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Sparling BA, Ng TT, Carlo-Allende A, McCarthy FM, Taylor RL, Drechsler Y. Immunoglobulin-like receptors in chickens: identification, functional characterization, and renaming to cluster homolog of immunoglobulin-like receptors. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103292. [PMID: 38100950 PMCID: PMC10764270 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The cluster homolog of immunoglobulin-like receptors (CHIRs), previously known as the "chicken homolog of immunogloublin-like receptors," represents is a large group of transmembrane glycoproteins that direct the immune response. However, the full repertoire of putatively activating, inhibitory, or dual function CHIRA, CHIRB, and CHIRAB on chickens' immune responses is poorly understood. Herein, the study objective was to determine the genes encoding CHIR proteins and predict their function by searching canonical protein structure. A bioinformatics pipeline based on previous work was employed to search for the CHIRs from the newly updated broiler and layer genomes. The categorization into CHIRA, CHIRB, and CHIRAB types was assigned through motif searches, multiple sequence alignment, and phylogeny. In total, 150 protein-encoding genes on Chromosome 31 were identified as CHIRs. Gene members of each functional group (CHIRA, CHIRB, CHIRAB) were classified in accordance with previously recognized proteins. The genes were renamed to "cluster homolog of immunoglobulin-like receptors" (CHIRs) to allow for the naming of orthologous genes in other avian species. Additionally, expression analysis of the classified CHIRs across various reinforces their importance as immune regulators and activation in inflammatory tissues. Furthermore, over 1,000 diverse and rare CHIRs variants associated with differential Marek's disease response (P < 0.05) emphasize the impact of CHIRs on shaping avian immune responses in diverse contexts. The practical applications of these findings encompass advancing immunology, improving poultry health management, optimizing breeding programs for disease resistance, and enhancing overall animal health through a deeper understanding of the roles and functions of CHIRA, CHIRB, and CHIRAB types in avian immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi A Sparling
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Theros T Ng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Anaid Carlo-Allende
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Fiona M McCarthy
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Robert L Taylor
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Yvonne Drechsler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Wilkinson NG, Kopulos RT, Yates LM, Briles WE, Taylor RL. Research Note: Rous sarcoma growth differs among congenic lines containing major histocompatibility (B) complex recombinants. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101335. [PMID: 34329985 PMCID: PMC8335648 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
New arrangements of chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I BF and class IV BG genes are created through recombination. Characterizing the immune responses of such recombinants reveals genes or gene regions that contribute to immunity. Inbred Line UCD 003 (B17B17) served as the genetic background for congenic lines, each containing a unique MHC recombinant. After an initial cross to introduce a specific recombinant, 10 backcrosses to the inbred line produced lines with 99.9% genetic uniformity. The current study compared Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) tumor growth in 5 congenic lines homozygous for MHC recombinants (003.R1 = BF24-BG23, 003.R2 = BF2-BG23, 003.R4 = BF2-BG23, 003.R5 = BF21-BG19, and 003.R13 = BF17-BG23). Two experiments used a total of 70 birds from the 5 congenic lines inoculated with 20 pock forming units of RSV subgroup C at 6 wk of age. Tumor size was scored 6 times over 10 wk postinoculation followed by assignment of a tumor profile index (TPI) based on the tumor size scores. Tumor growth over time and rank transformed TPI values were analyzed by least squares ANOVA. Tumor size increased over the experimental period in all genotypes through 4 wk postinoculation. After this time, tumor size increased in Lines 003.R1, plateaued in Lines 003.R2, 003.R4, and 003.R13, and declined in 003.R5. Tumor growth over time was significantly lower in Line 003.R5 compared with all other genotypes. In addition, Line 003.R5 chickens had significantly lower TPI values compared with Lines 003.R2, 003.R4, and 003.R13. The TPI of Line 003.R1 did not differ significantly from any of the other genotypes. The BF21 in Line 003.R5 produced a greater response against subgroup C RSV tumors than did BF24, found in 003.R1; BF2 found in 003.R2 and R4 as well as BF17 found in 003.R13.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Wilkinson
- Department of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH
| | - R T Kopulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
| | - L M Yates
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
| | - W E Briles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
| | - R L Taylor
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.
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Robb EA, Gitter CL, Cheng HH, Delany ME. Chromosomal mapping and candidate gene discovery of chicken developmental mutants and genome-wide variation analysis of MHC congenics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 102:141-56. [PMID: 21273214 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esq122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The chicken has been widely used in experimental research given its importance to agriculture and its utility as a model for vertebrate biology and biomedical pursuits for over 100 years. Herein we used advanced technologies to investigate the genomic characteristics of specialized chicken congenic genetic resources developed on a highly inbred background. An Illumina 3K chicken single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array was utilized to study variation within and among major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-congenic lines as well as investigate line-specific genomic diversity, inbreeding coefficients, and MHC B haplotype-specific GGA 16 SNP profiles. We also investigated developmental mutant-congenic lines to map a number of single-gene mutations using both the Illumina 3K array and a recently developed Illumina 60K chicken SNP array. In addition to identifying the chromosomes and specific subregions, the mapping results affirmed prior analyses indicating recessive or dominant and autosomal or sex chromosome modes of inheritance. Priority candidate genes are described for each mutation based on association with similar phenotypes in other vertebrates. These single-gene mutations provide a means of studying amniote development and in particular serve as invaluable biomedical models for similar malformations found in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Robb
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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BROUWER LYANNE, BARR IAIN, Van De POL MARTIJN, BURKE TERRY, KOMDEUR JAN, RICHARDSON DAVIDS. MHC-dependent survival in a wild population: evidence for hidden genetic benefits gained through extra-pair fertilizations. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:3444-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schulten E, Briles W, Taylor R. Rous sarcoma growth in lines congenic for major histocompatibility (B) complex recombinants. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1601-7. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Zelano B, Edwards SV. An MHC component to kin recognition and mate choice in birds: predictions, progress, and prospects. Am Nat 2008; 160 Suppl 6:S225-37. [PMID: 18707479 DOI: 10.1086/342897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) has been identified as a locus influencing disease resistance, mate choice, and kin recognition in mammals and fish. However, it is unclear whether the mechanisms by which Mhc genes influence behavior in mammals are applicable to other nonmammalian vertebrates such as birds. We review the biology of Mhc genes with particular reference to their relevance to avian mating and social systems. New genomics approaches recently have been applied to the Mhcs of chickens, quail, and several icons of avian behavioral ecology, including red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). The predominance of concerted evolution at avian Mhc loci makes such methods attractive for providing access to this complicated multigene family. Although some biological processes influenced by Mhc in mammals are physiologically implausible for birds, Mhc could influence cues that form well-known bases for mate choice in birds by influencing the health and vigor of individuals. The tight associations of Mhc variation and disease resistance in chickens raise hope that finding associations of Mhc genes, disease, and mate choice in natural populations of birds will be as fruitful as in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanne Zelano
- Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Stear MJ, Innocent GT, Buitkamp J. The evolution and maintenance of polymorphism in the major histocompatibility complex. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:53-7. [PMID: 16099055 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lambs with the G2 allele at the ovine major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class II locus DRB1 has previously been shown to have lower faecal nematode egg counts than lambs with the I allele at this locus. This association has been confirmed in separate cohorts from the same farm. Other alleles within the mhc have also shown associations with nematode resistance in other breeds of sheep. Therefore, variation in the mhc is responsible for part of the observed genetic variation in resistance to nematode infection. In addition to the specific effect of particular alleles, heterozygotes are also more resistant than homozygotes. This heterozygote advantage is capable of maintaining the high levels of polymorphism observed within the mhc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Stear
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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Sommer S. The importance of immune gene variability (MHC) in evolutionary ecology and conservation. Front Zool 2005; 2:16. [PMID: 16242022 PMCID: PMC1282567 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-2-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have typically inferred the effects of human impact by documenting patterns of genetic differentiation and levels of genetic diversity among potentially isolated populations using selective neutral markers such as mitochondrial control region sequences, microsatellites or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). However, evolutionary relevant and adaptive processes within and between populations can only be reflected by coding genes. In vertebrates, growing evidence suggests that genetic diversity is particularly important at the level of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC variants influence many important biological traits, including immune recognition, susceptibility to infectious and autoimmune diseases, individual odours, mating preferences, kin recognition, cooperation and pregnancy outcome. These diverse functions and characteristics place genes of the MHC among the best candidates for studies of mechanisms and significance of molecular adaptation in vertebrates. MHC variability is believed to be maintained by pathogen-driven selection, mediated either through heterozygote advantage or frequency-dependent selection. Up to now, most of our knowledge has derived from studies in humans or from model organisms under experimental, laboratory conditions. Empirical support for selective mechanisms in free-ranging animal populations in their natural environment is rare. In this review, I first introduce general information about the structure and function of MHC genes, as well as current hypotheses and concepts concerning the role of selection in the maintenance of MHC polymorphism. The evolutionary forces acting on the genetic diversity in coding and non-coding markers are compared. Then, I summarise empirical support for the functional importance of MHC variability in parasite resistance with emphasis on the evidence derived from free-ranging animal populations investigated in their natural habitat. Finally, I discuss the importance of adaptive genetic variability with respect to human impact and conservation, and implications for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sommer
- Animal Ecology & Conservation, Biocentre Grindel, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Wegner KM, Kalbe M, Schaschl H, Reusch TBH. Parasites and individual major histocompatibility complex diversity—an optimal choice? Microbes Infect 2004; 6:1110-6. [PMID: 15380781 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overdominant selection or heterozygote advantage can partly explain the extraordinary polymorphism found at classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci. However, several studies employing only single infectious agents often failed to detect it. Here, we review recent studies suggesting that due to the dominant nature of MHC-mediated resistance, a heterozygote advantage is most likely to be detected in multiple pathogen challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mathias Wegner
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute of Limnology, August-Thienemann-Street 2, 24306 Plön, Germany.
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Abstract
Collaborative research efforts across disciplines typically result in more insight toward the hypothesis being tested due to the omnibus nature of the projects. For example, nutritional experiments evaluating a nutrient response will benefit greatly by incorporating biochemical, physiological, and immunological endpoints for measurement. Clearly, commercial poultry producers do not have the luxury of focusing on specific disciplines when field problems occur. Hence, in practice interplay exists among nutrition, genetics, management, and diseases. Dietary composition impacts immune function of the chicken. As research in the area of nutritional immunology has increased, it is becoming apparent that nutrient needs for immunity do not coincide with those for growth or skeletal tissue accretion. This review is not a comprehensive assessment of nutrient needs for immunity in the chicken. Rather, this review is concerned with nutritional modulation of immunity in broilers that offers insight for nutritionists and researchers to implement nutritional regimens to reduce the severity of disease and to test or validate nutritional regimens that heighten immunity. Nutritional modulation of the hen diet and in ovo nutrient modulation to improve chick immunity and disease resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Kidd
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Box 9665, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-9665, USA.
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