAbs in diverse formats for optimal biological activity. In addition, we describe wild-type Fc-fused monomeric and heterodimeric proteins, along with the difficulties associated with their preparations, and discuss the use of heterodimeric Fc as an alternative scaffold of wild-type Fc for naturally monomeric or heterodimeric proteins, to create Fc-fusion proteins with novel therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Ha
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University , Suwon , Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University , Suwon , Korea
| | - Yong-Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea; Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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19
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Sellmann C, Doerner A, Knuehl C, Rasche N, Sood V, Krah S, Rhiel L, Messemer A, Wesolowski J, Schuette M, Becker S, Toleikis L, Kolmar H, Hock B. Balancing Selectivity and Efficacy of Bispecific Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) × c-MET Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25106-25119. [PMID: 27694443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have already demonstrated benefits for the treatment of cancer in several clinical studies, showing improved drug selectivity and efficacy. In particular, simultaneous targeting of prominent cancer antigens, such as EGF receptor (EGFR) and c-MET, by bsAbs has raised increasing interest for potentially circumventing receptor cross-talk and c-MET-mediated acquired resistance during anti-EGFR monotherapy. In this study, we combined the selectivity of EGFR × c-MET bsAbs with the potency of cytotoxic agents via bispecific antibody-toxin conjugation. Affinity-attenuated bispecific EGFR × c-MET antibody-drug conjugates demonstrated high in vitro selectivity toward tumor cells overexpressing both antigens and potent anti-tumor efficacy. Due to basal EGFR expression in the skin, ADCs targeting EGFR in general warrant early safety assessments. Reduction in EGFR affinity led to decreased toxicity in keratinocytes. Thus, the combination of bsAb affinity engineering with the concept of toxin conjugation may be a viable route to improve the safety profile of ADCs targeting ubiquitously expressed antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Sellmann
- From the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies and
| | | | - Christine Knuehl
- Merck Research and Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany, and
| | | | - Vanita Sood
- the EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821
| | - Simon Krah
- From the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies and
| | - Laura Rhiel
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies and
| | - Annika Messemer
- From the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - John Wesolowski
- the EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821
| | | | | | | | - Harald Kolmar
- From the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany,
| | - Bjoern Hock
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies and
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20
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Tyshchuk O, Völger HR, Ferrara C, Bulau P, Koll H, Mølhøj M. Detection of a phosphorylated glycine-serine linker in an IgG-based fusion protein. MAbs 2016; 9:94-103. [PMID: 27661266 PMCID: PMC5240648 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1236165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mass determination by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of a recombinant IgG-based fusion protein (mAb1-F) produced in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells demonstrated the presence of a dominant +79 Da product variant. Using LC-MS tryptic peptide mapping analysis and collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation fragmentations, the modification was localized to the C-terminal serine residue of a glycine-serine linker [(G4S)2] of a fused heavy chain containing in total 2 (G4S)2-linkers. The modification was identified as a phosphorylation (+79.97 Da) by the presence of a 98 Da neutral loss reaction with CID, by spiking a synthetic phosphoserine peptide, and by dephosphorylation with alkaline phosphatase. A thermolysin digest combined with higher-energy collision dissociation (HCD) positioned the phosphoserine to one specific glycine-serine linker of the fused heavy chain, and the relative level of phosphorylated linker was determined to be 11.3% and 0.4% by LC-MS when the fusion protein was transiently expressed in HEK or in stably transformed Chinese hamster ovary cells, respectively. This observation demonstrates that fusions with glycine-serine linker sequences should be carefully evaluated during drug development to prevent the introduction of a phosphorylation site in therapeutic fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Tyshchuk
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Hans Rainer Völger
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Claudia Ferrara
- b Oncology Discovery & Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Schlieren , Switzerland
| | - Patrick Bulau
- c Roche Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Hans Koll
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Michael Mølhøj
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH , Penzberg , Germany
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21
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Castoldi R, Schanzer J, Panke C, Jucknischke U, Neubert NJ, Croasdale R, Scheuer W, Auer J, Klein C, Niederfellner G, Kobold S, Sustmann C. TetraMabs: simultaneous targeting of four oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases for tumor growth inhibition in heterogeneous tumor cell populations. Protein Eng Des Sel 2016; 29:467-475. [PMID: 27578890 PMCID: PMC5036864 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based targeted tumor therapy has greatly improved treatment options for patients. Antibodies against oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), especially the ErbB receptor family, are prominent examples. However, long-term efficacy of such antibodies is limited by resistance mechanisms. Tumor evasion by a priori or acquired activation of other kinases is often causative for this phenomenon. These findings led to an increasing number of combination approaches either within a protein family, e.g. the ErbB family or by targeting RTKs of different phylogenetic origin like HER1 and cMet or HER1 and IGF1R. Progress in antibody engineering technology enabled generation of clinical grade bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) to design drugs inherently addressing such resistance mechanisms. Limited data are available on multi-specific antibodies targeting three or more RTKs. In the present study, we have evaluated the cloning, eukaryotic expression and purification of tetraspecific, tetravalent Fc-containing antibodies targeting HER3, cMet, HER1 and IGF1R. The antibodies are based on the combination of single-chain Fab and Fv fragments in an IgG1 antibody format enhanced by the knob-into-hole technology. They are non-agonistic and inhibit tumor cell growth comparable to the combination of four parental antibodies. Importantly, TetraMabs show improved apoptosis induction and tumor growth inhibition over individual monospecific or BsAbs in cellular assays. In addition, a mimicry assay to reflect heterogeneous expression of antigens in a tumor mass was established. With this novel in vitro assay, we can demonstrate the superiority of a tetraspecific antibody to bispecific tumor antigen-binding antibodies in early pre-clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Castoldi
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schanzer
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Panke
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Ute Jucknischke
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie J Neubert
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Rebecca Croasdale
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Scheuer
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Auer
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Zuerich, Switzerland, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren
| | - Gerhard Niederfellner
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstraße 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Claudio Sustmann
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Clostridium difficile continues to be one of the most prevalent hospital-acquired bacterial infections in the developed world, despite the recent introduction of a novel and effective antibiotic agent (fidaxomicin). Alternative approaches under investigation to combat the anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria include fecal transplantation therapy, vaccines, and antibody-based immunotherapies. In this review, we catalog the recent advances in antibody-based approaches under development and in the clinic for the treatment of C. difficile infection. By and large, inhibitory antibodies that recognize the primary C. difficile virulence factors, toxin A and toxin B, are the most popular passive immunotherapies under investigation. We provide a detailed summary of the toxin epitopes recognized by various antitoxin antibodies and discuss general trends on toxin inhibition efficacy. In addition, antibodies to other C. difficile targets, such as surface-layer proteins, binary toxin, motility factors, and adherence and colonization factors, are introduced in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hussack
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa
| | - Jamshid Tanha
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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23
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Klein C, Schaefer W, Regula JT. The use of CrossMAb technology for the generation of bi- and multispecific antibodies. MAbs 2016; 8:1010-20. [PMID: 27285945 PMCID: PMC4968094 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1197457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The major challenge in the generation of bispecific IgG antibodies is enforcement of the correct heavy and light chain association. The correct association of generic light chains can be enabled using immunoglobulin domain crossover, known as CrossMAb technology, which can be combined with approaches enabling correct heavy chain association such as knobs-into-holes (KiH) technology or electrostatic steering. Since its development, this technology has proven to be very versatile, allowing the generation of various bispecific antibody formats, not only heterodimeric/asymmetric bivalent 1+1 CrossMAbs, but also tri- (2+1), tetravalent (2+2) bispecific and multispecific antibodies. Numerous CrossMAbs have been evaluated in preclinical studies, and, so far, 4 different tailor-made bispecific antibodies based on the CrossMAb technology have entered clinical studies. Here, we review the properties and activities of bispecific CrossMAbs and give an overview of the variety of CrossMAb-enabled antibody formats that differ from heterodimeric 1+1 bispecific IgG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- a Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Wagistrasse , Schlieren , Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Schaefer
- b Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Nonnenwald , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Jörg T Regula
- b Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Nonnenwald , Penzberg , Germany
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24
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Rhoden JJ, Dyas GL, Wroblewski VJ. A Modeling and Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Antigen Density, Binding Affinity, and Antigen Expression Ratio on Bispecific Antibody Binding to Cell Surface Targets. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11337-47. [PMID: 27022022 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing number of multivalent antibodies, bispecific antibodies, fusion proteins, and targeted nanoparticles that have been generated and studied, the mechanism of multivalent binding to cell surface targets is not well understood. Here, we describe a conceptual and mathematical model of multivalent antibody binding to cell surface antigens. Our model predicts that properties beyond 1:1 antibody:antigen affinity to target antigens have a strong influence on multivalent binding. Predicted crucial properties include the structure and flexibility of the antibody construct, the target antigen(s) and binding epitope(s), and the density of antigens on the cell surface. For bispecific antibodies, the ratio of the expression levels of the two target antigens is predicted to be critical to target binding, particularly for the lower expressed of the antigens. Using bispecific antibodies of different valencies to cell surface antigens including MET and EGF receptor, we have experimentally validated our modeling approach and its predictions and observed several nonintuitive effects of avidity related to antigen density, target ratio, and antibody affinity. In some biological circumstances, the effect we have predicted and measured varied from the monovalent binding interaction by several orders of magnitude. Moreover, our mathematical framework affords us a mechanistic interpretation of our observations and suggests strategies to achieve the desired antibody-antigen binding goals. These mechanistic insights have implications in antibody engineering and structure/activity relationship determination in a variety of biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Rhoden
- From the Department of Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Gregory L Dyas
- From the Department of Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Victor J Wroblewski
- From the Department of Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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25
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Schanzer JM, Wartha K, Moessner E, Hosse RJ, Moser S, Croasdale R, Trochanowska H, Shao C, Wang P, Shi L, Weinzierl T, Rieder N, Bacac M, Ries CH, Kettenberger H, Schlothauer T, Friess T, Umana P, Klein C. XGFR*, a novel affinity-matured bispecific antibody targeting IGF-1R and EGFR with combined signaling inhibition and enhanced immune activation for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. MAbs 2016; 8:811-27. [PMID: 26984378 PMCID: PMC4966845 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1160989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) play critical roles in tumor growth, providing a strong rationale for the combined inhibition of IGF-1R and EGFR signaling in cancer therapy. We describe the design, affinity maturation, in vitro and in vivo characterization of the bispecific anti-IGF-1R/EGFR antibody XGFR*. XGFR* is based on the bispecific IgG antibody XGFR, which enabled heterodimerization of an IGF-1R binding scFab heavy chain with an EGFR-binding light and heavy chain by the "knobs-into-holes" technology. XGFR* is optimized for monovalent binding of human EGFR and IGF-1R with increased binding affinity for IGF-1R due to affinity maturation and highly improved protein stability to oxidative and thermal stress. It bears an afucosylated Fc-portion for optimal induction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Stable Chinese hamster ovary cell clones with production yields of 2-3 g/L were generated, allowing for large scale production of the bispecific antibody. XGFR* potently inhibits EGFR- and IGF-1R-dependent receptor phosphorylation, reduces tumor cell proliferation in cells with heterogeneous levels of IGF-1R and EGFR receptor expression and induces strong ADCC in vitro. A comparison of pancreatic and colorectal cancer lines demonstrated superior responsiveness to XGFR*-mediated signaling and tumor growth inhibition in pancreatic cancers that frequently show a high degree of IGF-1R/EGFR co-expression. XGFR* showed potent anti-tumoral efficacy in the orthotopic MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic xenograft model, resulting in nearly complete tumor growth inhibition with significant number of tumor remissions. In summary, the bispecific anti-IGF-1R/EGFR antibody XGFR* combines potent signaling and tumor growth inhibition with enhanced ADCC induction and represents a clinical development candidate for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen M Schanzer
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Nonnenwald, Penzberg , Germany
| | - Katharina Wartha
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Nonnenwald, Penzberg , Germany
| | - Ekkehard Moessner
- b Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Wagistrasse, Schlieren , Switzerland
| | - Ralf J Hosse
- b Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Wagistrasse, Schlieren , Switzerland
| | - Samuel Moser
- b Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Wagistrasse, Schlieren , Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Croasdale
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Nonnenwald, Penzberg , Germany
| | - Halina Trochanowska
- b Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Wagistrasse, Schlieren , Switzerland
| | - Cuiying Shao
- c Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Cai Lun Road, Shanghai , China
| | - Peng Wang
- c Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Cai Lun Road, Shanghai , China
| | - Lei Shi
- c Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Cai Lun Road, Shanghai , China
| | - Tina Weinzierl
- b Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Wagistrasse, Schlieren , Switzerland
| | - Natascha Rieder
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Nonnenwald, Penzberg , Germany
| | - Marina Bacac
- b Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Wagistrasse, Schlieren , Switzerland
| | - Carola H Ries
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Nonnenwald, Penzberg , Germany
| | - Hubert Kettenberger
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Nonnenwald, Penzberg , Germany
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Nonnenwald, Penzberg , Germany
| | - Thomas Friess
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Nonnenwald, Penzberg , Germany
| | - Pablo Umana
- b Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Wagistrasse, Schlieren , Switzerland
| | - Christian Klein
- b Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Wagistrasse, Schlieren , Switzerland
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Lehmann A, Wixted JHF, Shapovalov MV, Roder H, Dunbrack RL, Robinson MK. Stability engineering of anti-EGFR scFv antibodies by rational design of a lambda-to-kappa swap of the VL framework using a structure-guided approach. MAbs 2015; 7:1058-71. [PMID: 26337947 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1088618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage-display technology facilitates rapid selection of antigen-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies from large recombinant libraries. ScFv antibodies, composed of a VH and VL domain, are readily engineered into multimeric formats for the development of diagnostics and targeted therapies. However, the recombinant nature of the selection strategy can result in VH and VL domains with sub-optimal biophysical properties, such as reduced thermodynamic stability and enhanced aggregation propensity, which lead to poor production and limited application. We found that the C10 anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) scFv, and its affinity mutant, P2224, exhibit weak production from E. coli. Interestingly, these scFv contain a fusion of lambda3 and lambda1 V-region (LV3 and LV1) genes, most likely the result of a PCR aberration during library construction. To enhance the biophysical properties of these scFvs, we utilized a structure-based approach to replace and redesign the pre-existing framework of the VL domain to one that best pairs with the existing VH. We describe a method to exchange lambda sequences with a more stable kappa3 framework (KV3) within the VL domain that incorporates the original lambda DE-loop. The resulting scFvs, C10KV3_LV1DE and P2224KV3_LV1DE, are more thermodynamically stable and easier to produce from bacterial culture. Additionally, C10KV3_LV1DE and P2224KV3_LV1DE retain binding affinity to EGFR, suggesting that such a dramatic framework swap does not significantly affect scFv binding. We provide here a novel strategy for redesigning the light chain of problematic scFvs to enhance their stability and therapeutic applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lehmann
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA.,b Current address: Biogen , Cambridge MA
| | | | - Maxim V Shapovalov
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA
| | - Heinrich Roder
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA
| | - Roland L Dunbrack
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA
| | - Matthew K Robinson
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA
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Varela MA. Identification of sequences common to more than one therapeutic target to treat complex diseases: simulating the high variance in sequence interactivity evolved to modulate robust phenotypes. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:530. [PMID: 26187740 PMCID: PMC4506634 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies show that most human traits and diseases are caused by a combination of environmental and genetic causes, with each one of these having a relatively small effect. In contrast, most therapies based on macromolecules like antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides or peptides focus on a single gene product. On the other hand, complex organisms seem to have a plethora of functional molecules able to bind specifically to multiple genes or genes products based on their sequences but the mechanisms that lead organisms to recruit these multispecific regulators remain unclear. RESULTS The mutational biases inferred from the genomic sequences of six organisms show an increase in the variance of sequence interactivity in complex organisms. The high variance in the interactivity of sequences presents an ideal evolutionary substrate to recruit sequence-specific regulators able to target multiple gene products. For example, here it is shown how the 3'UTR can fluctuate between sequences likely to be complementary to other sites in the genome in the search for advantageous interactions. A library of nucleotide- and peptide-based tools was built using a script to search for candidates (e.g. peptides, antigens to raise antibodies or antisense oligonucleotides) to target sequences shared by key pathways in human disorders, such as cancer and immune diseases. This resource will be accessible to the community at www.wikisequences.org . CONCLUSIONS This study describes and encourages the adoption of the same multitarget strategy (e.g., miRNAs, Hsp90) that has evolved in organisms to modify complex traits to treat diseases with robust pathological phenotypes. The increase in the variance of sequence interactivity detected in the human and mouse genomes when compared with less complex organisms could have expedited the evolution of regulators able to interact to multiple gene products and modulate robust phenotypes. The identification of sequences common to more than one therapeutic target carried out in this study could facilitate the design of new multispecific methods able to modify simultaneously key pathways to treat complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Varela
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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Majety M, Pradel LP, Gies M, Ries CH. Fibroblasts Influence Survival and Therapeutic Response in a 3D Co-Culture Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127948. [PMID: 26053043 PMCID: PMC4460080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, evidence has indicated that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a significant role in tumor progression. Fibroblasts represent an abundant cell population in the TME and produce several growth factors and cytokines. Fibroblasts generate a suitable niche for tumor cell survival and metastasis under the influence of interactions between fibroblasts and tumor cells. Investigating these interactions requires suitable experimental systems to understand the cross-talk involved. Most in vitro experimental systems use 2D cell culture and trans-well assays to study these interactions even though these paradigms poorly represent the tumor, in which direct cell-cell contacts in 3D spaces naturally occur. Investigating these interactions in vivo is of limited value due to problems regarding the challenges caused by the species-specificity of many molecules. Thus, it is essential to use in vitro models in which human fibroblasts are co-cultured with tumor cells to understand their interactions. Here, we developed a 3D co-culture model that enables direct cell-cell contacts between pancreatic, breast and or lung tumor cells and human fibroblasts/ or tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs). We found that co-culturing with fibroblasts/TAFs increases the proliferation in of several types of cancer cells. We also observed that co-culture induces differential expression of soluble factors in a cancer type-specific manner. Treatment with blocking antibodies against selected factors or their receptors resulted in the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in the co-cultures. Using our co-culture model, we further revealed that TAFs can influence the response to therapeutic agents in vitro. We suggest that this model can be reliably used as a tool to investigate the interactions between a tumor and the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meher Majety
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Leon P. Pradel
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Gies
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Carola H. Ries
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
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Bispecific antibodies. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:838-47. [PMID: 25728220 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) combine specificities of two antibodies and simultaneously address different antigens or epitopes. BsAbs with 'two-target' functionality can interfere with multiple surface receptors or ligands associated, for example with cancer, proliferation or inflammatory processes. BsAbs can also place targets into close proximity, either to support protein complex formation on one cell, or to trigger contacts between cells. Examples of 'forced-connection' functionalities are bsAbs that support protein complexation in the clotting cascade, or tumor-targeted immune cell recruiters and/or activators. Following years of research and development (R&D), the first bsAb was approved in 2009. Another bsAb entered the market in December 2014 and several more are in clinical trials. Here, we describe the potentials of bsAbs to become the next wave of antibody-based therapies, focusing on molecules in clinical development.
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Spahr C, Shi SDH, Lu HS. O-glycosylation of glycine-serine linkers in recombinant Fc-fusion proteins: attachment of glycosaminoglycans and other intermediates with phosphorylation at the xylose sugar subunit. MAbs 2015; 6:904-14. [PMID: 24927272 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A xylose-based glycosaminoglycan (GAG) core was recently identified at a Ser residue in the linker sequence of a recombinant Fc fusion protein. The linker sequence, G-S-G-G-G-G, and an upstream acidic residue were serving as a substrate for O-xylosyltransferase, resulting in a major glycan composed of Xyl-Gal-Gal-GlcA and other minor intermediates. In this paper, a portion of an unrelated protein was fused to the C-terminus of an IgG Fc domain using the common (G4S) 4 linker repeat. This linker resulted in a heterogenous population of xylose-based glycans all containing at least a core Xyl. Commonly observed glycan structures include GAG-related di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-saccharides (e.g., Xyl-Gal, Xyl-Gal-Gal, Xyl-Gal-Gal-GlcA, and Xyl-Gal-Gal-GlcA-HexNAc), as well as Xyl-Gal-Neu5Ac. Following alkaline phosphatase or sialidase treatment combined with CID fragmentation, low-level glycans with a mass addition of 79.9 Da were confirmed to be a result of phosphorylated xylose. A minute quantity of phosphorylated GAG pentasaccharides may also be sulfated (also 79.9 Da), possibly at the HexNAc moiety due to non-reactivity to alkaline phosphatase. The xylose moiety may be randomly incorporated in one of the three G-S-G sequence motifs; and the linker peptide shows evidence for multiple additions of xylose at very low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Spahr
- Biologics Optimization; Therapeutic Discovery; Amgen Inc.; Thousand Oaks, CA USA
| | - Stone D-H Shi
- Biologics Optimization; Therapeutic Discovery; Amgen Inc.; Thousand Oaks, CA USA
| | - Hsieng S Lu
- Biologics Optimization; Therapeutic Discovery; Amgen Inc.; Thousand Oaks, CA USA
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Kobold S, Steffen J, Chaloupka M, Grassmann S, Henkel J, Castoldi R, Zeng Y, Chmielewski M, Schmollinger JC, Schnurr M, Rothenfußer S, Schendel DJ, Abken H, Sustmann C, Niederfellner G, Klein C, Bourquin C, Endres S. Selective bispecific T cell recruiting antibody and antitumor activity of adoptive T cell transfer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 107:364. [PMID: 25424197 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One bottleneck for adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) is recruitment of T cells into tumors. We hypothesized that combining tumor-specific T cells, modified with a marker antigen and a bispecific antibody (BiAb) that selectively recognizes transduced T cells and tumor cells would improve T cell recruitment to tumors and enhance therapeutic efficacy. METHODS SV40 T antigen-specific T cells from T cell receptor (TCR)-I-transgenic mice were transduced with a truncated human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a marker protein. Targeting and killing by combined ACT and anti-EGFR-anti-EpCAM BiAb therapy was analyzed in C57Bl/6 mice (n = six to 12 per group) carrying subcutaneous tumors of the murine gastric cancer cell line GC8 (SV40(+) and EpCAM(+)). Anti-EGFR x anti-c-Met BiAb was used for targeting of human tumor-specific T cells to c-Met(+) human tumor cell lines. Differences between experimental conditions were analyzed using the Student's t test, and differences in tumor growth with two-way analysis of variance. Overall survival was analyzed by log-rank test. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The BiAb linked EGFR-transduced T cells to tumor cells and enhanced tumor cell lysis. In vivo, the combination of ACT and Biab produced increased T cell infiltration of tumors, retarded tumor growth, and prolonged survival compared with ACT with a control antibody (median survival 95 vs 75 days, P < .001). In human cells, this strategy enhanced recruitment of human EGFR-transduced T cells to immobilized c-Met and recognition of tyrosinase(+) melanoma cells by TCR-, as well as of CEA(+) colon cancer cells by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells. CONCLUSIONS BiAb recruitment of tumor-specific T cells transduced with a marker antigen to tumor cells may enhance efficacy of ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB).
| | - Julius Steffen
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Michael Chaloupka
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Simon Grassmann
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Jonas Henkel
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Raffaella Castoldi
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Yi Zeng
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Markus Chmielewski
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Jan C Schmollinger
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Max Schnurr
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Simon Rothenfußer
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Dolores J Schendel
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Claudio Sustmann
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Gerhard Niederfellner
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Christian Klein
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Carole Bourquin
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (SK, JS, MiC, SG, JH, YZ, JCS, MS, SR, CB, SE); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany (RC, CS, GN); Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (MaC, HA); Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (DJS); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland (CL); Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (CB)
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Abstract
Bi- and multispecific antibody derivatives (bsAbs) can be considered as the next generation of targeted biologics for cancer therapy. The general concept of bsAbs is a physical connection of recombinant antibody-derived entities with at least two binding specificities. This generates bsAbs that bind at least two antigens or epitopes, thus altering their binding functionalities and specificities in comparison to "normal" antibodies. Most bsAbs are produced as recombinant proteins, either as large IgG-like proteins that contain Fc regions, or as smaller entities with multiple antigen-binding regions but without Fc. Application of bsAbs in experimental cancer therapy currently includes molecules that bind different cell surface proteins to achieve more complete blockage of proliferative or angiogenesis-associated pathways. This approach of blocking more than one pathway component, or to simultaneously hit complementing pathways, also may limit potential escape mechanisms of cancer cells. BsAbs also are applied in the clinic as vehicles to deliver immune effector cells and/or cytokines to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Pharmaceuticals Research and Early Development (pRED), Discovery Oncology (UHW) and Large Molecule Research (UB), Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharmaceuticals Research and Early Development (pRED), Discovery Oncology (UHW) and Large Molecule Research (UB), Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Germany.
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Jhaveri DT, Zheng L, Jaffee EM. Specificity delivers: therapeutic role of tumor antigen-specific antibodies in pancreatic cancer. Semin Oncol 2014; 41:559-75. [PMID: 25440603 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is among the most deadly cancers with less than 5% of the patients living beyond 5 years post-diagnosis. Lack of early diagnostic biomarkers and resistance to current therapies help explain these disappointing numbers. Thus, more effective and better-targeted therapies are needed quickly. Monoclonal antibodies offer an attractive alternative targeted therapy option for PDA because they are highly specific and potent. However, currently available monoclonal antibody therapies for PDA are still in their infancy with a low success rate and low likelihood of being approved. The challenges faced by these therapies include the following: lack of predictive and response biomarkers, unfavorable safety profiles, expression of targets not restricted to the cancer cells, flawed preclinical model systems, drug resistance, and PDA's complex nature. Additionally, discovery of novel PDA-specific antigen targets, present on the cell surface or in the extracellular matrix, is needed. Predictive and response markers also need to be determined for PDA patient subgroups so that the most appropriate effective therapy can be delivered. Serologic approaches, recombinant antibody-producing technologies, and advances in antibody engineering techniques will help to identify these predictive biomarkers and aid in the development of new therapeutic antibodies. A combinatorial approach simultaneously targeting antigens on the PDA cell, stroma, and immunosuppressive cells should be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshil T Jhaveri
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Skip Viragh Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Skip Viragh Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Skip Viragh Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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A tale of two specificities: bispecific antibodies for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:621-32. [PMID: 24094861 PMCID: PMC7114091 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technologies are leading the rapid expansion of bispecific antibody formats. The therapeutic potential of bispecific antibodies is being realized through creative design. Bispecific antibodies are potentially underutilized reagents for diagnostics.
Artificial manipulation of antibody genes has facilitated the production of several unique recombinant antibody formats, which have highly important therapeutic and biotechnological applications. Although bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are not new, they are coming to the forefront as our knowledge of the potential efficacy of antibody-based therapeutics expands. The next generation of bsAbs is developing due to significant improvements in recombinant antibody technologies. This review focuses on recent advances with a particular focus on improvements in format and design that are contributing to the resurgence of bsAbs, and in particular, on innovative structures applicable to next generation point-of-care (POC) devices with applicability to low resource environments.
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