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Lee KWA, Chan LKW, Lee AWK, Lee CH, Wong STH, Yi KH. Poly-d,l-lactic Acid (PDLLA) Application in Dermatology: A Literature Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2583. [PMID: 39339047 PMCID: PMC11434839 DOI: 10.3390/polym16182583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly-d,l-lactic acid (PDLLA) is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that has garnered significant attention in dermatology due to its unique properties and versatile applications. This literature review offers a comprehensive analysis of PDLLA's roles in various dermatological conditions and wound-healing applications. PDLLA demonstrates significant benefits in enhancing skin elasticity and firmness, reducing wrinkles, and promoting tissue regeneration and scar remodeling. Its biodegradable properties render it highly suitable for soft tissue augmentation, including facial and breast reconstruction. We discuss the critical importance of understanding PDLLA's physical and chemical characteristics to optimize its performance and safety, with a focus on how nano- and micro-particulate systems can improve delivery and stability. While potential complications, such as granuloma formation and non-inflammatory nodules, are highlighted, effective monitoring and early intervention strategies are essential. PDLLA's applications extend beyond dermatology into orthopedics and drug delivery, owing to its superior mechanical stability and biocompatibility. This review underscores the need for ongoing research to fully elucidate the mechanisms of PDLLA and to maximize its therapeutic potential across diverse medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Wai Alvin Lee
- EverKeen Medical Centre, Hong Kong; (K.W.A.L.); (L.K.W.C.); (C.H.L.)
| | | | | | - Cheuk Hung Lee
- EverKeen Medical Centre, Hong Kong; (K.W.A.L.); (L.K.W.C.); (C.H.L.)
| | | | - Kyu-Ho Yi
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Maylin Clinic (Apgujeong), Seoul 06001, Republic of Korea
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Vater C, Bräuer C, Grom S, Fecht T, Ahlfeld T, von Witzleben M, Placht AM, Schütz K, Schehl JM, Wolfram T, Reinauer F, Scharffenberg M, Wittenstein J, Hoess A, Heinemann S, Gelinsky M, Lauer G, Lode A. Poly(dl-lactide) Polymer Blended with Mineral Phases for Extrusion 3D Printing-Studies on Degradation and Biocompatibility. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1254. [PMID: 38732723 PMCID: PMC11085512 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A promising therapeutic option for the treatment of critical-size mandibular defects is the implantation of biodegradable, porous structures that are produced patient-specifically by using additive manufacturing techniques. In this work, degradable poly(DL-lactide) polymer (PDLLA) was blended with different mineral phases with the aim of buffering its acidic degradation products, which can cause inflammation and stimulate bone regeneration. Microparticles of CaCO3, SrCO3, tricalcium phosphates (α-TCP, β-TCP), or strontium-modified hydroxyapatite (SrHAp) were mixed with the polymer powder following processing the blends into scaffolds with the Arburg Plastic Freeforming 3D-printing method. An in vitro degradation study over 24 weeks revealed a buffer effect for all mineral phases, with the buffering capacity of CaCO3 and SrCO3 being the highest. Analysis of conductivity, swelling, microstructure, viscosity, and glass transition temperature evidenced that the mineral phases influence the degradation behavior of the scaffolds. Cytocompatibility of all polymer blends was proven in cell experiments with SaOS-2 cells. Patient-specific implants consisting of PDLLA + CaCO3, which were tested in a pilot in vivo study in a segmental mandibular defect in minipigs, exhibited strong swelling. Based on these results, an in vitro swelling prediction model was developed that simulates the conditions of anisotropic swelling after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Vater
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine at Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.); (M.v.W.); (A.-M.P.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Christian Bräuer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.B.); (G.L.)
| | - Stefanie Grom
- KLS Martin SE & Co. KG, 78570 Mühlheim, Germany; (S.G.); (T.F.); (J.M.S.); (T.W.); (F.R.)
| | - Tatjana Fecht
- KLS Martin SE & Co. KG, 78570 Mühlheim, Germany; (S.G.); (T.F.); (J.M.S.); (T.W.); (F.R.)
| | - Tilman Ahlfeld
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine at Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.); (M.v.W.); (A.-M.P.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Max von Witzleben
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine at Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.); (M.v.W.); (A.-M.P.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Anna-Maria Placht
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine at Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.); (M.v.W.); (A.-M.P.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Kathleen Schütz
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine at Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.); (M.v.W.); (A.-M.P.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Jan Marc Schehl
- KLS Martin SE & Co. KG, 78570 Mühlheim, Germany; (S.G.); (T.F.); (J.M.S.); (T.W.); (F.R.)
| | - Tobias Wolfram
- KLS Martin SE & Co. KG, 78570 Mühlheim, Germany; (S.G.); (T.F.); (J.M.S.); (T.W.); (F.R.)
| | - Frank Reinauer
- KLS Martin SE & Co. KG, 78570 Mühlheim, Germany; (S.G.); (T.F.); (J.M.S.); (T.W.); (F.R.)
| | - Martin Scharffenberg
- Pulmonary Engineering Group, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Jakob Wittenstein
- Pulmonary Engineering Group, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Andreas Hoess
- INNOTERE GmbH, 01445 Radebeul, Germany; (A.H.); (S.H.)
| | | | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine at Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.); (M.v.W.); (A.-M.P.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Günter Lauer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.B.); (G.L.)
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine at Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.); (M.v.W.); (A.-M.P.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
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Song X, Li X, Wang F, Wang L, Lv L, Xie Q, Zhang X, Shao X. Bioinspired Protein/Peptide Loaded 3D Printed PLGA Scaffold Promotes Bone Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:832727. [PMID: 35875498 PMCID: PMC9300829 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.832727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of three dimensional (3D)printed poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) scaffolds combined with Gly-Phe-Hyp-Gly-Arg (GFOGER) and bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP-9) on the repair of large bone defects. Methods: 3D printing method was used to produce PLGA scaffolds, and the sample was viewed by both optical microscopy and SEM, XRD analysis, water absorption and compressive strength analysis, etc. The rabbits were divided into six groups randomly and bone defect models were constructed (6 mm in diameter and 9 mm in depth): control group (n = 2), sham group (n = 4), model group (n = 4) and model + scaffold group (n = 4 rabbits for each group, 0%,2% and 4%). The rabbits were sacrificed at the 4th and 12th weeks after surgery, and the samples were collected for quantitative analysis of new bone mineral density by micro-CT, histopathological observation, immunohistochemistry and Western blot to detect the protein expression of osteoblast-related genes. Results: This scaffold presented acceptable mechanical properties and slower degradation rates. After surface modification with GFOGER peptide and BMP-9, the scaffold demonstrated enhanced new bone mineral deposition and density over the course of a 12 week in vivo study. Histological analysis and WB confirmed that this scaffold up-regulated the expression of Runx7, OCN, COL-1 and SP7, contributing to the noted uniform trabeculae formation and new bone regeneration. Conclusions: The application of this strategy in the manufacture of composite scaffolds provided extensive guidance for the application of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Song
- Department of Hand Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xianxian Li
- Department of Hematological Oncology, Heji Hospital affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Fengyu Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Lv
- Department of Hand Surgery, The third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Hand Surgery, The third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinzhong Shao
- Department of Hand Surgery, The third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Xinzhong Shao,
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Dong X, Cheng Q, Long Y, Xu C, Fang H, Chen Y, Dai H. A chitosan based scaffold with enhanced mechanical and biocompatible performance for biomedical applications. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ulag S, Ilhan E, Sahin A, Karademir Yilmaz B, kalaskar DM, Ekren N, Kilic O, Nuzhet Oktar F, Gunduz O. 3D printed artificial cornea for corneal stromal transplantation. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Li L, Lu H, Zhao Y, Luo J, Yang L, Liu W, He Q. Functionalized cell-free scaffolds for bone defect repair inspired by self-healing of bone fractures: A review and new perspectives. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 98:1241-1251. [PMID: 30813005 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that scaffolds, a component of bone tissue engineering, play an indispensable role in bone repair. However, these scaffolds involving ex-vivo cultivated cells seeded have disadvantages in clinical practice, such as limited autologous cells, time-consuming cell expansion procedures, low survival rate and immune-rejection issues. To overcome these disadvantages, recent focus has been placed on the design of functionalized cell-free scaffolds, instead of cell-seeded scaffolds, that can reduplicate the natural self-healing events of bone fractures, such as inflammation, cell recruitment, vascularization, and osteogenic differentiation. New approaches and applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine continue to drive the development of functionalized cell-free scaffolds for bone repair. In this review, the self-healing processes were highlighted, and approaches for the functionalization were summarized. Also, ongoing efforts and breakthroughs in the field of functionalization for bone defect repair were discussed. Finally, a brief summery and new perspectives for functionalization strategies were presented to provide guidelines for further efforts in the design of bioinspired cell-free scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Orthopedic Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Orthopedic Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hongwei Lu
- Orthopedic Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yulan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Jiangming Luo
- Center of Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Wanqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
| | - Qingyi He
- Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Orthopedic Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Orthopedic Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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Shin YC, Kim C, Song SJ, Jun S, Kim CS, Hong SW, Hyon SH, Han DW, Oh JW. Ternary Aligned Nanofibers of RGD Peptide-Displaying M13 Bacteriophage/PLGA/Graphene Oxide for Facilitated Myogenesis. Nanotheranostics 2018; 2:144-156. [PMID: 29577018 PMCID: PMC5865268 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.22433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there have been tremendous efforts to develop the biofunctional scaffolds by incorporating various biochemical factors. In the present study, we fabricated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofiber sheets decorated with graphene oxide (GO) and RGD peptide. The decoration of GO and RGD peptide was readily achieved by using RGD peptide-displaying M13 bacteriophage (RGD-M13 phage) and electrospinning. Furthermore, the aligned GO-decorated PLGA/RGD peptide (GO-PLGA/RGD) ternary nanofiber sheets were prepared by magnetic field-assisted electrospinning, and their potentials as bifunctional scaffolds for facilitating myogenesis were explored. We characterized the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the sheets by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, contact angle measurement, and tensile test. In addition, the C2C12 skeletal myoblasts were cultured on the aligned GO-PLGA/RGD nanofiber sheets, and their cellular behaviors, including initial attachment, proliferation and myogenic differentiation, were evaluated. Our results revealed that the GO-PLGA/RGD nanofiber sheets had suitable physicochemical and mechanical properties for supporting cell growth, and could significantly promote the spontaneous myogenic differentiation of C2C12 skeletal myoblasts. Moreover, it was revealed that the myogenic differentiation was further accelerated on the aligned GO-PLGA/RGD nanofiber sheets due to the synergistic effects of RGD peptide, GO and aligned nanofiber structure. Therefore, , it is suggested that the aligned GO-PLGA/RGD ternary nanofiber sheets are one of the most promising approaches for facilitating myogenesis and promoting skeletal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheol Shin
- Research Center for Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuntae Kim
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Song
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Jun
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suong-Hyu Hyon
- Center for Fiber and Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Oh
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Wang C, Liu Y, Fan Y, Li X. The use of bioactive peptides to modify materials for bone tissue repair. Regen Biomater 2017; 4:191-206. [PMID: 28596916 PMCID: PMC5458541 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been well recognized that the modification of biomaterials with appropriate bioactive peptides could further enhance their functions. Especially, it has been shown that peptide-modified bone repair materials could promote new bone formation more efficiently compared with conventional ones. The purpose of this article is to give a general review of recent studies on bioactive peptide-modified materials for bone tissue repair. Firstly, the main peptides for inducing bone regeneration and commonly used methods to prepare peptide-modified bone repair materials are introduced. Then, current in vitro and in vivo research progress of peptide-modified composites used as potential bone repair materials are reviewed and discussed. Generally speaking, the recent related studies have fully suggested that the modification of bone repair materials with osteogenic-related peptides provide promising strategies for the development of bioactive materials and substrates for enhanced bone regeneration and the therapy of bone tissue diseases. Furthermore, we have proposed some research trends in the conclusion and perspectives part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunyang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Shin YC, Kim J, Kim SE, Song SJ, Hong SW, Oh JW, Lee J, Park JC, Hyon SH, Han DW. RGD peptide and graphene oxide co-functionalized PLGA nanofiber scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Regen Biomater 2017; 4:159-166. [PMID: 28740639 PMCID: PMC5516678 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, much research has been suggested and examined for the development of tissue engineering scaffolds to promote cellular behaviors. In our study, RGD peptide and graphene oxide (GO) co-functionalized poly(lactide-co-glycolide, PLGA) (RGD-GO-PLGA) nanofiber mats were fabricated via electrospinning, and their physicochemical and thermal properties were characterized to explore their potential as biofunctional scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the RGD-GO-PLGA nanofiber mats were readily fabricated and composed of random-oriented electrospun nanofibers with average diameter of 558 nm. The successful co-functionalization of RGD peptide and GO into the PLGA nanofibers was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Moreover, the surface hydrophilicity of the nanofiber mats was markedly increased by co-functionalizing with RGD peptide and GO. It was found that the mats were thermally stable under the cell culture condition. Furthermore, the initial attachment and proliferation of primarily cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) on the RGD-GO-PLGA nanofiber mats were evaluated. It was revealed that the RGD-GO-PLGA nanofiber mats can effectively promote the growth of VSMCs. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the RGD-GO-PLGA nanofiber mats can be promising candidates for tissue engineering scaffolds effective for the regeneration of vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Su-Jin Song
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering.,Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering
| | - Jin-Woo Oh
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering.,Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering
| | | | - Suong-Hyu Hyon
- Center for Fiber and Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering.,Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering
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