1
|
Avila LP, Sweeney KM, Evans CR, White DL, Kim WK, Regmi P, Williams SM, Nicholds J, Wilson JL. Body composition, gastrointestinal, and reproductive differences between broiler breeders fed using everyday or skip-a-day rearing programs. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102853. [PMID: 37423014 PMCID: PMC10344816 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Broiler breeder feed restriction practices have intensified as broiler feed efficiency has been improved. Skip-a-day (SAD) rearing regimen has controlled breeder growth, although this practice has become questionable for the modern breeder. We compared everyday (ED) and SAD programs and evaluated their impact on pullet growth performance, body composition, gastrointestinal tract development, and reproduction. At d 0, Ross 708 (Aviagen) pullet chicks (n = 1,778) were randomly assigned to 7 floor pens. Three pens were fed using the ED and 4 pens with SAD program through wk 21 using a chain-feeder system. ED and SAD grower diets were formulated to be isonutritious, with the only difference that ED diets had more crude fiber. Pullets (n = 44 per pen) were moved to 16 hen pens by treatment at wk 21 with 3 YP males (Aviagen) in each pen. All birds were fed common laying diets. In addition to BW data, sampled pullets and hens were scanned using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to obtain body bone density and composition. Hen performance and hatchery metrics were recorded through wk 60. ED birds were heavier with similar nutrient intake from wk 10 to 45 (P ≤ 0.013). Pullet uniformity was unaffected by feeding method (P ≥ 0.443). SAD pullets had less body fat at wk 19 (P = 0.034) compared to ED pullets, likely as a metabolic consequence of intermittent feeding. SAD birds had lower bone density at wk 7, 15, and 19 (P ≤ 0.026). At 4 wk of age, SAD pullets had less intestinal villi goblet cells compared to ED pullets (P ≤ 0.050), possibly explained by the effect that feed removal has on cell migration rates. Overall egg-specific gravity (P = 0.057) and hatch of fertile % (P = 0.088) tended to be higher in eggs from ED hens. Altogether, ED feeding increased young pullet intestinal goblet cells and increased both bone density and body fat at wk 19. ED program improved pullet feed conversion (2.6% less feed) and increased eggshell quality and hatch of fertile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L P Avila
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - K M Sweeney
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C R Evans
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - D L White
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - P Regmi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - S M Williams
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J Nicholds
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J L Wilson
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lindholm C, Batakis P, Altimiras J, Lees J. Intermittent fasting induces chronic changes in the hepatic gene expression of Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:304. [PMID: 35421924 PMCID: PMC9009039 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intermittent fasting (IF), the implementation of fasting periods of at least 12 consecutive hours on a daily to weekly basis, has received a lot of attention in recent years for imparting the life-prolonging and health-promoting effects of caloric restriction with no or only moderate actual restriction of caloric intake. IF is also widely practiced in the rearing of broiler breeders, the parent stock of meat-type chickens, who require strict feed restriction regimens to prevent the serious health problems associated with their intense appetites. Although intermittent fasting has been extensively used in this context to reduce feed competition and its resulting stress, the potential of IF in chickens as an alternative and complementary model to rodents has received less investigation. In both mammals and birds, the liver is a key component of the metabolic response to IF, responding to variations in energy balance. Here we use a microarray analysis to examine the liver transcriptomics of wild-type Red Jungle Fowl chickens fed either ad libitum, chronically restricted to around 70% of ad libitum daily or intermittently fasted (IF) on a 2:1 (2 days fed, 1 day fasted) schedule without actual caloric restriction. As red junglefowl are ancestral to domestic chicken breeds, these data serve as a baseline to which existing and future transcriptomic results from farmed birds such as broiler breeders can be compared. Results We find large effects of feeding regimen on liver transcriptomics, with most of the affected genes relating to energy metabolism. A cluster analysis shows that IF is associated with large and reciprocal changes in genes related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, but also chronic changes in genes related to amino acid metabolism (generally down-regulated) and cell cycle progression (generally up-regulated). The overall transcription pattern appears to be one of promoting high proliferative plasticity in response to fluctuations in available energy substrates. A small number of inflammation-related genes also show chronically changed expression profiles, as does one circadian rhythm gene. Conclusions The increase in proliferative potential suggested by the gene expression changes reported here indicates that birds and mammals respond similarly to intermittent fasting practices. Our findings therefore suggest that the health benefits of periodic caloric restriction are ubiquitous and not restricted to mammals alone. Whether a common fundamental mechanism, for example involving leptin, underpins these benefits remains to be elucidated. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08533-5.
Collapse
|
3
|
Afrouziyeh M, Zukiwsky NM, Korver DR, Zuidhof MJ. Plasma metabolomic profiling reveals potential onset of lay biomarkers in broiler breeders. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101532. [PMID: 34823168 PMCID: PMC8626694 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the metabolic fingerprint of plasma during the onset of lay in broiler breeders were investigated. We used metabolomics to identify biomarkers of sexual maturity and to provide a comprehensive understanding of breeder metabolome during the pullet to hen transition period. A total of 36 pullets were used, in which 30 pullets were randomly assigned to one of 10 unique growth trajectories and 6 birds were assigned to an unrestricted group. The growth trajectories were designed using a 3-phase Gompertz growth model with 10 levels of BW gain in the prepubertal and pubertal growth phases ranging from the breeder-recommended target BW to 22.5% higher, in 2.5% increments. The BW trajectories were applied to each individual bird using a precision feeding (PF) system, which collected BW and feed intake data for each individual bird. The birds were classified based on age at first egg (AFE), and 12 pullets were chosen from the lower and upper AFE extremes (early and late onset of lay) at 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26 wk of age to run repeated blood plasma metabolomic assays. The metabolomic profile data were collected using a direct-injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and steroid assays. Univariate analysis identified 87 differential metabolites between the early- and late-onset of lay groups at 24 wk of age and 104 differential metabolites between the pullet and hen groups. Further investigation of differential metabolites showed 15 potential biomarkers for pullet to hen transition by analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, mainly consisting of carnitine and choline metabolites. Differential metabolites during the pullet to hen transition were mainly associated with lipid, energy, and amino acid metabolism pathways, which gave clues to the physiological and metabolic shifts resulting from sexual maturation. At 24 wk of age, the main pathways involved in differentiation of the early- and late-onset of lay groups were related to lipid and amino acid metabolism. These metabolites could be involved in biosynthesis of egg yolk precursors in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Afrouziyeh
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Nicole M Zukiwsky
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Douglas R Korver
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Martin J Zuidhof
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Teofilo GFDS, Lizana RR, Camargos RDS, Leme BB, Morillo FAH, Silva RL, Fernandes JBK, Sakomura NK. Effect of feed restriction on the maintenance energy requirement of broiler breeders. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:690-697. [PMID: 34727646 PMCID: PMC9065783 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the ad libitum and restricted feeding regimen on fasting heat production (FHP) and body composition. Methods Twelve Hubbard broilers breeders were selected with the same body weight and submitted in two feeding regimes: Restricted (T1) with feed intake of 150 g/bird/d and ad libitum (T2). The birds were randomly distributed on the treatments in two runs with three replications per treatment (per run). The birds were adapted to the feed regimens for ten days. After that, they were allocated in the open-circuit chambers and kept for three days for adaptation. On the last day, oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were measured by 30 h under fasting. The respiratory quotient (RQ) was calculated as the VCO2/VO2 ratio, and the heat production (HP) was obtained using the Brower equation (1985). The FHP was estimated throughout the plateau of HP 12 hours after the feed deprivation. The body composition was analyzed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning at the end of each period. Data were analyzed for one-way analysis of variance using the Minitab software. Results The daily feed intake was 30 g higher to T2 (p<0.01) than the T1. Also, the birds of the T2 had significatively (p<0.05) more oxygen consumption (+3.1 L/kg0.75/d) and CO2 production (+2.2 L/kg0.75/d). That resulted in a higher FHP 359±14 kJ/kg0.75/d for T2 than T1 296±17.23 kJ/kg0.75/d. In contrast, the RQ was not different between treatments, with an average of 0.77 for the fasting condition. In addition, protein and fat composition were not affected by the treatment, while a tendency (p<0.1) was shown to higher bone mineral content on the T1. Conclusion The birds under ad libitum feeding had a higher maintenance energy requirement but their body composition was not affected compared to restricted feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ferreira da Silva Teofilo
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences of São Paulo State University - UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Rony Riveros Lizana
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences of São Paulo State University - UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Rosiane de Souza Camargos
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences of São Paulo State University - UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Balbino Leme
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences of São Paulo State University - UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Freddy Alexander Horna Morillo
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences of São Paulo State University - UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Raully Lucas Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences of São Paulo State University - UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences of São Paulo State University - UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Nilva Kazue Sakomura
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences of São Paulo State University - UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hadinia SH, Carneiro PRO, Korver DR, Zuidhof MJ. Energy partitioning by broiler breeder hens in conventional daily-restricted feeding and precision feeding systems. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6721-6732. [PMID: 31265731 PMCID: PMC8913959 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An empirical linear mixed model was derived to describe metabolizable energy (ME) partitioning in broiler breeder hens. Its coefficients described ME used for total heat production (HP), growth (ADG), and egg mass (EM). A total of 480 Ross 308 hens were randomly and equally assigned to 2 treatments: precision feeding (PF) and conventional daily-restricted feeding (CON) from 23 to 34 wk of age. The PF system allowed birds to enter feeding stations voluntarily at any time, weighed them, and provided access to feed for 60 s if their BW was less than the breeder-recommended target BW. The CON birds were fed daily each morning. Energetic efficiency of hens was evaluated using residual feed intake (RFI), defined as the difference between observed and predicted ME intake (MEI). The energy partitioning model predicted (P < 0.05): MEI = A × BW0.67 + 1.75 × ADG + 0.75 × EM + ϵ. The coefficient A, a vector of age-specific HP, was 142 kcal/kg0.67/d; the energy requirement for growth and EM was 1.75 and 0.75 kcal/g, respectively. For the CON and the PF hens, respectively, MEI was 366 and 354 kcal/d (P = 0.006); RFI was -5.9 and 6.7 kcal/d (P = 0.009); HP% was 85.5 and 87.7 (P < 0.001); hen-day egg production (HDEP) was 65.5 and 55.2% (P < 0.001). Although the CON hens had higher MEI, the model predicted lower HP%; thus, CON hens had more nutrients available for egg production, increased egg production, and were more energetically efficient than the PF hens. The decreased egg production by the PF hens was likely due to these hens receiving production-related feed increases after an egg was laid. However, feed allocation increases for the CON hens resulted in increasing MEI for all CON hens at the same time. Therefore, the PF hens had lower MEI and lower HDEP than the CON hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Hadinia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | | | - D R Korver
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - M J Zuidhof
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Based on data from the UN's Food and Agricultural Organization, about 120 million metric tons of poultry meat were produced globally in 2016. In addition, about 82 million metric tons of eggs were produced. One of the bases for this production is the reproductive efficiency of today's poultry. This, in turn, is due to their inherent reproductive physiology, intensive genetic selection and advances in husbandry/management. The system of reproduction in males in largely similar to that in mammals except that there is no descent of testes. In females, there are marked differences with there being a single ovary and oviduct; the latter being the name of the differentiated entire Müllerian duct. Moreover, females produce eggs with a yolky oocyte surrounded by albumen, membranes and shell. Among the most successful reproductive management techniques are optimizing photoperiod, light intensity and nutrition. Widespread employment of these has allowed maximizing production. Laying hens can be re-cycled toward the end egg production. Other aspects of reproductive management in poultry include the following: artificial insemination (almost exclusively employed in turkeys) and approaches to reduce broodiness together with cage free (colony), conventional, enriched and free-range systems.
Collapse
|
7
|
Carneiro PRO, Lunedo R, Fernandez-Alarcon MF, Baldissera G, Freitas GG, Macari M. Effect of different feed restriction programs on the performance and reproductive traits of broiler breeders. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4705-4715. [PMID: 31065701 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current experiment evaluated the effect of different feed restriction programs applied during rearing on the performance and reproductive traits of broiler breeder pullets reared on floor pens, isolating the birds' weight effect from the analysis. At 4 wk of age, 1,400 breeder pullets were distributed in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments: daily restriction (DAILY-every day feeding), skip-a-day restriction (SKIP-every other day feeding), 4/3 restriction (4/3-4 days feeding and 3 nonconsecutive fasting days) and 5/2 restriction (5/2-5 days feeding and 2 nonconsecutive fasting days), and 8 replicates. At 11, 18, 25, 32, and 39 wk of age, body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass composition, organs relative weight (liver, fat, oviduct, and ovary stroma), egg production, and egg weight were accessed. At 32 and 39 wk, 12 eggs by experimental unit were collected and incubated to determine hatchability and fertility parameters. Body weight, carcass EE, and FCR were higher for SKIP birds when compared to other feed restriction programs. SKIP birds also showed the lowest number of eggs per bird (NEB) and % of egg production when compared to 4/3 feeding schedule, which provided higher values. Feed conversion ratio per egg mass (FCEM) was also higher in 4/3 schedule in relation to SKIP birds. In regard to incubation parameters, 5/2 treatment showed higher values for hatchability (HAT) and fertility (FERT), similar to results of 4/3 and DAILY treatments, while SKIP birds showed the lowest. In conclusion, 4/3 and 5/2 feeding programs showed best results and should be used by broiler breeder producers to control pullets' body weight. Therefore, the higher number of eggs produced with less feed and statistically not different fertility and hatchability between programs obtained in this study suggest the 4/3 program could be more efficient than 5/2 program. Body weight'|'s effect isolation was important to analyze the effect of feed restriction program per se, and should be applied in future approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R O Carneiro
- Trouw Nutrition, Sherwood Park, Alberta, AB T8H 2J6 Canada
| | - R Lunedo
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - M F Fernandez-Alarcon
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - G Baldissera
- Seara Alimentos LTDA, Itapetininga, São Paulo, 18.203-340, Brazil
| | - G G Freitas
- Hy-Line do Brasil LTDA, Nova Granada, São Paulo, 15440-000, Brazil
| | - M Macari
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arrazola A, Mosco E, Widowski TM, Guerin MT, Kiarie EG, Torrey S. The effect of alternative feeding strategies for broiler breeder pullets: 1. Welfare and performance during rearing. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3377-3390. [PMID: 31001626 PMCID: PMC6698192 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler breeders have impaired reproductive performance when fed to satiety but they can achieve an optimal hatching egg production under feed restriction. Feed restriction is a welfare concern due to signs of hunger, lack of satiety, and frustrated feeding motivation. The objective of this research was to examine the effect of a rationed alternative diet and non-daily feeding schedules on the performance and welfare of broiler breeder pullets reared under simulated commercial conditions. At 3 wk of age, 1,680 Ross 308 pullets were allocated to 24 pens fed with 1 of 4 treatments: 1) daily control diet (control); 2) daily alternative diet (40% soybean hulls and 1 to 5% calcium propionate); 3) 4/3 control diet (4 on-feed days per week; 3 non-consecutive off-feed days per week); and 4) graduated control diet (feeding frequency varied with age). Body weight and body weight uniformity were recorded at 3, 5, 7, 11, 17, and 21 wk of age. Pullets were scored for feather coverage, foot lesions, and hock burns biweekly. Physiological indicators (plasma glucose, corticosterone, hematology, and feather traits) and feeding motivation were also determined throughout rearing during on- and off-feed days. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed regression model, with pen nested in the model and age as a repeated measure. Compared to control, pullets under the 3 alternative feeding strategies had a lower feeding motivation during early rearing (P = 0.03), better feather coverage throughout rearing (P = 0.001), fewer feather fault bars (P = 0.006), and a delayed increase in the basophil to lymphocyte ratio (P = 0.001). These results indicate that the 3 alternative feeding strategies (the alternative, the graduated, and the 4/3 schedule) may decrease feeding motivation and alleviate stress compared to the control, suggesting an overall improvement in broiler breeder welfare without negative consequences on their performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Arrazola
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elyse Mosco
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tina M Widowski
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michele T Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stephanie Torrey
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hadinia SH, Carneiro PRO, Ouellette CA, Zuidhof MJ. Energy partitioning by broiler breeder pullets in skip-a-day and precision feeding systems. Poult Sci 2019; 97:4279-4289. [PMID: 29982745 PMCID: PMC6305833 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An empirical nonlinear mixed model was derived to describe metabolizable energy (ME) partitioning in Ross 308 broiler breeder pullets. Its coefficients described ME used for total heat production (HP) and growth. A total of 630 pullets were randomly and equally assigned to 2 treatments: precision feeding (PF) and conventional skip-a-day feeding (CON) from 10 to 23 wk of age. The PF system allowed birds to enter voluntarily at any time, weighed them, and provided access to feed for 60 s if their BW was less than the target BW. Birds in the CON treatment were fed as a group on alternate days. Energetic efficiency of pullets was evaluated using residual total heat production (RHP), defined as the difference between observed and predicted total HP. Additionally, ME intake (MEI), ADG, HP, and cumulative feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated for the entire experimental period. The energy partitioning model (P < 0.05) predicted MEI = (120+u)BW0.68 + 1.52(ADG) + ε. Total HP was (120 kcal/kg0.68 + u); the energy requirement for each g of BW gain was 1.52 kcal/d. The random variable u ∼ N (0, σu2) indicated a pen level HP standard deviation σu = 12.1 kcal/kg0.68. Over the experimental period, for CON and PF treatments, respectively, MEI was 194 and 174 kcal/d (P < 0.001); ADG was 15.3 and 15.4 g/d (P = 0.94); HP was 129 and 111 kcal/kg0.68 (P < 0.001); FCR was 4.888 and 4.057 (P < 0.001); and RHP was 0.12 and -0.12 kcal/kg0.68 (P = 0.73). The CON pullets had similar ADG, but higher MEI relative to PF, consistent with levels of heat production predicted by RHP. The PF pullets had lower cumulative FCR compared to CON pullets. The PF pullets lost less energy as heat, likely because they were fed continuously, reducing the need to store and mobilize nutrients compared to CON pullets. Thus, increased feeding frequency likely increased PF pullet efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Hadinia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - P R O Carneiro
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - C A Ouellette
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - M J Zuidhof
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zuidhof MJ. Lifetime productivity of conventionally and precision-fed broiler breeders. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3921-3937. [PMID: 29945207 PMCID: PMC6162360 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A precision feeding (PF) system was developed to increase broiler breeder lifetime reproductive performance through improved flock uniformity. The current study consisted of 2 rearing and 3 laying treatments. From 0 to 22 wk of age, 480 Cobb male grandparent line pullets and 80 Cobb MX males were fed once daily as a group (CON), or individually with a PF system. Pullets were housed in 6 replicate pens of 40 birds, and cockerels in one pen per treatment. During lay, CON and PF treatments continued, and a third treatment was added, where PF-reared birds were transitioned to conventional feeding (PFCON; n = 3 pens). At photostimulation (22 wk of age), all pens had 24 hens and 2 roosters. Birds were allowed to mate naturally to 52 wk. Analysis of variance was conducted, and Tukey-adjusted means were reported as different where P ≤ 0.05. Mean BW was near the target BW in all treatments. At photostimulation, PF pullet BW CV was 2% vs 14% in CON pullets. Cumulative feed conversion ratio during rearing was lower in PF treatment pullets, which ate 3% less than CON pullets. Pullets in the PF treatment received 10 meals spread throughout each day, compared with one meal per day in the CON treatment. Increased feeding frequency would reduce diurnal fluctuations in nutrient supply, which may explain why PF pullets had 1.2 times the breast muscle weight of CON pullets at 22 wk. There was no treatment difference in abdominal fatpad weight at 22 wk. The PF treatment had 3.8% higher fertility and 1.3% lower egg weight CV compared with the CON treatment. Egg production in PF and PFCON treatments was 0.73 and 0.89 times that of the CON treatment, respectively. It is hypothesized that metabolic changes in PF pullets provided an insufficient metabolic trigger for sexual maturation. It follows that relaxing feed restriction may increase fat deposition and egg production in PF broiler breeders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Zuidhof
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The physiological and neuroendocrine correlates of hunger in the Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus). Sci Rep 2017; 7:17984. [PMID: 29269733 PMCID: PMC5740172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17922-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regulate food intake is critical to survival. The hypothalamus is central to this regulation, integrating peripheral signals of energy availability. Although our understanding of hunger in rodents is advanced, an equivalent understanding in birds is lacking. In particular, the relationship between peripheral energy indices and hypothalamic 'hunger' peptides, agouti-related protein (AgRP), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) is poorly understood. Here, we compare AgRP, POMC and NPY RNA levels in the hypothalamus of Red Junglefowl chicks raised under ad libitum, chronic restriction and intermittent feeding regimens. Hypothalamic gene expression differed between chronically and intermittently restricted birds, confirming that different restriction regimens elicit different patterns of hunger. By assessing the relationship between hypothalamic gene expression and carcass traits, we show for the first time in birds that AgRP and POMC are responsive to fat-related measures and therefore represent long-term energy status. Chronically restricted birds, having lower indices of fat, show elevated hunger according to AgRP and POMC. NPY was elevated in intermittently fasted birds during fasting, suggesting a role as a short-term index of hunger. The different physiological and neuroendocrine responses to quantitative versus temporal feed restriction provide novel insights into the divergent roles of avian hunger neuropeptides.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zuidhof M, Fedorak M, Ouellette C, Wenger I. Precision feeding: Innovative management of broiler breeder feed intake and flock uniformity. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2254-2263. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
13
|
Zuidhof M, Holm D, Renema R, Jalal M, Robinson F. Effects of broiler breeder management on pullet body weight and carcass uniformity. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1389-97. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
14
|
Moradi S, Zaghari M, Shivazad M, Osfoori R, Mardi M. The effect of increasing feeding frequency on performance, plasma hormones and metabolites, and hepatic lipid metabolism of broiler breeder hens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:1227-37. [PMID: 23571332 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to study the effects of feeding regimens on reproductive performance, plasma hormone and metabolite levels, and hepatic lipid metabolism of Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens from 26 to 38 wk of age. Seventy-two birds were used in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments, each replicated 4 times. Treatments were as follows: 1) once a day feeding, in which birds were fed once a day at 0615 h (control), 2) twice a day feeding, in which daily allocated feed was fed in 2 equal meals at 0615 and 1215 h, and 3) thrice a day feeding in which daily allocated feed was offered in 3 equal meals at 0615, 1215, and 1815 h. Through 38 wk of age, total hen-day egg production in the hens fed twice and thrice a day was greater (67.1 and 67.2 vs. 62.2 eggs/hen, P < 0.01). Similarly, egg weight was higher (P < 0.01) in birds fed more than once a day. Multi-meal-fed birds had significantly lower plasma triiodothyronine and glucose at 32 wk and also lower glucose and cholesterol, and higher 17β-estradiol levels at 38 wk than those fed once a day (P ≤ 0.05). Hepatic expression of malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and ATP citrate lyase relative to β-actin decreased (P < 0.05) in birds fed twice and thrice a day compared with birds fed once a day at peak egg production (32 wk). In contrast, feeding regimens did not affect the hepatic gene expression of lipogenic enzymes after peak egg production at 38 wk. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) gene expression was constant over dietary regimens. There was no difference in malic enzyme activity in multi-meal-fed birds at 38 wk. In summary, feeding broiler breeder hens 2 or 3 meals per day improved the reproductive performance during the early lay cycle. Implementing twice or thrice a day feeding regimens altered hepatic lipogenic gene expression in broiler breeder hens only at peak egg production, which indicated a short-term effect of increasing feeding frequency on hepatic lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Moradi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, Karaj 31587-11167, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Association of bovine meat quality traits with genes included in the PPARG and PPARGC1A networks. Meat Sci 2013; 94:328-35. [PMID: 23567132 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding which are the genetic variants underlying the nutritional and sensory properties of beef, enables improvement in meat quality. The aim of this study is to identify new molecular markers for meat quality through an association study using candidate genes included in the PPARG and PPARGC1A networks given their master role in coordinating metabolic adaptation in fat tissue, muscle and liver. Amongst the novel associations found in this study, selection of the positive marker variants of genes such as BCL3, LPL, PPARG, SCAP, and SCD will improve meat organoleptic characteristics and health by balancing the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio in meat. Also previous results on GDF8 and DGAT1 were validated, and the novel ATF4, HNF4A and PPARGC1A associations, although slightly under the significance threshold, are consistent with their physiological roles. These data contribute insights into the complex gene-networks underlying economically important traits.
Collapse
|
16
|
Mohiti-Asli M, Shivazad M, Zaghari M, Aminzadeh S, Rezaian M, Mateos G. Dietary fibers and crude protein content alleviate hepatic fat deposition and obesity in broiler breeder hens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:3107-14. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
17
|
|
18
|
Ekmay RD, de Beer M, Rosebrough RW, Richards MP, McMurtry JP, Coon CN. The role of feeding regimens in regulating metabolism of sexually mature broiler breeders. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1171-81. [PMID: 20460664 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A trial was conducted to determine the effects of different rearing feed regimens on plasma hormone and metabolite levels and hepatic lipid metabolism and gene expression on sexually mature broiler breeders. Cobb 500 birds were divided into 2 groups at 4 wk and fed either an everyday (ED) or skip-a-day (SKP) regimen. At 24 wk of age, all birds were switched over to an ED regimen. At 26.4 wk, breeder hens were randomly selected and killed at intervals after feeding. Livers were sampled from 4 hens at 4-h intervals for 24 h for a total of 28 samples per treatment. Blood was sampled from 4 hens per sampling time; sampling times were 0, 30, and 60 min and 2 and 4 h after feeding and then every 4 h up to 24 h for a total of 36 samples per treatment. Main feeding regimen, time, and interaction effects were analyzed. Significant interaction effects were found between time and feeding regimen for acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase and malic enzyme mRNA expression. The peak for acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase expression was higher in ED-reared birds, whereas the peak for malic enzyme expression was higher in SKP-reared birds. Overall, plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-II were higher in SKP-reared birds. Overall, plasma corticosterone levels were also higher in SKP-reared birds and significant interaction effects between time and feeding regimen were seen. The expression of apolipoprotein A1 was significantly higher in ED-reared birds: significant interaction effects were also noted. Other researchers also found some of the differences observed in the present study in 16-wk-old pullets. In summary, different feeding regimens alter metabolic responses, some of which carry over into sexual maturity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D Ekmay
- University of Arkansas, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Fayetteville 72701, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Richards M, Rosebrough R, Coon C, McMurtry J. Feed intake regulation for the female broiler breeder: In theory and in practice ,. J APPL POULTRY RES 2010. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2010-00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
20
|
Proszkowiec-Weglarz M, Richards MP, Humphrey BD, Rosebrough RW, McMurtry JP. AMP-activated protein kinase and carbohydrate response element binding protein: a study of two potential regulatory factors in the hepatic lipogenic program of broiler chickens. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 154:68-79. [PMID: 19427916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of fasting and refeeding on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) mRNA, protein and activity levels; as well as the expression of lipogenic genes involved in regulating lipid synthesis in broiler chicken (Gallus gallus) liver. Fasting for 24 or 48 h produced significant declines in plasma glucose (at 24 h), insulin and thyroid hormone (T3) levels that were accompanied by changes in mRNA expression levels of hepatic lipogenic genes. The mRNA levels of malic enzyme (ME), ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACCalpha), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) and thyroid hormone responsive Spot 14 (Spot 14) declined in response to fasting. Refeeding for 24 h increased mRNA levels for each of these genes, characterized by a significant increase ('overshoot') above fed control values. No change in mRNA expression of the two AMPK alpha subunit genes was observed in response to fasting or refeeding. In contrast, ChREBP and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) mRNA levels decreased during fasting and increased with refeeding. Phosphorylation of AMPK alpha subunits increased modestly after a 48 h fast. However, there was no corresponding change in the phosphorylation of ACC, a major downstream target of AMPK. Protein level and DNA-binding activity of ChREBP increased during fasting and declined upon refeeding as measured in whole liver tissue extracts. In general, evidence was found for coordinate transcriptional regulation of lipogenic program genes in broiler chicken liver, but specific regulatory roles for AMPK and ChREBP in that process remain to be further characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Proszkowiec-Weglarz
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gibson L, Wilson J, Davis A. Impact of Feeding Program After Light Stimulation Through Early Lay on the Reproductive Performance of Broiler Breeder Hens. Poult Sci 2008; 87:2098-106. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|