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Diekhoff T, Eshed I, Giraudo C, Haibel H, Hermann KGA, de Hooge M, Jans L, Jurik AG, Lambert RG, Machado P, Mallinson M, Maksymowych WP, Marzo-Ortega H, Navarro-Compán V, Østergaard M, Pedersen SJ, Reijnierse M, Rudwaleit M, Sommerfleck F, Weber U, Baraliakos X, Poddubnyy D. Reporting Sacroiliac Joint Imaging Performed for Known or Suspected Axial Spondyloarthritis: Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society Recommendations. Radiology 2024; 311:e231786. [PMID: 38860891 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.231786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Whereas previous projects attempted to standardize imaging in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), few studies have been published about the need for specific details regarding the image acquisition and lesions that may be less familiar to general radiologists. This work reports consensus recommendations developed by the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) that aim to standardize the imaging reports in patients suspected of having or with known axSpA. A task force consisting of radiologists and rheumatologists from ASAS and one patient representative formulated two surveys that were completed by ASAS members. The results of these surveys led to the development of 10 recommendations that were endorsed by 73% (43 of 59) of ASAS members. The recommendations are targeted to the radiologist and include best practices for the inclusion of clinical information, technical details, image quality, and imaging findings in radiology reports. These recommendations also emphasize that imaging findings that indicate differential diagnoses and referral suggestions should be included in the concluding section of the radiology report. With these recommendations, ASAS aims to improve the diagnostic process and care for patients suspected of having or with known axSpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Diekhoff
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Iris Eshed
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Chiara Giraudo
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Hildrun Haibel
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Kay Geert A Hermann
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Manouk de Hooge
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Lennart Jans
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Anne Grethe Jurik
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Robert G Lambert
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Pedro Machado
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Michael Mallinson
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Walter P Maksymowych
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Helena Marzo-Ortega
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Victoria Navarro-Compán
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Mikkel Østergaard
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Susanne J Pedersen
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Monique Reijnierse
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Martin Rudwaleit
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Fernando Sommerfleck
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Ulrich Weber
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Xenofon Baraliakos
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
| | - Denis Poddubnyy
- From the Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany (T.D., K.G.A.H.); Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (I.E.); Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (C.G.); Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.H., D.P.); Departments of Rheumatology (M.d.H.) and Radiology (L.J.), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.G.J.); Departments of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (R.G.L.) and Medicine (W.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, England (P.M.); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England (P.M.); Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England (P.M.); Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation (ASIF), London, England (M.M.); NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust and Leeds Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (H.M.O.); Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain (V.N.C.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.Ø.); Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Center for Head and Orthopedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark (M.Ø., S.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (M. Reijnierse); Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Klinikum Bielefeld, University of Bielefeld, Germany (M. Rudwaleit); Rheumatology Unit, Sanatorio Mendez, PANLAR: SPA Study Group, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.S.); Department of Rheumatology, Practice Buchsbaum, Schaffhausen, Switzerland (U.W.); and Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany (X.B.)
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Bressem KK, Adams LC, Proft F, Hermann KGA, Diekhoff T, Spiller L, Niehues SM, Makowski MR, Hamm B, Protopopov M, Rios Rodriguez V, Haibel H, Rademacher J, Torgutalp M, Lambert RG, Baraliakos X, Maksymowych WP, Vahldiek JL, Poddubnyy D. Deep Learning Detects Changes Indicative of Axial Spondyloarthritis at MRI of Sacroiliac Joints. Radiology 2022; 305:655-665. [PMID: 35943339 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.212526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background MRI is frequently used for early diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). However, evaluation is time-consuming and requires profound expertise because noninflammatory degenerative changes can mimic axSpA, and early signs may therefore be missed. Deep neural networks could function as assistance for axSpA detection. Purpose To create a deep neural network to detect MRI changes in sacroiliac joints indicative of axSpA. Materials and Methods This retrospective multicenter study included MRI examinations of five cohorts of patients with clinical suspicion of axSpA collected at university and community hospitals between January 2006 and September 2020. Data from four cohorts were used as the training set, and data from one cohort as the external test set. Each MRI examination in the training and test sets was scored by six and seven raters, respectively, for inflammatory changes (bone marrow edema, enthesitis) and structural changes (erosions, sclerosis). A deep learning tool to detect changes indicative of axSpA was developed. First, a neural network to homogenize the images, then a classification network were trained. Performance was evaluated with use of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity. P < .05 was considered indicative of statistically significant difference. Results Overall, 593 patients (mean age, 37 years ± 11 [SD]; 302 women) were studied. Inflammatory and structural changes were found in 197 of 477 patients (41%) and 244 of 477 (51%), respectively, in the training set and 25 of 116 patients (22%) and 26 of 116 (22%) in the test set. The AUCs were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.97) for all inflammatory changes, 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80, 0.95) for inflammatory changes fulfilling the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society definition, and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.96) for structural changes indicative of axSpA. Sensitivity and specificity on the external test set were 22 of 25 patients (88%) and 65 of 91 patients (71%), respectively, for inflammatory changes and 22 of 26 patients (85%) and 70 of 90 patients (78%) for structural changes. Conclusion Deep neural networks can detect inflammatory or structural changes to the sacroiliac joint indicative of axial spondyloarthritis at MRI. © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keno K Bressem
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Lisa C Adams
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Fabian Proft
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Kay Geert A Hermann
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Torsten Diekhoff
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Laura Spiller
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Stefan M Niehues
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Marcus R Makowski
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Bernd Hamm
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Mikhail Protopopov
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Valeria Rios Rodriguez
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Hildurn Haibel
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Judith Rademacher
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Murat Torgutalp
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Robert G Lambert
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Xenofon Baraliakos
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Walter P Maksymowych
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Janis L Vahldiek
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
| | - Denis Poddubnyy
- From the Institute for Radiology (K.K.B., L.C.A., K.G.A.H., T.D., S.M.N., B.H., J.L.V.) and Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine) (F.P., L.S., M.P., V.R.R., H.H., J.R., M.T., D.P.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.B., L.C.A., J.R.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (M.R.M.); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.G.L., W.P.M.); Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (X.B.); and Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany (D.P.)
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