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Khan S, McWhorter AR, Andrews DM, Underwood GJ, Moore RJ, Van TTH, Gast RK, Chousalkar KK. Dust sprinkling as an effective method for infecting layer chickens with wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium and changes in host gut microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13265. [PMID: 38747207 PMCID: PMC11094578 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Role of dust in Salmonella transmission on chicken farms is not well characterised. Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) infection of commercial layer chickens was investigated using a novel sprinkling method of chicken dust spiked with ST and the uptake compared to a conventional oral infection. While both inoculation methods resulted in colonisation of the intestines, the Salmonella load in liver samples was significantly higher at 7 dpi after exposing chicks to sprinkled dust compared to the oral infection group. Infection of chickens using the sprinkling method at a range of doses showed a threshold for colonisation of the gut and organs as low as 1000 CFU/g of dust. Caecal content microbiota analysis post-challenge showed that the profiles of chickens infected by the sprinkling and oral routes were not significantly different; however, both challenges induced differences when compared to the uninfected negative controls. Overall, the study showed that dust sprinkling was an effective way to experimentally colonise chickens with Salmonella and alter the gut microbiota than oral gavage at levels as low as 1000 CFU/g dust. This infection model mimics the field scenario of Salmonella infection in poultry sheds. The model can be used for future challenge studies for effective Salmonella control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah Khan
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of AdelaideRoseworthySouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Andrea R. McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of AdelaideRoseworthySouth AustraliaAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard K. Gast
- U.S. National Poultry Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Kapil K. Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of AdelaideRoseworthySouth AustraliaAustralia
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Asnayanti A, Do ADT, Alharbi K, Alrubaye A. Inducing experimental bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis lameness in broiler chickens using aerosol transmission model. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103460. [PMID: 38301493 PMCID: PMC10846381 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Lameness disease attributed to bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis in broilers affects production, animal welfare, and food safety in the poultry industry. The disease is characterized by necrotic degeneration of the rapidly growing femora and tibiae due to bacterial translocation from the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts into the blood circulation, eventually colonizing the growth plate of the long bones. To investigate the etiology, pathogenesis, and intervention measures for BCO, developing an experimental model that reliably induces BCO lameness is of the utmost importance. In the past, we have employed a wire-flooring model and a litter-flooring model administered with a bacterial challenge to investigate strategies for mitigating BCO. However, multiple issues on labor-intensive barn setup and cleanout efforts for the wire-flooring system and concern of direct pathogenic exposure to the broilers for the litter-flooring models rendered these research models less effective. Thus, we investigated a new approach to induce experimental BCO lameness using an aerosol transmission model employing a group of birds reared on wire-flooring pens as a BCO infection source, and the disease is further disseminated through the airborne transmission to other birds reared on litter flooring in the same housing environment. The effectiveness of the aerosol transmission model in inducing BCO lameness was concluded from 4 independent experiments. The cumulative lameness generated from the BCO source group on the wire floors versus negative control treatments on the litter floors from Experiments 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 84% vs. 69.33%, P = 0.09; 54.55% vs. 60%, P = 0.56; 78% vs. 73.50%, P = 0.64; 81% vs. 74.50%, P = 0.11. Overall, the cumulative lameness generated from the wire floors was successfully transmitted to the birds on litter floors without significant statistical differences (P > 0.05). The effectiveness of the aerosol transmission model for experimentally triggering BCO lameness provides a reliable system for evaluating practical intervention strategies for BCO lameness in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Asnayanti
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; National Agency of Drug and Food Control, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anh D T Do
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Khawla Alharbi
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Adnan Alrubaye
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
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Hariharan V, Chowdhury AR, Rao S S, Chakravortty D, Basu S. phoP maintains the environmental persistence and virulence of pathogenic bacteria in mechanically stressed desiccated droplets. iScience 2023; 26:106580. [PMID: 37168573 PMCID: PMC10164896 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive studies on kinematic features of impacting drops, the effect of mechanical stress on desiccated bacteria-laden droplets remains unexplored. In the present study, we unveiled the consequences of the impaction of bacteria-laden droplets on solid surfaces and their subsequent desiccation on the virulence of an enteropathogen Salmonella typhimurium (STM). The methodology elucidated the deformation, cell-cell interactions, adhesion energy, and roughness in bacteria induced by impact velocity and low moisture because of evaporation. Salmonella retrieved from the dried droplets were used to understand fomite-mediated pathogenesis. The impact velocity-induced mechanical stress deteriorated the in vitro viability of Salmonella. Of interest, an uninterrupted bacterial proliferation was observed in macrophages at higher mechanical stress. Wild-type Salmonella under mechanical stress induced the expression of phoP whereas infecting macrophages. The inability of STM ΔphoP to grow in nutrient-rich dried droplets signifies the role of phoP in sensing the mechanical stress and maintaining the virulence of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Hariharan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
| | - Srinivas Rao S
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State 695551, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Saptarshi Basu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research (ICER), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
- Corresponding author
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Distribution of Salmonella spp. Serotypes Isolated from Poultry in Abruzzo and Molise Regions (Italy) during a 6-Year Period. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020199. [PMID: 35208655 PMCID: PMC8877327 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human salmonellosis incidence is increasing in the European Union (EU). Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteriditis, Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (including its monophasic variant) and Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis represent targets in control programs due to their frequent association with human cases. This study aimed to detect the most prevalent serotypes circulating in Abruzzo and Molise Regions between 2015 and 2020 in the framework of the Italian National Control Program for Salmonellosis in Poultry (PNCS)]. A total of 332 flocks of Abruzzo and Molise Regions were sampled by veterinary services in the period considered, and 2791 samples were taken. Samples were represented by faeces and dust from different categories of poultry flocks: laying hens (n = 284), broilers (n = 998), breeding chickens (n = 1353) and breeding or fattening turkeys (n = 156). Breeding and fattening turkeys had the highest rate of samples positive for Salmonella spp. (52.6%; C.I. 44.8%–60.3%). Faeces recovered through boot socks represented the greatest number of positive samples (18.2%). Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis was the prevalent serotype in breeding and fattening turkeys (32.7%; C.I. 25.8%–40.4%) and in broiler flocks (16.5%; C.I. 14.4%–19.0%). Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium was detected at low levels in laying hens (0.7%; C.I. 0.2%–2.5%) followed by breeding and fattening turkeys (0.6%; C.I. 0.2%–2.5%). Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteriditis was also detected at low levels in laying hens (2.5%; C.I. 1.2%–5.0%). These findings highlight the role of broilers and breeding/fattening turkeys as reservoirs of Salmonella spp. and, as a consequence, in the diffusion of dangerous serotypes as Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis. This information could help veterinary services to analyze local trends and to take decisions not only based on indications from national control programs, but also based on real situations at farms in their own competence areas.
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Pal A, Riggs MR, Urrutia A, Osborne RC, Jackson AP, Bailey MA, Macklin KS, Price SB, Buhr RJ, Bourassa DV. Investigation of the potential of aerosolized Salmonella Enteritidis on colonization and persistence in broilers from day 3 to 21. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101504. [PMID: 34710710 PMCID: PMC8561013 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Salmonella in air of poultry houses has been previously confirmed. Therefore, it is important to investigate the entry of Salmonella into broilers through air. The present study aimed to evaluate different levels of Salmonella Enteritidis aerosol inoculations in broiler chicks for colonization of ceca, trachea, and liver/spleen and persistence over time. In 3 independent trials, 112 one-day-old birds were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 28/group). On d 1 of age, one group was exposed to an aerosol of sterile saline and the remaining three groups were exposed to an aerosol generated from one of 3 doses (103, 106, or 109 CFU/mL) of S. Enteritidis inoculum. Aerosol exposure time was 30 min/group and was performed using a nebulizer. On d 3, 7, 14, and 21 of age, ceca, trachea, and liver/spleen were aseptically removed. Ceca were cultured for Salmonella counts (log10 CFU/g) and all tissues were cultured for Salmonella prevalence. All tissues from the control group were Salmonella negative for all sampling days. On sampling d 3 and 7, ceca Salmonella counts were highest (5.14 and 5.11, respectively) when challenged with 109Salmonella (P ≤ 0.0281). Ceca Salmonella counts increased from d 3 (2.43) to d 7 (4.43), then remained constant when challenged at 103Salmonella, and counts decreased over time for all other groups. Tissue Salmonella prevalence increased with increasing challenge levels at all sampling timepoints (P ≤ 0.0213). Salmonella prevalence was low (0/18 to 4/18) and did not change over time following 103Salmonella challenge (P ≥ 0.2394). Prevalence decreased over time in ceca and trachea following 106 and 109Salmonella challenge (P ≤ 0.0483). Liver/spleen Salmonella prevalence increased from d 3 (13/18) to d 14 (18/18) and then decreased at d 21 (10/18) in birds exposed to an aerosol of 109Salmonella but remained constant over time for rest of the Salmonella inoculated groups. Overall, this study demonstrated the Salmonella colonization and persistence in different tissues in broilers following exposure to aerosolized Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Pal
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Montana R Riggs
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Andrea Urrutia
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Rachel C Osborne
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Alexandra P Jackson
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Kenneth S Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Stuart B Price
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - R Jeffrey Buhr
- USDA-ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens GA 30605-2720, USA
| | - Dianna V Bourassa
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Majee S, Chowdhury AR, Pinto R, Chattopadhyay A, Agharkar AN, Chakravortty D, Basu S. Spatiotemporal evaporating droplet dynamics on fomites enhances long term bacterial pathogenesis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1173. [PMID: 34625643 PMCID: PMC8501104 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally drying bacterial droplets on inanimate surfaces representing fomites are the most consequential mode for transmitting infection through oro-fecal route. We provide a multiscale holistic approach to understand flow dynamics induced bacterial pattern formation on fomites leading to pathogenesis. The most virulent gut pathogen, Salmonella Typhimurium (STM), typically found in contaminated food and water, is used as model system in the current study. Evaporation-induced flow in sessile droplets facilitates the transport of STM, forming spatio-temporally varying bacterial deposition patterns based on droplet medium's nutrient scale. Mechanical and low moisture stress in the drying process reduced bacterial viability but interestingly induced hyper-proliferation of STM in macrophages, thereby augmenting virulence in fomites. In vivo studies of fomites in mice confirm that STM maintains enhanced virulence. This work demonstrates that stressed bacterial deposit morphologies formed over small timescale (minutes) on organic and inorganic surfaces, plays a significant role in enhancing fomite's pathogenesis over hours and days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeparna Majee
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Roven Pinto
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Ankur Chattopadhyay
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Amey Nitin Agharkar
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research (ICER), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Saptarshi Basu
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India ,grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research (ICER), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
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Pal A, Bailey MA, Talorico AA, Krehling JT, Macklin KS, Price SB, Buhr RJ, Bourassa DV. Impact of poultry litter Salmonella levels and moisture on transfer of Salmonella through associated in vitro generated dust. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101236. [PMID: 34175801 PMCID: PMC8242052 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dust present in poultry houses can contain high concentrations of microorganisms and has the potential to include pathogens from the litter. The objective of this study was to examine in vitro the potential for litter to dust transfer of aerobic bacteria, Salmonella, E. coli, and coliforms, and the role of the litter moisture on this process. Poultry litter was inoculated with 102 to 109 CFU/mL of Salmonella Typhimurium to evaluate litter to dust transfer of bacteria (Experiment 1). To evaluate the effect of litter moisture on litter to dust microbial transfer (Experiment 2), litter was inoculated with 109S. Typhimurium with increasing amounts of sterilized water added for moisture adjustment. Dust was generated by blowing air in a direct stream onto inoculated litter while simultaneously collecting dust through impingement. Following litter and dust sample collection, microbial analyses for aerobic plate counts (APC),Salmonella, E. coli, and coliforms were conducted. Both experiments were repeated 5 times and their data analyzed by one-way ANOVA and simple logistic regression. In Experiment 1, APC of litter (log10 CFU/g) and dust samples (log10 CFU/L) were 10.55 and 4.92, respectively. Salmonella ranged from 1.70 to 6.16 log10 CFU/g in litter and only one dust sample had 1.10 log10 CFU/L of Salmonella. As Salmonella levels in litter increased, the probability of obtaining a dust Salmonella positive result also increased. In Experiment 2, attained moisture percentages were 13.0, 18.2, 23.0, 28.2, and 33.3%. Litter recovery for APC, Salmonella, E. coli, and coliforms counts did not differ (P > 0.05) with increasing moisture levels. Dust sample bacterial counts significantly decreased with increasing moisture levels (P < 0.0001). Results from this in vitro study indicate that there is potential for Salmonella to be present in generated dust and the higher levels of Salmonella in litter increase the likelihood of detecting Salmonella in dust. Additionally, with higher litter moisture percentage, prevalence of Salmonella in generated dust was decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Pal
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Aidan A Talorico
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - James T Krehling
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Kenneth S Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Stuart B Price
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Richard Jeff Buhr
- USDA-ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens GA 30605-2720, USA
| | - Dianna V Bourassa
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Oliveira M, Tiwari BK, Duffy G. Emerging Technologies for Aerial Decontamination of Food Storage Environments to Eliminate Microbial Cross-Contamination. Foods 2020; 9:E1779. [PMID: 33266230 PMCID: PMC7759774 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Air is recognized as an important source of microbial contamination in food production facilities and has the potential to contaminate the food product causing food safety and spoilage issues for the food industry. Potential for aerial microbial contamination of food can be a particular issue during storage in cold rooms when the food is not packaged and is exposed to contaminated air over a prolonged period. Thus, there are potential benefits for the food industry for an aerial decontamination in cold storage facilities. In this paper, aerial decontamination approaches are reviewed and challenges encountered for their applications are discussed. It is considered that current systems may not be completely effective and environmentally friendly, therefore, it is of great significance to consider the development of nonresidual and verified decontamination technologies for the food industry and, in particular, for the cold storage rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Oliveira
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Brijesh K. Tiwari
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Geraldine Duffy
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
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Jones-Ibarra AM, Alvarado CZ, Caldwell DH, Byrd JA, Taylor TM. Salmonella recovery from chicken bone marrow and cecal counts differ by pathogen challenge method. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4104-4112. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Foods NACOMCF. Response to Questions Posed by the Food Safety and Inspection Service Regarding Salmonella Control Strategies in Poultry †. J Food Prot 2019; 82:645-668. [PMID: 30917043 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bourassa D, Wilson K, Fairchild B, Czarick M, Buhr R. Microbiological Status of Broiler Respiratory Tracts Before and During Catching for Transport to the Processing Plant. J APPL POULTRY RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Cooper C, Moore SC, Moore RJ, Chandry PS, Fegan N. Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar Sofia, a prevalent serovar in Australian broiler chickens, is also capable of transient colonisation in layers. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:270-277. [PMID: 29493264 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1447083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar sofia (S. sofia) is a prevalent strain of Salmonella in Australian broilers and has been isolated from broiler chickens, litter, dust, as well as pre- and post-processing carcasses, and retail chicken portions but has never been reported in commercial Australian layers or eggs. 2. To investigate whether a S. sofia isolate from a broiler could colonise layers, one-month-old Hyline brown layers were orally inoculated with S. sofia and colonisation was monitored for 2-4 weeks. 3. Overall, 30-40% of the chickens shed S. sofia from the cloaca between 6 and 14 d post-inoculation which then declined to 10% by d 21. Necropsy at 2 weeks post-inoculation revealed 80% of birds harboured S. sofia in the caecum, whilst, by 4 weeks post-infection, no chickens were colonised with S. sofia in the gastrointestinal tract, liver or spleen. Additionally, no aerosol 'bird to bird' transfer was evident. 4. This study demonstrated that laying hens can be colonised by broiler-derived S. sofia; however, this colonisation was transient, reaching a peak at 14 d post-inoculation, and was completely cleared by 28 d post-inoculation. The transience of colonisation of S. sofia in layers could be a factor explaining why S. sofia has never been detected when screening for Salmonella serotypes found in Australian laying hens or eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean C Moore
- b CSIRO Agriculture & Food , Werribee , Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- c School of Science , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
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Yang Y, Ricke SC, Tellez G, Kwon YM. Quantitative Tracking of Salmonella Enteritidis Transmission Routes Using Barcode-Tagged Isogenic Strains in Chickens: Proof-of-Concept Study. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:15. [PMID: 28261587 PMCID: PMC5306393 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important foodborne bacterial pathogen, however, a fundamental understanding on Salmonella transmission routes within a poultry flock remains unclear. In this study, a series of barcode-tagged strains were constructed by inserting six random nucleotides into a functionally neutral region on the chromosome of S. Enteritidis as a tool for quantitative tracking of Salmonella transmission in chickens. Six distinct barcode-tagged strains were used for infection or contamination at either low dose (103 CFUs; three strains) or high dose (105 CFUs; three strains) in three independent experiments (Experiment 1 oral gavage; Experiment 2 contaminated feed; Experiment 3 contaminated water). For all chick experiments, cecal and foot-wash samples were collected from a subset of the chickens at days 7 or/and 14, from which genomic DNA was extracted and used to amplify the barcode regions. After the resulting PCR amplicons were pooled and analyzed by MiSeq sequencing, a total of approximately 1.5 million reads containing the barcode sequences were analyzed to determine the relative frequency of every barcode-tagged strain in each sample. In Experiment 1, the high dose of oral infection was correlated with greater dominance of the strains in the ceca of the respective seeder chickens and also in the contact chickens yet at lesser degrees. When chicks were exposed to contaminated feed (Experiment 2) or water (Experiment 3), there were no clear patterns of the barcode-tagged strains in relation to the dosage, except that the strains introduced at low dose required a longer time to colonize the ceca with contaminated feed. Most foot-wash samples contained only one to three strains for the majority of the samples, suggesting potential existence of an unknown mechanism(s) for strain exclusion. These results demonstrated the proof of concept of using barcode tagged to investigate transmission dynamics of Salmonella in chickens in a quantitative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Stein R, Chirilã M. Routes of Transmission in the Food Chain. FOODBORNE DISEASES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7148622 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385007-2.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than 250 different foodborne diseases have been described to date, annually affecting about one-third of the world's population. The incidence of foodborne diseases has been underreported and underestimated, and the asymptomatic presentation of some of the illnesses, worldwide heterogeneities in reporting, and the alternative transmission routes of certain pathogens are among the factors that contribute to this. Globalization, centralization of the food supply, transportation of food products progressively farther from their places of origin, and the multitude of steps where contamination may occur have made it increasingly challenging to investigate foodborne and waterborne outbreaks. Certain foodborne pathogens may be transmitted directly from animals to humans, while others are transmitted through vectors, such as insects, or through food handlers, contaminated food products or food-processing surfaces, or transfer from sponges, cloths, or utensils. Additionally, the airborne route may contribute to the transmission of certain foodborne pathogens. Complicating epidemiological investigations, multiple transmission routes have been described for some foodborne pathogens. Two types of transmission barriers, primary and secondary, have been described for foodborne pathogens, each of them providing opportunities for preventing and controlling outbreaks. Primary barriers, the most effective sites of prophylactic intervention, prevent pathogen entry into the environment, while secondary barriers prevent the multiplication and dissemination of pathogens that have already entered the environment. Understanding pathogen dynamics, monitoring transmission, and implementing preventive measures are complicated by the phenomenon of superspreading, which refers to the concept that, at the level of populations, a minority of hosts is responsible for the majority of transmission events.
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15
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Hellberg RS, Chu E. Effects of climate change on the persistence and dispersal of foodborne bacterial pathogens in the outdoor environment: A review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:548-72. [PMID: 25612827 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.972335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), warming of the climate system is unequivocal. Over the coming century, warming trends such as increased duration and frequency of heat waves and hot extremes are expected in some areas, as well as increased intensity of some storm systems. Climate-induced trends will impact the persistence and dispersal of foodborne pathogens in myriad ways, especially for environmentally ubiquitous and/or zoonotic microorganisms. Animal hosts of foodborne pathogens are also expected to be impacted by climate change through the introduction of increased physiological stress and, in some cases, altered geographic ranges and seasonality. This review article examines the effects of climatic factors, such as temperature, rainfall, drought and wind, on the environmental dispersal and persistence of bacterial foodborne pathogens, namely, Bacillus cereus, Brucella, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio and Yersinia enterocolitica. These relationships are then used to predict how future climatic changes will impact the activity of these microorganisms in the outdoor environment and associated food safety issues. The development of predictive models that quantify these complex relationships will also be discussed, as well as the potential impacts of climate change on transmission of foodborne disease from animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalee S Hellberg
- a Food Science and Nutrition Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University , Orange , CA , USA
| | - Eric Chu
- a Food Science and Nutrition Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University , Orange , CA , USA
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16
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Gosling RJ, Martelli F, Sayers R, Larkin L, Davies RH. A review of the official sampling of flocks of laying hens in the Salmonella National Control Programme in Great Britain. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:569-75. [PMID: 25350727 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.955081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In line with European legislation and the UK National Control Programme for Salmonella, poultry farms are sampled to establish their Salmonella status. Regular samples are collected by the farmer (operator), with annual routine (official) samples being collected by the competent authority to verify achievement of the Salmonella programme reduction target. To confirm sampling was being carried out effectively, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted. The aim was to identify any complicating factors the samplers encountered and the decisions made in these circumstances. There was good compliance with the official sampling visits, with few delays reported. However, farm-specific clothing/separate boots for non-caged houses were rarely provided by the operator, whereas boot dips and hand washing facilities were usually available. The collection of dust was often a problem for official samplers, operator boot swabs were not always moistened before sampling and both sampler groups did not always follow the recommended method for the collection of faeces from belts and scrapers. Overall, there was a good application of the sampling protocol, although a few areas for improvement were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gosling
- a Department of Bacteriology , Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency , New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB , UK
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17
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Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonellaand Norovirus in tomatoes). EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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18
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Kallapura G, Hernandez-Velasco X, Pumford NR, Bielke LR, Hargis BM, Tellez G. Evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2014; 5:59-73. [PMID: 32670847 PMCID: PMC7337206 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s62775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With increasing reports of Salmonella infection, we are forced to question whether the fecal-oral route is the major route of infection and consider the possibility that airborne Salmonella infections might have a major unappreciated role. Today's large-scale poultry production, with densely stocked and enclosed production buildings, is often accompanied by very high concentrations of airborne microorganisms. Considering that the upper and lower respiratory lymphoid tissue requires up to 6 weeks to be fully developed, these immune structures seem to have a very minor role in preventing pathogen infection. In addition, the avian respiratory system in commercial poultry has anatomic and physiologic properties that present no challenge to the highly adapted Salmonella. The present review evaluates the hypothesis that transmission by the fecal-respiratory route may theoretically be a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry. First, we update the current knowledge on generation of Salmonella bioaerosols, and the transport and fate of Salmonella at various stages of commercial poultry production. Further, emphasis is placed on survivability of Salmonella in these bioaerosols, as a means to assess the transport and subsequent risk of exposure and infection of poultry. Additionally, the main anatomic structures, physiologic functions, and immunologic defense in the avian respiratory system are discussed to understand the potential entry points inherent in each component that could potentially lead to infection and subsequent systemic infection of poultry by Salmonella. In this context, we also evaluate the role of the mucosal immune system as essentially one large interconnected network that shares information distally, since understanding of this sort of communication between mucosal sites is fundamental to establish the next phase of disease characterization, and perhaps immunization and vaccine development. Further characterization of the respiratory tract with regard to transmission of Salmonella under field conditions may be of critical importance in developing interventional strategies to reduce transmission of this important zoonotic pathogen in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopala Kallapura
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, The National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Neil R Pumford
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Lisa R Bielke
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Dungan RS. Estimation of infectious risks in residential populations exposed to airborne pathogens during center pivot irrigation of dairy wastewaters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5033-42. [PMID: 24697271 DOI: 10.1021/es405693v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the western United States where dairy wastewaters are commonly land applied, there are concerns over individuals being exposed to airborne pathogens. In response, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was performed to estimate infectious risks after inhalation exposure of pathogens aerosolized during center pivot irrigation of diluted dairy wastewaters. The dispersion of pathogens (Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157:H7, non-O157 E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp.) was modeled using the atmospheric dispersion model, AERMOD. Pathogen concentrations at downwind receptors were used to calculate infectious risks during one-time (1, 8, and 24 h) and multiday (7 d at 1 h d(-1)) exposure events using a β-Poisson dose-response model. This assessment considered risk of infection in residential populations that were 1 to 10 km from a center pivot operation. In the simulations, infectious risks were estimated to be the greatest in individuals closest to the center pivot, as a result of a higher pathogen dose. On the basis of the results from this QMRA, it is recommended that wastewaters only be applied during daylight hours when inactivation and dilution of airborne pathogens is highest. Further refinement of the dispersion and dose-response models should be considered to increase the utility of this QMRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stephen Dungan
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service , Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, 3793 North 3600 East, Kimberly, Idaho 83341, United States
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Kallapura G, Morgan MJ, Pumford NR, Bielke LR, Wolfenden AD, Faulkner OB, Latorre JD, Menconi A, Hernandez-Velasco X, Kuttappan VA, Hargis BM, Tellez G. Evaluation of the respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry via intratracheal challenge of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium. Poult Sci 2014; 93:340-6. [PMID: 24570455 PMCID: PMC4990883 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and epidemiological evidence suggests that primary infection of Salmonella is by the oral-fecal route for poultry. However, the airborne transmission of Salmonella and similar enteric zoonotic pathogens has been historically neglected. Increasing evidence of Salmonella bioaerosol generation in production facilities and studies suggesting the vulnerabilities of the avian respiratory architecture together have indicated the possibility of the respiratory system being a potential portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry. Presently, we evaluated this hypothesis through intratracheal (IT) administration of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium, as separate challenges, in a total of 4 independent trials, followed by enumeration of cfu recovery in ceca-cecal tonsils and recovery incidence in liver and spleen. In all trials, both Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium, challenged IT colonized cecae to a similar or greater extent than oral administration at identical challenge levels. In most trials, chickens cultured for cfu enumeration from IT-challenged chicks at same dose as orally challenged, resulted in an increase of 1.5 log higher Salmonella Enteritidis from ceca-cecal tonsils and a much lower dose IT of Salmonella Enteritidis could colonize ceca to the same extent than a higher oral challenge. This trend of increased cecal colonization due to IT challenge was observed with all trails involving week-old birds (experiment 2 and 3), which are widely considered to be more difficult to infect via the oral route. Liver-spleen incidence data showed 33% of liver and spleen samples to be positive for Salmonella Enteritidis administered IT (106 cfu/chick), compared with 0% when administered orally (experiment 2, trial 1). Collectively, these data suggest that the respiratory tract may be a largely overlooked portal of entry for Salmonella infections in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kallapura
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
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21
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Kallapura G, Botero A, Layton S, Bielke L, Latorre J, Menconi A, Hernández-Velasco X, Bueno D, Hargis B, Téllez G. Evaluation of recovery of Salmonella from trachea and ceca in commercial poultry. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2013-00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Thakur S, Brake J, Keelara S, Zou M, Susick E. Farm and environmental distribution of Campylobacter and Salmonella in broiler flocks. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Salmonella can reach tomato fruits on plants exposed to aerosols formed by rain. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 158:140-6. [PMID: 22831820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of Salmonella enterica have been associated with tomatoes and traced back to production areas but the spread of Salmonella in agricultural fields is still poorly understood. Post-rain Salmonella transfer from a point source to the air and then to tomato plants was evaluated. GFP-labeled kanamycin-resistant S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (10(8)CFU/mL) with and without expression of the rdar morphotype (rough colonies; cells with fimbriae and cellulose) was used as the point source in the center of a rain simulator. Rain intensities of 60 and 110 mm/h were applied for 5, 10, 20, and 30 min. Petri dishes with lactose broth and tomato plants with fruit (50-80 cm high) were placed in the simulator after the rain had ceased. Salmonella recovery from air was maximum (300 CFU/plate) after a rain episode of 60 mm/h for 10 min at distances of at least 85.5 cm above the source and when the rdar morphotype strain was used. Small scale experiments showed that the smooth-colony strain without fimbriae precipitated from the air in significantly higher numbers than the rdar strain. Transfer of aerial Salmonella with the rdar morphotype to tomato fruits on plants followed a beta distribution (2.5950, 4.7393) within the generalized range from 0 to 30 min of rain. Results show for the first time that Salmonella may transfer from rain to the air and contaminate tomato fruits at levels that could possibly be infectious to humans.
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24
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Dungan RS. Use of a culture-independent approach to characterize aerosolized bacteria near an open-freestall dairy operation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 41:8-14. [PMID: 22341661 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Animal manures are known to harbor a variety of zoonotic pathogens, which are suspected of being transported off-site as aerosols from confined feeding operations. In this study, aerosols were collected using a high-volume sampler downwind from a 10,000 cow open-freestall dairy and nearby fields being sprinkler irrigated with wastewater. DNA extracts were prepared from the aerosol samples, then a region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was sequenced for bacterial identification and phylogenetic classification. At the dairy and irrigation sites, Proteobacteria (α-, β-, and γ-subdivisions) was the most abundant phylum, representing 78% and 69% of all sequences, respectively, while Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes represented only 10% or less of the sequences. Of the 191 clones sequenced from the dairy aerosol samples, 6 sequences were found to be homologous with uncultured bacteria from cow milk, rumen, and fecal samples. However, none of the sequence matches was affiliated with bacteria known to be pathogenic to otherwise healthy humans. Although our results do suggest a high diversity among the aerosolized bacteria, the sampling strategy employed in this study may not account for the variable nature of bioaerosol emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Dungan
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, Kimberly, ID 83341, USA.
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25
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Scientific Opinion on an estimation of the public health impact of setting a new target for the reduction ofSalmonellain turkeys. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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26
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Ravva SV, Sarreal CZ, Mandrell RE. Bacterial communities in aerosols and manure samples from two different dairies in central and Sonoma valleys of California. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17281. [PMID: 21364996 PMCID: PMC3041799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosols have been suspected to transport food pathogens and contaminate fruits and vegetables grown in close proximity to concentrated animal feeding operations, but studies are lacking that substantiate such transport. To monitor the potential transport of bacteria originated from fresh or dry manure through aerosols on a dairy, we identified by 16S rRNA sequencing, bacteria in aerosols collected within 2 to 3 meters from dairy cows at two dairies. Gram-positive Firmicutes were predominant in aerosols from a dairy in Sonoma, California, and surrounded by vineyards, in contrast to sequences of Gram-negative Proteobacteria predominant in aerosols from a dairy in Modesto, California, also surrounded by other dairies. Although Firmicutes represented approximately 50% of the 10 most abundant sequences, aerosols from the Sonoma dairy also contained sequences of Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, identified previously with animal feces. While none of the top 10 sequences from fresh or dry manure from Modesto dairy were detected in aerosols, two of the sequences from the phylum Bacteriodetes and one from class Clostridia from fresh manure were detected in aerosols from Sonoma. Interestingly, none of the sequences from dry manure were in the top 10 sequences in aerosols from both dairies. The 10 most abundant sequences in aerosols from the Modesto dairy were all from Proteobacteria and nearly half of them were from genus Massilia, which have been isolated previously from immune-compromised people and aerosols. We conclude that the predominant bacteria in aerosols are diverse among locations and that they do not reflect the predominant species of bacteria present in cow feces and/or in close proximity to cows. These results suggest that the aerosol sequences did not originate from manure. Large volumes of aerosols would be required to determine if bacterial sequences from aerosols could be used to track bacteria in manure to crops grown in proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbarao V. Ravva
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chester Z. Sarreal
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Mandrell
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America
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27
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Fallschissel K, Klug K, Kämpfer P, Jäckel U. Detection of airborne bacteria in a German turkey house by cultivation-based and molecular methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 54:934-43. [PMID: 20720091 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meq054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Today's large-scale poultry production with densely stocked and enclosed production buildings is often accompanied by very high concentrations of airborne microorganisms leading to a clear health hazard for employees working in such environments. Depending on the expected exposure to microorganisms, work has to be performed under occupational safety conditions. In this study, turkey houses bioaerosols were investigated by cultivation-based and molecular methods in parallel to determine the concentrations and the composition of bacterial community. Results obtained with the molecular approach showed clearly its applicability for qualitative exposure measurements. With both, cultivation-based and molecular methods species of microorganism with a potential health risk for employees (Acinetobacter johnsonii, Aerococcus viridans, Pantoea agglomerans, and Shigella flexneri) were identified. These results underline the necessity of adequate protection measures, including the recommendation to wear breathing masks during work in poultry houses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Fallschissel
- Institute for Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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28
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Dungan RS. BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: fate and transport of bioaerosols associated with livestock operations and manures. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:3693-706. [PMID: 20622180 PMCID: PMC7109640 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne microorganisms and microbial by-products from intensive livestock and manure management systems are a potential health risk to workers and individuals in nearby communities. This report presents information on zoonotic pathogens in animal wastes and the generation, fate, and transport of bioaerosols associated with animal feeding operations and land applied manures. Though many bioaerosol studies have been conducted at animal production facilities, few have investigated the transport of bioaerosols during the land application of animal manures. As communities in rural areas converge with land application sites, concerns over bioaerosol exposure will certainly increase. Although most studies at animal operations and wastewater spray irrigation sites suggest a decreased risk of bioaerosol exposure with increasing distance from the source, many challenges remain in evaluating the health effects of aerosolized pathogens and allergens in outdoor environments. To improve our ability to understand the off-site transport and diffusion of human and livestock diseases, various dispersion models have been utilized. Most studies investigating the transport of bioaerosols during land application events have used a modified Gaussian plume model. Because of the disparity among collection and analytical techniques utilized in outdoor studies, it is often difficult to evaluate health effects associated with aerosolized pathogens and allergens. Invaluable improvements in assessing the health effects from intensive livestock practices could be made if standardized bioaerosol collection and analytical techniques, as well as the use of specific target microorganisms, were adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Dungan
- Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Kimberly, ID 83341, USA.
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29
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Rousi V, Madouvalou S, Pasiotou M, Diamantis X, Burriel AR. Investigating Salmonella Serotypes Colonizing Laying Hen Housing Across Southern Greece: Implications to Public Health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2010.841.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Carrique-Mas JJ, Davies RH. Salmonella Enteritidis in commercial layer flocks in Europe: legislative background, on-farm sampling and main challenges. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2008000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Sareyyüpoğlu B, Ok AÇ, Cantekin Z, Yardımcı H, Akan M, Akçay A. Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Salmonella spp. in Fecal Samples of Pet Birds. Avian Dis 2008; 52:163-7. [DOI: 10.1637/8052-070507-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Bemis DA, Craig LE, Dunn JR. Salmonella transmission through splash exposure during a bovine necropsy. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2007; 4:387-90. [PMID: 17883322 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2007.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium was isolated from two adult cows and a veterinary pathologist who performed a necropsy examination on one of the cows. The isolates had indistinguishable phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. A splash exposure was the suspected means of transmission of the human infection. Veterinary practices and other at-risk occupations should establish site-specific infection control plans and review recommendations for use of facial protection measures during procedures that may produce splashes or aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bemis
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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33
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Gast RK. Serotype-Specific and Serotype-Independent Strategies for Preharvest Control of Food-Borne Salmonella in Poultry. Avian Dis 2007; 51:817-28. [PMID: 18251388 DOI: 10.1637/8090-081807.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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