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Oni AI, Abiona JA, Fafiolu AO, Oke OE. Early-age thermal manipulation and supplemental antioxidants on physiological, biochemical and productive performance of broiler chickens in hot-tropical environments. Stress 2024; 27:2319803. [PMID: 38628154 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2024.2319803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress has been ranked as a critical environmental issue confronting chicken farmers worldwide because of its detrimental effect on the growth, performance and health of the birds. This study evaluated the effects of early-age thermal manipulation (EATC) and supplemental antioxidants on the physiological responses of broilers in a hot tropical environment. A total of 300 day-old Ross broiler chicks were allocated to five thermal and dietary treatments, having 5 replicates of twelve birds each. The treatments were: chicks reared using the conventional method (CC), chicks exposed to early thermal manipulation with a temperature of 38 °C at day 5 with no antioxidant supplementation (TC), TC plus vitamin E at 250 mg/kg of feed (TV), TC plus selenium at 0.5 mg/kg of feed (TS) and the combination of TS and TV(TVS). The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design and data collected were analyzed using SAS (2008). The results showed that TVS broilers had significantly higher (P < 0.05) body weights at the finisher phase than the other treatment groups. The feed conversion ratio of TVS broilers was comparable to the TV group but lower (P < 0.05) than the other treatments. Reduced levels (P < 0.05) of heterophil, lymphocytes and hetrophil and lymphocyte ratio were recorded in the TVS compared to TV, TS and TC broilers. On day 42, the rectal temperature was significantly higher in CC than those in other treatment groups, which were comparable. TVS birds had higher (P < 0.05) weights of spleen, liver and lower abdominal fat than other treatments. The lowest concentration of plasma malondialdehyde and the highest activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were recorded in TV and TVS birds. The study concluded that the growth performance and oxidative status in broilers were improved by the combination of EATC with supplemental Se and vitamin E (TVS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Adesanya Abiona
- Animal Physiology Department, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | - Oyegunle Emmanuel Oke
- Animal Physiology Department, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
- Centre of Excellence in Avian Sciences, University of Lome, Lome, Togo
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Moon J, DuBien J, Ramachandran R, Liang Y, Dridi S, Tabler T. Effects of a Sprinkler and Cool Cell Combined System on Cooling Water Usage, Litter Moisture, and Indoor Environment of Broiler Houses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2939. [PMID: 37760340 PMCID: PMC10525607 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is a serious challenge to food production around the world. Sustainability and water efficiency are critical to a poultry industry faced with global production concerns including increased demands for high-quality, affordable animal protein and greater environmental pressures resulting from rising global temperatures, flock heat stress, and limits on water availability. To address these concerns, a commercial sprinkler system used in combination with a cool cell system was evaluated against a cool cell system alone for two summer flocks of heavy broilers at Mississippi State University to determine effects of sprinkler technology on cooling water usage, litter moisture, and in-house environments. Environmental data were calculated and recorded throughout the flocks. The combination house exhibited a 2.2 °C (4 °F) increase in daily maximum temperature, lower coincident relative humidity, and a 64% (62,039 L/flock) reduction in average cooling water usage over the cool cell-only house. Litter moisture for the combination house tended to be numerically lower but showed no significant difference at several time points between and across flocks. A combined sprinkler/cool cell system reduced cooling water use by 64% over two flocks compared to a cool cell alone system and decreased in-house relative humidity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Moon
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jan DuBien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Reshma Ramachandran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Yi Liang
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Tom Tabler
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Brugaletta G, Teyssier JR, Rochell SJ, Dridi S, Sirri F. A review of heat stress in chickens. Part I: Insights into physiology and gut health. Front Physiol 2022; 13:934381. [PMID: 35991182 PMCID: PMC9386003 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.934381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) compromises the yield and quality of poultry products and endangers the sustainability of the poultry industry. Despite being homeothermic, chickens, especially fast-growing broiler lines, are particularly sensitive to HS due to the phylogenetic absence of sweat glands, along with the artificial selection-caused increase in metabolic rates and limited development of cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Clinical signs and consequences of HS are multifaceted and include alterations in behavior (e.g., lethargy, decreased feed intake, and panting), metabolism (e.g., catabolic state, fat accumulation, and reduced skeletal muscle accretion), general homeostasis (e.g., alkalosis, hormonal imbalance, immunodeficiency, inflammation, and oxidative stress), and gastrointestinal tract function (e.g., digestive and absorptive disorders, enteritis, paracellular barrier failure, and dysbiosis). Poultry scientists and companies have made great efforts to develop effective solutions to counteract the detrimental effects of HS on health and performance of chickens. Feeding and nutrition have been shown to play a key role in combating HS in chicken husbandry. Nutritional strategies that enhance protein and energy utilization as well as dietary interventions intended to restore intestinal eubiosis are of increasing interest because of the marked effects of HS on feed intake, nutrient metabolism, and gut health. Hence, the present review series, divided into Part I and Part II, seeks to synthesize information on the effects of HS on physiology, gut health, and performance of chickens, with emphasis on potential solutions adopted in broiler chicken nutrition to alleviate these effects. Part I provides introductory knowledge on HS physiology to make good use of the nutritional themes covered by Part II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Brugaletta
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jean-Rémi Teyssier
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Samuel J. Rochell
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Federico Sirri,
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Liver Transcriptome Response to Heat Stress in Beijing You Chickens and Guang Ming Broilers. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030416. [PMID: 35327970 PMCID: PMC8953548 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is one of the most prevalent issues in poultry production that reduces performance, robustness, and economic gains. Previous studies have demonstrated that native chickens are more tolerant of heat than commercial breeds. However, the underlying mechanisms of the heat tolerance observed in native chicken breeds remain unelucidated. Therefore, we performed a phenotypical, physiological, liver transcriptome comparative analysis and WGCNA in response to heat stress in one native (Beijing You, BY) and one commercial (Guang Ming, GM) chicken breed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the heat tolerance and identify the potential driver and hub genes related to heat stress in these two genetically distinct chicken breeds. In brief, 80 BY and 60 GM, 21 days old chickens were submitted to a heat stress experiment for 5 days (33 °C, 8 h/day). Each breed was divided into experimental groups of control (Ctl) and heat stress (HS). The results showed that BY chickens were less affected by heat stress and displayed reduced DEGs than GM chickens, 365 DEGs and 382 DEGs, respectively. The transcriptome analysis showed that BY chickens exhibited enriched pathways related to metabolism activity, meanwhile GM chickens’ pathways were related to inflammatory reactions. CPT1A and ANGPTL4 for BY chickens, and HSP90B1 and HSPA5 for GM chickens were identified as potential candidate genes associated with HS. The WGCNA revealed TLR7, AR, BAG3 genes as hub genes, which could play an important role in HS. The results generated in this study provide valuable resources for studying liver transcriptome in response to heat stress in native and commercial chicken lines.
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Kim DH, Lee YK, Lee SD, Lee KW. Impact of relative humidity on the laying performance, egg quality, and physiological stress responses of laying hens exposed to high ambient temperature. J Therm Biol 2022; 103:103167. [PMID: 35027187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of relative humidity (RH) on the laying performance, egg quality, and stress indicators of laying hens raised at high ambient temperatures. A total of 180 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (68-wk-old) were randomly allotted to one of the following three RH conditions for 12 h a day (9:00 a.m.-9:00 p.m.) over four weeks: low RH (LRH; 25% RH), moderate RH (MRH; 50% RH), and high RH (HRH; 75% RH); ambient temperature was 30 °C under all treatments. None of the RH treatments affected hen-day egg production, egg weight, or egg mass (P > 0.05). However, feed intake was lower in the HRH group than in the LRH group (P < 0.05). Plasma corticosterone (CORT) concentration on day 21, yolk CORT concentration on day 3, and albumen CORT concentration on day 7 following RH exposure were higher in the HRH group than in the LRH group (P < 0.05). Moreover, plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration on day 14 was higher in the HRH group than in the LRH group (P < 0.05). On days 3 and 14, the Haugh unit decreased (P < 0.05) in the LRH group compared with that in the MRH and HRH groups. The HRH-exposed laying hens showed the lowest (P < 0.05) eggshell thickness on day 14. The absolute weights of eggshell, yolk, and albumen decreased in the HRH group compared with those in the MRH and LRH groups. Overall, high RH lowered feed intake and egg quality except for the Haugh unit, and induced stress response as manifested by elevated plasma, yolk, and albumen CORT concentrations. To our best knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate the role of RH in triggering temperature stress responses in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoo-Kyung Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development of Administration (NIAS-RDA), Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Dae Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development of Administration (NIAS-RDA), Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Woo Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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A Mobile Application to Follow Up the Management of Broiler Flocks. AGRIENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/agriengineering3040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Broiler meat is one of the most consumed meats worldwide. The broiler production system poses several challenges for the producer, including maintaining environmental conditions for rearing. The popularization of mobile devices (smartphones) among people, including those with lower incomes, makes it possible for specialist systems to be developed and used for diverse purposes through Apps (mobile application). The present study proposed the development of a mobile application to help farmers follow up on-farm flock management. We retrieved rearing environment and flock data from commercial broiler farms that complied with broiler-producing standards and followed the breeders’ recommendations. Data were organized and normalized to serve as the basis for the software. We specified a performance index based on the average environment and flock-based data. The language used for the application development was Python compatible with the GNU GPL (General Public License), which has a vast library of ready-made functions. For the graphical interface, we selected Kivy and KivyMD framework. The developed mobile application might help farmers evaluate broiler rearing conditions on-farm during the flock’s growth and grade the flock using a performance index.
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Biswal J, Vijayalakshmy K, T. K B, Rahman H. Impact of heat stress on poultry production. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2003168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsnarani Biswal
- South Asia Regional Office, International Livestock Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Kennady Vijayalakshmy
- South Asia Regional Office, International Livestock Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhattacharya T. K
- Molecular Genetics, ICAR – Directorate of Poultry Research (DPR), Hyderabad, India
| | - Habibar Rahman
- South Asia Regional Office, International Livestock Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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A Heuristic and Data Mining Model for Predicting Broiler House Environment Suitability. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102780. [PMID: 34679810 PMCID: PMC8532747 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The broiler housing control environment now is primarily based on the rearing temperature. The current study proposes two decision-tree models using flock-based and environmental data such as ambient temperature, air velocity, relative humidity, and ammonia concentration. Data from commercial broiler farms were collected and analyzed. An exploratory analysis employed the environmental variables, and a heuristic approach was used to develop a final dataset based on ammonia concentration’s impact on broiler production. The output models were related to dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and ammonia concentration arrays. The resulting trees classify the most suitable commercial broiler environment. Such variable combinations might help to improve environmental control in broiler houses. Abstract The proper combination of environment and flock-based variables plays a critical role in broiler production. However, the housing environment control is mainly focused on temperature monitoring during the broiler growth process. The present study developed a novel predictive model to predict the broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) rearing conditions’ suitability using a data-mining process centered on flock-based and environmental variables. Data were recorded inside four commercial controlled environment broiler houses. The data analysis was conducted in three steps. First, we performed an exploratory and descriptive analysis of the environmental data. In the second step, we labeled the target variable that led to a specific broiler-rearing scenario depending on the age of the birds, the environmental dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity, the ammonia concentration, and the ventilation rate. The output (final rearing condition) was discretized into four categories (‘Excellent’, ‘Good’, ‘Moderate’, and ‘Inappropriate’). In the third step, we used the dataset to develop tree models using the data-mining process. The random-tree model only presented accuracy for predicting the ‘Excellent’ and ‘Moderate’ rearing conditions. The decision-tree model had high accuracy and indicated that broiler age, relative humidity, and ammonia concentration play a critical role in proper rearing conditions. Using a large amount of data allows the data-mining approach to building up ‘if–then’ rules that indicate suitable environmental control decision-making by broiler farmers.
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Ouchi Y, Chowdhury VS, Cockrem JF, Bungo T. Single nucleotide polymorphism in avian uncoupling protein gene is associated with thermoregulation in chicks. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13632. [PMID: 34482590 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Avian uncoupling protein (av-UCP) is a key protein for thermoregulation in poultry. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the av-UCP gene has been reported in chickens. The purpose of the current study was to clarify the association between this av-UCP gene mutation and thermoregulation in chickens. Wild and mutant type chicks for the av-UCP gene SNP (g. 1270 of the av-UCP gene exon 3 with C to T substitution and amino acid substitution) were exposed to high ambient temperature. Rectal temperature, radiation temperature on the body surface, and the expression of heat dissipation behavior (wing drooping and panting) during heat exposure were measured. In addition, oxygen consumption rate in the thermoneutral zone in wild and mutant type chicks was measured. Changes in wing temperature during heat exposure in wild-type chicks were lower than those in mutants. The latency of continuous wing drooping during heat exposure in wild-type chicks was shorter than in mutant chicks. It was also found that the SNP in the av-UCP gene caused reduced oxygen consumption. These results suggest that the av-UCP gene mutation affects thermoregulation, especially heat production, in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Ouchi
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - John F Cockrem
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Takashi Bungo
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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10
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Chen S, Yong Y, Ju X. Effect of heat stress on growth and production performance of livestock and poultry: Mechanism to prevention. J Therm Biol 2021; 99:103019. [PMID: 34420644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is a widespread phenomenon in domestic animal feeding in tropical and sub-tropical areas that are subjected to a growing negative effect in livestock and poultry due to global warming. It leads to reduced food intake, retarded growth, intestinal disequilibrium, lower reproductive performance, immunity and endocrine disorders in livestock and poultry. Many studies show that the pathogenesis of heat stress is mainly related to oxidative stress, hormone secretion disorder, cytokine imbalance, cell apoptosis, cell autophagy, and abnormal cell function. Its mechanism refers to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, the fluctuation of tight junction protein and heat shock protein expression, and protein epigenetic modification. This manuscript reviews the mechanism of heat stress through an insight into the digestive, reproductive, immune, and endocrine system. Lastly, the progress in prevention and control techniques of heat stress has been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518018, China; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yanhong Yong
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518018, China; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xianghong Ju
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518018, China; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
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11
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Kumar M, Ratwan P, Dahiya SP, Nehra AK. Climate change and heat stress: Impact on production, reproduction and growth performance of poultry and its mitigation using genetic strategies. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102867. [PMID: 33863431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is an important environmental determinant which adversely affects the performance of poultry worldwide. The present communication reviews the impact of heat stress on production, reproduction and growth performance of poultry, and its alleviation using genetic strategies. The adverse effects of high environmental temperature on poultry include decrease in growth rate, body weight, egg production, egg weight, egg quality, meat quality, semen quality, fertility and hatchability, which cause vast financial losses to the poultry industry. High ambient temperature has an antagonistic effect on performance traits of the poultry. Thus, selection of birds for high performance has increased their susceptibility to heat stress. Additionally, heat burden during transportation of birds from one place to another leads to reduced meat quality, increased mortality and welfare issues. Molecular markers are being explored nowadays to recognize the potential candidate genes related to production, reproduction and growth traits for selecting poultry birds to enhance thermo-tolerance and resistance against diseases. In conclusion, there is a critical need of formulating selection strategies based on genetic markers and exploring more genes in addition to HSP25, 70, 90, H1, RB1CC, BAG3, PDK, ID1, Na, F, dw and K responsible for thermoregulation, to improve the overall performance of poultry along with their ability to tolerate heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Livestock Farm Complex, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - Poonam Ratwan
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - S P Dahiya
- Department of Livestock Farm Complex, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - Anil Kumar Nehra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
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Rufino JPF, Martorano LG, Cruz FGG, Brasil RJM, Melo RD, Feijó JC, Melo LD. Thermal Response of Three Strains of Hens Housed in a Cage-Free Aviary at the Amazon Rainforest. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - FGG Cruz
- Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - RD Melo
- Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil
| | - JC Feijó
- Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil
| | - LD Melo
- Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil
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13
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Rostagno MH. Effects of heat stress on the gut health of poultry. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5811133. [PMID: 32206781 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a biological adaptive response to restore homeostasis, and occurs in every animal production system, due to the multitude of stressors present in every farm. Heat stress is one of the most common environmental challenges to poultry worldwide. It has been extensively demonstrated that heat stress negatively impacts the health, welfare, and productivity of broilers and laying hens. However, basic mechanisms associated with the reported effects of heat stress are still not fully understood. The adaptive response of poultry to a heat stress situation is complex and intricate in nature, and it includes effects on the intestinal tract. This review offers an objective overview of the scientific evidence available on the effects of the heat stress response on different facets of the intestinal tract of poultry, including its physiology, integrity, immunology, and microbiota. Although a lot of knowledge has been generated, many gaps persist. The development of standardized models is crucial to be able to better compare and extrapolate results. By better understanding how the intestinal tract is affected in birds subjected to heat stress conditions, more targeted interventions can be developed and applied.
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14
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Lan R, Zhao Z, Li S, An L. Sodium butyrate as an effective feed additive to improve performance, liver function, and meat quality in broilers under hot climatic conditions. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5491-5500. [PMID: 33142467 PMCID: PMC7647702 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation on growth performance, liver function, antioxidant capacity, carcass characteristics, and meat quality in broilers under hot climatic conditions. A total of 288 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments as follow: CON, control diet without SB; T1, control diet with 300 mg/kg SB; T2, control diet with 600 mg/kg SB; and T3, control diet with 1,200 mg/kg SB. Each treatment had 6 replication pens and 12 broilers per pen. The results indicated that the BW on day 35; ADG from day 1 to 21, day 22 to 35, and day 1 to 35; and ADFI from day 22 to 35 linearly (P < 0.05) increased with SB supplementation. Interestingly, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase content in serum were linearly (P < 0.05) decreased by SB supplementation. There was linear (P < 0.05) improvement in activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver, whereas the content of malondialdehyde was linearly (P < 0.05) decreased with the inclusion of SB. Increasing SB level linearly (P < 0.05) increased CP composition and decreased drip loss percentage on day 1 and 3 of breast muscle. Furthermore, there was linear (P < 0.05) improvement in activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, whereas the content of malondialdehyde showed decreasing trend (P < 0.10) with the inclusion of SB in breast muscle. In conclusion, SB can be used as an effective feed additive to improve growth performance, liver function, and meat quality of broilers under hot climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Lan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524-088, Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524-088, Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524-088, Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Lilong An
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524-088, Guangdong P.R. China.
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15
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Investigating Applicability of Evaporative Cooling Systems for Thermal Comfort of Poultry Birds in Pakistan. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10134445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the 21st century, the poultry sector is a vital concern for the developing economies including Pakistan. The summer conditions of the city of Multan (Pakistan) are not comfortable for poultry birds. Conventionally, swamp coolers are used in the poultry sheds/houses of the city, which are not efficient enough, whereas compressor-based systems are not economical. Therefore, this study is aimed to explore a low-cost air-conditioning (AC) option from the viewpoint of heat stress in poultry birds. In this regard, the study investigates the applicability of three evaporative cooling (EC) options, i.e., direct EC (DEC), indirect EC (IEC), and Maisotsenko-cycle EC (MEC). Performance of the EC systems is investigated using wet-bulb effectiveness (WBE) for the climatic conditions of Multan. Heat stress is investigated as a function of poultry weight. Thermal comfort of the poultry birds is calculated in terms of temperature-humidity index (THI) corresponding to the ambient and output conditions. The heat production from the poultry birds is calculated using the Pederson model (available in the literature) at various temperatures. The results indicate a maximum temperature gradient of 10.2 °C (MEC system), 9 °C (DEC system), and 6.5 °C (IEC systems) is achieved. However, in the monsoon/rainfall season, the performance of the EC systems is significantly reduced due to higher relative humidity in ambient air.
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Oke OE, Alo ET, Oke FO, Oyebamiji YA, Ijaiya MA, Odefemi MA, Kazeem RY, Soyode AA, Aruwajoye OM, Ojo RT, Adeosun SM, Onagbesan OM. Early age thermal manipulation on the performance and physiological response of broiler chickens under hot humid tropical climate. J Therm Biol 2020; 88:102517. [PMID: 32125994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Initial brooding temperature is critical for post-hatch growth of broiler chickens. A study was conducted to investigate the early age thermal manipulation (EATM) on the performance and physiological responses broiler chickens under hot humid tropical climate. A total of 260 unsexed day-old Arbor-acre broiler chicks were assigned to five thermal treatments of brooding temperature regimens having 4 replicates of thirteen birds each. The heat treatments were: initial brooding temperature of 35 °C for the first 2 days, and then decreased subsequently, gradually to 22 °C at 21 d of age (CT), initial temperature of 35 °C, sustained for the first 4 days and then decreased gradually (conventionally) (FD), initial temperature of 35 °C for the first 7 days (SD), the birds in CT, but the brooding temperature was raised to 35 °C again for another 3 days from day 7 (SD3), initial brooding temperature of 35 °C for the first 10 days (TD). Data were collected on daily feed intake and weekly body weights. Blood samples were collected from 8 birds per treatment weekly for the determination of plasma uric acid, triglycerides, triiodothyronine (T3) and creatinine kinase. Data obtained were laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Results showed that the final weights of the birds in FD were higher (P < 0.05) than those of the other treatments at the finisher phase. Feed intake of the birds in FD was higher than those of SD3 and TD. FCR of broiler chickens in CT, SD, SD3 and TD was higher than that of FD. The rectal temperature, plasma MDA and blood glucose of the thermally challenged birds in FD was generally better (P < 0.05) than those of the other treatments. It was concluded that EATM can be used to improve performance and also protect broiler chickens from acute heat stress at market age.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Oke
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Laboratory of Poultry Production Techniques, Center of Excellent in Poultry Sciences, University of Lome, Lome, Togo.
| | - E T Alo
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - F O Oke
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Y A Oyebamiji
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - M A Ijaiya
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - M A Odefemi
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - R Y Kazeem
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - A A Soyode
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - O M Aruwajoye
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - R T Ojo
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - S M Adeosun
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - O M Onagbesan
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Yahav S, Shinder D, Tanny J, Cohen S. Sensible heat loss: the broiler's paradox. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps200453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. Tanny
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, ARO the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, P.O. Box 6, Israel 50250
| | - S. Cohen
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, ARO the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, P.O. Box 6, Israel 50250
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Saeed M, Abbas G, Alagawany M, Kamboh AA, Abd El-Hack ME, Khafaga AF, Chao S. Heat stress management in poultry farms: A comprehensive overview. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:414-425. [PMID: 31466781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress causes significant economic losses in poultry production, especially in tropical and arid regions of the world. Several studies have investigated the effects of heat stress on the welfare and productivity of poultry. The harmful impacts of heat stress on different poultry types include decreased growth rates, appetites, feed utilization and laying and impaired meat and egg qualities. Recent studies have focused on the deleterious influences of heat stress on bird behaviour, welfare and reproduction. The primary strategies for mitigating heat stress in poultry farms have included feed supplements and management, but the results have not been consistent. This review article discusses the physiological effects of heat stress on poultry health and production and various management and nutritional approaches to cope with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China; Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Animal Production, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Asghar Ali Kamboh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh Province, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Sun Chao
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China.
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Baracho MS, Nääs IA, Lima NDS, Cordeiro AFS, Moura DJ. Factors Affecting Broiler Production: A Meta-Analysis. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MS Baracho
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | - IA Nääs
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | - NDS Lima
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - DJ Moura
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
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Tickle PG, Codd JR. Thermoregulation in rapid growing broiler chickens is compromised by constraints on radiative and convective cooling performance. J Therm Biol 2019; 79:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Marchini CFP, Fernandes EA, Nascimento MRBM, Araújo EG, Guimarães EC, Bueno JPR, Fagundes NS, Café MB. The Effect of Cyclic Heat Stress Applied to Different Broiler Chicken Brooding Stages on Animal Performance and Carcass Yield. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2017-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - EG Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - JPR Bueno
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - MB Café
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
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Lee MT, Lin WC, Lee TT. Potential crosstalk of oxidative stress and immune response in poultry through phytochemicals - A review. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 32:309-319. [PMID: 30381743 PMCID: PMC6409470 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals which exist in various plants and fungi are non-nutritive compounds that exert numerous beneficial bioactive actions for animals. In recent years following the restriction of antibiotics, phytochemicals have been regarded as a primal selection when dealing with the challenges during the producing process in the poultry industry. The selected fast-growing broiler breed was more fragile when confronting the stressors in their growing environments. The disruption of oxidative balance that impairs the production performance in birds may somehow be linked to the immune system since oxidative stress and inflammatory damage are multi-stage processes. This review firstly discusses the individual influence of oxidative stress and inflammation on the poultry industry. Next, studies related to the application of phytochemicals or botanical compounds with the significance of their antioxidant and immunomodulatory abilities are reviewed. Furthermore, we bring up nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) for they are respectively the key transcription factors involved in oxidative stress and inflammation for elucidating the underlying signal transduction pathways. Finally, by the discussion about several reports using phytochemicals to regulate these transcription factors leading to the improvement of oxidative status, heme oxygenase-1 gene is found crucial for Nrf2-mediated NF-κB inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - W C Lin
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - T T Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Physiological alterations of poultry to the high environmental temperature. J Therm Biol 2018; 76:101-106. [PMID: 30143284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress has become a serious problem in poultry industry along with rising of the global temperatures. High environmental temperature causes deleterious impacts on physiology and immunology of poultry and impairs their productivity. Heat stress is linked to compromised productivity through a decline in growth rate, feed utilization, blood biochemistry and immunity. In addition, heat stress induced adverse effects on mineral balance of birds and the extent of such effects depended on the type of mineral and the severity of heat stress. Exposure of broilers to high temperature adversely affects mineral metabolism and their excretion route and reduced the retention of some minerals like P, Na, K, S, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu. On the other hand, the effect of climate on intestinal microbiota has been described in a number of studies. Where, exposure to heat stress can also increase the colonization of Salmonella in the intestine and increase the susceptibility of birds to E. coli and change ileal contents. It is also characterized by decreased antioxidant enzymes in poultry species, resulting in increased oxidative stress that means presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in excess of the available antioxidant capacity of animal cells. However, further studies are still required to increase the information and knowledge of basic mechanisms associated with the consequences of heat stress on poultry. This article focuses on the scientific evidence available on the negative role of heat stress on physiological responses, biochemical blood parameters, immunity, antioxidant, mineral balance, acid-base balance, osmoregulation, body and rectal temperature, intestinal and ileal microbiota as well as the parameters related to thyroid, liver and kidney functions in some poultry species.
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Tickle PG, Hutchinson JR, Codd JR. Energy allocation and behaviour in the growing broiler chicken. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4562. [PMID: 29540782 PMCID: PMC5852157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Broiler chickens are increasingly at the forefront of global meat production but the consequences of fast growth and selection for an increase in body mass on bird health are an ongoing concern for industry and consumers. To better understand the implications of selection we evaluated energetics and behaviour over the 6-week hatch-to-slaughter developmental period in a commercial broiler. The effect of posture on resting metabolic rate becomes increasingly significant as broilers grow, as standing became more energetically expensive than sitting. The proportion of overall metabolic rate accounted for by locomotor behaviour decreased over development, corresponding to declining activity levels, mean and peak walking speeds. These data are consistent with the inference that broilers allocate energy to activity within a constrained metabolic budget and that there is a reducing metabolic scope for exercise throughout their development. Comparison with similarly sized galliforms reveals that locomotion is relatively energetically expensive in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Tickle
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Jonathan R Codd
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Baracho MDS, Nääs IDA, De Moura DJ, Lima NDDS, Cordeiro AF, T.R. da Silva RB. FACTORS THAT AFFECT BROILER PRODUCTION. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ENGENHARIA DE BIOSSISTEMAS 2017. [DOI: 10.18011/bioeng2017v11n4p412-419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil occupies a privileged position worldwide in poultry farming. The economic activity is recognized as necessary for the country's GDP and also has a significant climatic diversity. Because of this, different types of aviaries were and still are built in the national territory. The objective of this study was to present a systematic review of the factors that have an impact on the intensive production of broiler chicken based on the scientific publications since the year 2000. The literature review showed a constant evolution and the knowledge about the form of housing that best expresses the genetics of birds. It was found that the thermal environment, air quality and other factors related to the housing of broiler chickens significantly imply in their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. dos S. Baracho
- State University of Campinas, College of Agricultural Engineering, Campinas, Brazil
| | - I. de A. Nääs
- State University of Campinas, College of Agricultural Engineering, Campinas, Brazil
| | - D. J. De Moura
- State University of Campinas, College of Agricultural Engineering, Campinas, Brazil
| | - N. D. da S. Lima
- State University of Campinas, College of Agricultural Engineering, Campinas, Brazil
| | - A. F. Cordeiro
- Graduate Course in Production Engineering, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nascimento ST, Maia AS, Gebremedhin KG, Nascimento CC. Metabolic heat production and evaporation of poultry. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2691-2698. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Gillespie J, Nehring R, Hallahan C. New versus old broiler housing technology: Which leads to greater profit? J APPL POULTRY RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Batista dos Santos MJ, Sakomura NK, Pereira da Silva E, Dorigam JCDP, Maia ASC. Update of model to predict sensible heat loss in broilers. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to adjust and adapt some parameters of the model of production and heat loss by convection and conduction, so as to predict the actual feed intake (aFI) of broilers reared in sheds. The re-parameterised models were the sensible heat loss by convection from surface (HS) and by conduction (HC) in birds. The HS model was re-parameterised to calculate the heat loss of poultry reared in sheds and the parameters of thermal resistance of feathers (RF) and skin (RS) of poultry were inserted. The HC model was re-parameterised for birds in sheds and the RF, RS and the thermal resistance of the litter (R) were inserted. The re-parameterised HS model was HS = [A × QV × (TB – TA)]/[(TB – 17) × (RF + RS)], where TA is the air temperature, QV is the volume factor, TB is the surface temperature of the bird (°C) and A was estimated to be 11.94 watts (W). The values found in the model ranged from 0.75 W for birds with 100 g BW subjected to 33°C TA, 50% HU, 0.1 m/s wind speed (V) and 12.53 W for birds with 4100 g subjected to 33°C TA, 80% HU and 0.1 m/s V. The values found in the re-parameterised HC model (HC = [(TB – TC) × k × AR × QA]/[L × (RF + RS + R)], where K is the thermal conductivity of the litter, AR is the contact area of bird with the litter and QA is the area factor, and L is the litter height) ranging from 0.017 W to chickens with 100 g BW in comfortable conditions and 0.17 W for birds with 4100 g in thermal discomfort condition. The present study showed that the re-parameterisation of heat-loss equations is more accurate to predict the heat flux in broilers under different environmental conditions.
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Technology and Poultry Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2016; 6:ani6100062. [PMID: 27727169 PMCID: PMC5082308 DOI: 10.3390/ani6100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Consideration of animal welfare is essential to address the consumers’ demands and for the long term sustainability of commercial poultry. However, assessing welfare in large poultry flocks, to be able to detect potential welfare risks and to control or minimize its impact is difficult. Current developments in technology and mathematical modelling open new possibilities for real-time automatic monitoring of animal welfare and health. New technological innovations potentially adaptable to commercial poultry are appearing, although their practical implementation is still being defined. In this paper, we review the latest technological developments with potential to be applied to poultry welfare, especially for broiler chickens and laying hens. Some of the examples that are presented and discussed include the following: sensors for farm environmental monitoring, movement, or physiological parameters; imaging technologies such as optical flow to detect gait problems and feather pecking; infrared technologies to evaluate birds’ thermoregulatory features and metabolism changes, that may be indicative of welfare, health and management problems. All these technologies have the potential to be implemented at the commercial level to improve birds’ welfare and to optimize flock management, therefore, improving the efficiency of the system in terms of use of resources and, thus, long term sustainability.
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Abudabos AM, Samara EM, Hussein EO, Al-Ghadi MQ, Al-Atiyat RM. Impacts of Stocking Density on the Performance and Welfare of Broiler Chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2013.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dunlop MW, Blackall PJ, Stuetz RM. Water addition, evaporation and water holding capacity of poultry litter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:979-985. [PMID: 26367067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Litter moisture content has been related to ammonia, dust and odour emissions as well as bird health and welfare. Improved understanding of the water holding properties of poultry litter as well as water additions to litter and evaporation from litter will contribute to improved litter moisture management during the meat chicken grow-out. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how management and environmental conditions over the course of a grow-out affect the volume of water A) applied to litter, B) able to be stored in litter, and C) evaporated from litter on a daily basis. The same unit of measurement has been used to enable direct comparison-litres of water per square metre of poultry shed floor area, L/m(2), assuming a litter depth of 5cm. An equation was developed to estimate the amount of water added to litter from bird excretion and drinking spillage, which are sources of regular water application to the litter. Using this equation showed that water applied to litter from these sources changes over the course of a grow-out, and can be as much as 3.2L/m(2)/day. Over a 56day grow-out, the total quantity of water added to the litter was estimated to be 104L/m(2). Litter porosity, water holding capacity and water evaporation rates from litter were measured experimentally. Litter porosity decreased and water holding capacity increased over the course of a grow-out due to manure addition. Water evaporation rates at 25°C and 50% relative humidity ranged from 0.5 to 10L/m(2)/day. Evaporation rates increased with litter moisture content and air speed. Maintaining dry litter at the peak of a grow-out is likely to be challenging because evaporation rates from dry litter may be insufficient to remove the quantity of water added to the litter on a daily basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Dunlop
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, QLD Government, Toowoomba 4350, Australia; University of NSW, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sydney 2052, Australia; Poultry CRC, PO Box U242, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Patrick J Blackall
- Poultry CRC, PO Box U242, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; The University of Queensland, QLD Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Dutton Park, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Richard M Stuetz
- University of NSW, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sydney 2052, Australia
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Mendes AS, Moura DJ, Morello GM, Carvalho TMR, Sikorski RR. Turkey Wattle Temperature Response to Distinct Environmental Factors. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1704439-444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AS Mendes
- Technological Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
| | - DJ Moura
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - RR Sikorski
- Technological Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
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Kodaira V, Pereira DF, Soares NM, Bueno LGDF. CONCENTRAÇÃO DE GLICOSE SANGUÍNEA E RELAÇÃO HETERÓFILO:LINFÓCITO PODEM SER UTILIZADOS COMO INDICADORES DE ESTRESSE TÉRMICO PARA AVES POEDEIRAS? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ENGENHARIA DE BIOSSISTEMAS 2015. [DOI: 10.18011/bioeng2015v9n2p182-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aves em estresse calórico apresentam alterações fisiológicas e metabólicas para a manutenção de sua homeostase. O sistema sanguíneo é sensível a essas mudanças e a relação heterófilo:linfócito e a concentração de glicose são consideradas importantes índices de estresse crônico em aves. O objetivo da pesquisa foi verificar se a relação heterófilo:linfócito e a concentração de glicose sanguínea de aves podem ser utilizados para inferir sobre o nível de estresse das aves em diferentes condições ambientais. Foram registradas temperatura de bulbo seco, umidade relativa e temperatura de globo negro por meio de termohigrômetros, para a determinação do índice de conforto térmico de dois galpões, sendo um climatizado e outro não climatizado. As amostras de sangue de 15 aves de cada galpão foram coletadas para determinação de glicose e contagem diferencial dos leucócitos. Não houve diferença para o ITGU entre os galpões avaliados. Não se observou associações da concentração de glicose e da relação heterófilo:linfócito com o aumento do ITGU. Nas condições experimentais deste trabalho não foi possível afirmar que os parâmetros sanguíneos concentração de glicose e relação heterófilo:linfócito podem ser utilizados como indicadores de estresse térmico para aves poedeiras.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Kodaira
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Tupã, SP, Brasil
| | - D. F. Pereira
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Tupã, SP, Brasil
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Araújo FE, Garcia RG, Nääs IA, Lima NDS, Silva RBTR, Caldara FR. Broiler Surface Temperature and Behavioral Response under Two Different Light Sources. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1702219-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- FE Araújo
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brasil
| | - RG Garcia
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brasil
| | - IA Nääs
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brasil
| | - NDS Lima
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brasil
| | - RBTR Silva
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brasil
| | - FR Caldara
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brasil
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Akdemir F, Sahin N, Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Sahin K, Hayirli A. Chromium-histidinate ameliorates productivity in heat-stressed Japanese quails through reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting heat-shock protein expression. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:247-54. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1008992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Mignon-Grasteau S, Moreri U, Narcy A, Rousseau X, Rodenburg TB, Tixier-Boichard M, Zerjal T. Robustness to chronic heat stress in laying hens: a meta-analysis. Poult Sci 2015; 94:586-600. [PMID: 25717084 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic heat is a major stress factor in laying hens and many studies on the effect of heat stress have been published. It remains difficult, however, to draw general conclusions about the effect of chronic heat stress on performance and its relationship with genetic and environmental factors, as these studies have been done under varying experimental conditions and using various experimental designs. A meta-analysis enabled us to make a quantitative review of the results from 131 published papers. The relative effects of four factors (genotype, age, group size, and amplitude of temperature variation) and their interactions with temperature were analyzed for 13 traits. After pre-correcting the data for a random study effect, the best model for each trait was selected in a stepwise procedure based on its residual sum of squares. Shell strength, daily feed intake, egg mass, and hen-day egg production were found to be more sensitive to heat stress than the other traits as they dropped by 9.0 to 22.6% between thermo-neutrality (15 to 20°C) and heat stress (30 to 35°C) while yolk and albumen proportions or Haugh units showed nearly no variation with temperature (<1.2% between thermo-neutrality and heat stress). Many interactions (17) were found between temperature and one or more factors in the 13 traits studied here, which reinforces the interest of using a meta-analysis to summarize data from the literature. This study highlighted that the impact of heat stress in laying hens depends on the genotype, age, and group size, some of which have rarely been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - U Moreri
- UR083 Recherches Avicoles, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France WUR Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands AgroParisTech UFR Génétique Elevage et Reproduction, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - A Narcy
- UR083 Recherches Avicoles, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - X Rousseau
- UR083 Recherches Avicoles, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - T B Rodenburg
- UR083 Recherches Avicoles, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - M Tixier-Boichard
- UMR1313 GABI, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
| | - T Zerjal
- UMR1313 GABI, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
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Nääs I, Garcia R, Caldara F. Infrared Thermal Image for Assessing Animal Health and Welfare. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR AND BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.14269/2318-1265/jabb.v2n3p66-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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41
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Nascimento ST, da Silva IJO, Maia ASC, de Castro AC, Vieira FMC. Mean surface temperature prediction models for broiler chickens-a study of sensible heat flow. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014; 58:195-201. [PMID: 23820939 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-013-0702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Body surface temperature can be used to evaluate thermal equilibrium in animals. The bodies of broiler chickens, like those of all birds, are partially covered by feathers. Thus, the heat flow at the boundary layer between broilers' bodies and the environment differs between feathered and featherless areas. The aim of this investigation was to use linear regression models incorporating environmental parameters and age to predict the surface temperatures of the feathered and featherless areas of broiler chickens. The trial was conducted in a climate chamber, and 576 broilers were distributed in two groups. In the first trial, 288 broilers were monitored after exposure to comfortable or stressful conditions during a 6-week rearing period. Another 288 broilers were measured under the same conditions to test the predictive power of the models. Sensible heat flow was calculated, and for the regions covered by feathers, sensible heat flow was predicted based on the estimated surface temperatures. The surface temperatures of the feathered and featherless areas can be predicted based on air, black globe or operative temperatures. According to the sensible heat flow model, the broilers' ability to maintain thermal equilibrium by convection and radiation decreased during the rearing period. Sensible heat flow estimated based on estimated surface temperatures can be used to predict animal responses to comfortable and stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Tavares Nascimento
- Animal Science Department, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane Route, w/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil,
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Exploring Ventilation Efficiency in Poultry Buildings: The Validation of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in a Cross-Mechanically Ventilated Broiler Farm. ENERGIES 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/en6052605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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de Souza JBF, de Arruda AMV, Domingos HGT, de Macedo Costa LL. Regional differences in the surface temperature of Naked Neck laying hens in a semi-arid environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2013; 57:377-380. [PMID: 22689146 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-012-0561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the regional differences in the surface temperature of Naked Neck hens that were subjected to different temperatures in a semi-arid environment. The surface temperature was measured in four body regions (face, neck, legs and feathered area) of 60 Naked Neck hens. The following environmental variables were measured at the center of the shed: the black globe temperature (T G ), air temperature (T A ), wind speed (U) and relative humidity (R H ). The T A was divided into three classes: 1 (24.0-26.0 °C), 2 (26.1-28.9 °C) and 3 (29.0-31.0 °C). An analysis of variance was performed by the least squares method and a comparison of the means by the Tukey-Kramer test. The results showed a significant effect of T A class, the body region and the interaction between these two effects on the surface temperature. There was no significant difference between the T A classes for the face and neck. The legs and feathered area showed significant differences between the T A classes. Regarding the effect of body regions within each T A class, there was a significant difference among all regions in the three T A classes. In all T A classes the neck had the highest average followed by the face and legs. The feathered area showed the lowest average of the different T A classes. In conclusion, this study showed that there are regional differences in the surface temperature of Naked Neck hens, with the legs acting as thermal windows.
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Abudabos AM, Samara E, Hussein EO, Al-Atiyat RM, Al-Haidary A. Influence of Stocking Density on Welfare Indices of Broilers. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2013.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Alves FMS, Felix GA, Almeida Paz ICL, Nääs IA, Souza GM, Caldara FR, Garcia RG. Impact of exposure to cold on layer production. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2012000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Despite many challenges faced by animal producers, including environmental problems, diseases, economic pressure, and feed availability, it is still predicted that animal production in developing countries will continue to sustain the future growth of the world's meat production. In these areas, livestock performance is generally lower than those obtained in Western Europe and North America. Although many factors can be involved, climatic factors are among the first and crucial limiting factors of the development of animal production in warm regions. In addition, global warming will further accentuate heat stress-related problems. The objective of this paper was to review the effective strategies to alleviate heat stress in the context of tropical livestock production systems. These strategies can be classified into three groups: those increasing feed intake or decreasing metabolic heat production, those enhancing heat-loss capacities, and those involving genetic selection for heat tolerance. Under heat stress, improved production should be possible through modifications of diet composition that either promotes a higher intake or compensates the low feed consumption. In addition, altering feeding management such as a change in feeding time and/or frequency, are efficient tools to avoid excessive heat load and improve survival rate, especially in poultry. Methods to enhance heat exchange between the environment and the animal and those changing the environment to prevent or limit heat stress can be used to improve performance under hot climatic conditions. Although differences in thermal tolerance exist between livestock species (ruminants > monogastrics), there are also large differences between breeds of a species and within each breed. Consequently, the opportunity may exist to improve thermal tolerance of the animals using genetic tools. However, further research is required to quantify the genetic antagonism between adaptation and production traits to evaluate the potential selection response. With the development of molecular biotechnologies, new opportunities are available to characterize gene expression and identify key cellular responses to heat stress. These new tools will enable scientists to improve the accuracy and the efficiency of selection for heat tolerance. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression and thermal imprinting of the genome could also be an efficient method to improve thermal tolerance. Such techniques (e.g. perinatal heat acclimation) are currently being experimented in chicken.
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Mejia L, Zumwalt C, Tillman P, Shirley R, Corzo A. Ratio needs of arginine relative to lysine of male broilers from 28 to 42 days of age during a constant, elevated environmental temperature regimen. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Syafwan S, Wermink GJD, Kwakkel RP, Verstegen MWA. Dietary self-selection by broilers at normal and high temperature changes feed intake behavior, nutrient intake, and performance. Poult Sci 2012; 91:537-49. [PMID: 22334728 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-selection assumes that at high ambient temperature, birds are able to select a diet from different sources to minimize the heat load associated with the ingested nutrient metabolism. The objective was to test the hypothesis that young chickens are able to compose an adequate ration by adjusting dietary nutrient intake from 3 different diets that vary in energy and in protein contents from a cafeteria system at high temperature (HT; 31-32°C) and at normal temperature (NT; 31-21°C). Night temperature was set at 25°C at HT and at 18°C at NT and 12 h dark:12 h light. Control birds were fed a standard control diet (CP: 215 g/kg; ME: 2,895 kcal/kg) for broiler chickens. The choice-fed birds could choose between the control diet, a high-protein diet (CP: 299 g/kg; ME: 2,780 kcal/kg), and a high-energy diet (CP: 150.7 g/kg; ME: 3,241 kcal/kg). The diets had similar pellet size and color. Birds had access to each diet in a separate feeding trough from 1 to 42 d of age. Results showed that broilers spent 3.3% more time eating at NT than at HT and showed 42% more panting behavior at HT than at NT. High temperature decreased feed intake, protein intake, energy intake, and BW gain. Choice-fed birds had similar feed intake and BW gain, 14% lower protein intake, and 6.4% higher energy intake than control-fed birds. Body temperature and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio were higher at HT than at NT. Water intake was 8% higher in control-fed birds than in choice-fed birds but similar at both temperature regimens. It can be concluded that broilers can compose a diet by selecting less protein but higher energy density from different diets compared with the control. Choice-fed birds had similar feed efficiency as control-fed birds at HT, indicating similar body composition for both groups. Extra energy intake of choice-fed birds at HT was used for panting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Syafwan
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Jambi, Indonesia.
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Giloh M, Shinder D, Yahav S. Skin surface temperature of broiler chickens is correlated to body core temperature and is indicative of their thermoregulatory status. Poult Sci 2012; 91:175-88. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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50
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Baracho MS, Nääs IA, Nascimento GR, Cassiano JA, Oliveira KR. Surface temperature distribution in broiler houses. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2011000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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