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Lintao RCV, Kammala AK, Radnaa E, Bettayeb M, Vincent KL, Patrikeev I, Yaklic J, Bonney EA, Menon R. Characterization of fetal microchimeric immune cells in mouse maternal hearts during physiologic and pathologic pregnancies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1256945. [PMID: 37808080 PMCID: PMC10556483 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1256945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: During pregnancy, fetal cells can be incorporated into maternal tissues (fetal microchimerism), where they can persist postpartum. Whether these fetal cells are beneficial or detrimental to maternal health is unknown. This study aimed to characterize fetal microchimeric immune cells in the maternal heart during pregnancy and postpartum, and to identify differences in these fetal microchimeric subpopulations between normal and pregnancies complicated by spontaneous preterm induced by ascending infection. Methods: A Cre reporter mouse model, which when mated with wild-type C57BL/6J females resulted in cells and tissues of progeny expressing red fluorescent protein tandem dimer Tomato (mT+), was used to detect fetal microchimeric cells. On embryonic day (E)15, 104 colony-forming units (CFU) E. coli was administered intravaginally to mimic ascending infection, with delivery on or before E18.5 considered as preterm delivery. A subset of pregnant mice was sacrificed at E16 and postpartum day 28 to harvest maternal hearts. Heart tissues were processed for immunofluorescence microscopy and high-dimensional mass cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) using an antibody panel of immune cell markers. Changes in cardiac physiologic parameters were measured up to 60 days postpartum via two-dimensional echocardiography. Results: Intravaginal E. coli administration resulted in preterm delivery of live pups in 70% of the cases. mT + expressing cells were detected in maternal uterus and heart, implying that fetal cells can migrate to different maternal compartments. During ascending infection, more fetal antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and less fetal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and fetal double-positive (DP) thymocytes were observed in maternal hearts at E16 compared to normal pregnancy. These HSCs were cleared while DP thymocytes persisted 28 days postpartum following an ascending infection. No significant changes in cardiac physiologic parameters were observed postpartum except a trend in lowering the ejection fraction rate in preterm delivered mothers. Conclusion: Both normal pregnancy and ascending infection revealed distinct compositions of fetal microchimeric immune cells within the maternal heart, which could potentially influence the maternal cardiac microenvironment via (1) modulation of cardiac reverse modeling processes by fetal stem cells, and (2) differential responses to recognition of fetal APCs by maternal T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. V. Lintao
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ananth Kumar Kammala
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Enkhtuya Radnaa
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Mohamed Bettayeb
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Kathleen L. Vincent
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences Group, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Igor Patrikeev
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences Group, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jerome Yaklic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Bonney
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
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Chung MP, Kolstad KD, Dontsi M, Postlethwaite D, Manwani P, Zhao H, Kesh S, Simard JF, Chung L. Increased Rates of Obstetric Complications Prior to Systemic Sclerosis Diagnosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 74:912-917. [PMID: 33290624 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether obstetric complications prior to systemic sclerosis (SSc) diagnosis are more common compared to the general obstetric population. METHODS A case-control study was performed at Kaiser Permanente Northern California to compare prior obstetric complications in adult women who later developed SSc (cases) with women from the general obstetric population who did not develop SSc (controls; matched 10:1 by age and year of delivery) from 2007-2016. Exposures included past hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (preeclampsia, eclampsia, gestational hypertension), premature rupture of membranes (PROM), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), maternal infections, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, and preterm birth. Fischer's exact tests were used to compare categorical variables. Conditional logistic regression models estimated the odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the outcome SSc. RESULTS Seventeen SSc cases and 170 non-SSc controls were identified, with median maternal age at delivery 34 years (range 23-46 years) and median time from delivery to SSc diagnosis 2 years (range 0.2-7.3 years). SSc cases were more likely to be Hispanic and Black. Prior obstetric complications appeared higher in women with an eventual SSc diagnosis compared to controls (70.6% vs. 50%), including hypertensive disorders (17.7% vs. 9.4%), PROM (11.8% vs. 4.1%), IUGR (5.9% vs 1.8%), maternal infection (29.4% vs. 14.1%), NICU admissions (23.5% vs. 7.7%), and preterm delivery (29.4% vs. 21.8%). Cases had a higher odds of delivering infants requiring NICU admission (OR=4.7, 95% CI 1.2-18.8). CONCLUSIONS Women who eventually develop SSc had trends towards more complicated pregnancy histories before overt diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody P Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara, Santa Clara, CA, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen D Kolstad
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Makdine Dontsi
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Poonam Manwani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Sumana Kesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Julia F Simard
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lorinda Chung
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Johnson BN, Ehli EA, Davies GE, Boomsma DI. Chimerism in health and potential implications on behavior: A systematic review. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1513-1529. [PMID: 32212323 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the phenomenon of chimerism and especially microchimerism as one of the currently underexplored explanations for differences in health and behavior. Chimerism is an amalgamation of cells from two or more unique zygotes within a single organism, with microchimerism defined by a minor cell population of <1%. This article first presents an overview of the primary techniques employed to detect and quantify the presence of microchimerism and then reviews empirical studies of chimerism in mammals including primates and humans. In women, male microchimerism, a condition suggested to be the result of fetomaternal exchange in utero, is relatively easily detected by polymerase chain reaction molecular techniques targeting Y-chromosomal markers. Consequently, studies of chimerism in human diseases have largely focused on diseases with a predilection for females including autoimmune diseases, and female cancers. We detail studies of chimerism in human diseases and also discuss some potential implications in behavior. Understanding the prevalence of chimerism and the associated health outcomes will provide invaluable knowledge of human biology and guide novel approaches for treating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N Johnson
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Erik A Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Gareth E Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bhat MA, Sharma JB, Roy KK, Sengupta J, Ghosh D. Genomic evidence of Y chromosome microchimerism in the endometrium during endometriosis and in cases of infertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2019; 17:22. [PMID: 30760267 PMCID: PMC6375207 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-019-0465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies, which were primarily based on the fluorescent in-situ hybridisation (FISH) technique, revealed conflicting evidence regarding male foetal microchimerism in endometriosis. FISH is a relatively less sensitive technique, as it is performed on a small portion of the sample. Additionally, the probes used in the previous studies specifically detected centromeric and telomeric regions of Y chromosome, which are gene-sparse heterochromatised regions. In the present study, a panel of molecular biology tools such as qPCR, expression microarray, RNA-seq and qRT-PCR were employed to examine the Y chromosome microchimerism in the endometrium using secretory phase samples from fertile and infertile patients with severe (stage IV) ovarian endometriosis (OE) and without endometriosis. METHODS Microarray expression analysis followed by validation using RNA-seq and qRT-PCR experiments at the RNA levels and further validation at the DNA level by qPCR of target inserts for selected targets in eutopic endometrium samples obtained from control (CON) and stage IV ovarian endometriosis (OE), either from fertile (FCON and FOE; n = 30/each) or infertile (ICON and IOE; n = 30/each) women, were performed. RESULTS Six coding (AMELY, PCDH11, SRY, TGIF2LY, TSPY3, and USP9Y) and 10 non-coding (TTTY2, TTTY4C, TTTY5, TTTYY6, TTTY8, TTTY10, TTTY14, TTTY21, TTTY22, and TTTY23) genes exhibited a bimodal pattern of expression characterised by low expression in samples from fertile patients and high expression in samples from infertile patients. Seven coding MSY-linked genes (BAGE, CD24, EIF1AY, NLGN4Y, PRKY, VCY and ZFY) exhibited differential regulation in microarray analysis, and this change was validated by RNA-seq or qRT-PCR. DNA inserts for 7 genes in various samples were validated by qPCR. The prevalence and concentration of PCR-positive target inserts for BAGE, PRKY, TTTY9A and ZFY displayed higher values in the fertile, control (FCON) patients compared with the fertile, endometriosis patients (FOE). CONCLUSION Several coding and non-coding MSY-linked genes displayed microchimerism as evidenced by the presence of their respective DNA inserts, along with their differential transcript expression, in the endometrium during endometriosis and in cases of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer A. Bhat
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jai B. Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kallol K. Roy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayasree Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Debabrata Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Niepiekło-Miniewska W, Baran W, Szepietowski JC, Nowakowska B, Kuśnierczyk P. Lack of detectable fetal microchimerism in psoriasis vulgaris lesions and in non-affected skin in spite of its presence in peripheral blood CD34-positive and CD34-negative cells. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 31:114-118. [PMID: 27520846 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microchimerism is defined as a stable presence of low numbers of cells derived from a different individual due to cell transfer between twins or between mother and fetus during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE Fetal cells in the organism of the mother (FMc) are postulated to play a role in autoimmune diseases. Psoriasis is a disease which has an autoimmune component, but no study on microchimerism in this disease has been reported. METHODS The easiest way to detect microchimerism is to look for male cells in blood or other tissues of a woman who previously delivered a son. Here, we looked for the presence of male cells in mononuclear cell subpopulations from peripheral blood and in skin samples of women with psoriasis and of healthy women. RESULTS We detected FMc in similar proportions of patients and controls in CD4+, CD8+ and CD34+ cells, whereas in CD34- cells they were present in higher fraction of controls, and similar but non-significant difference was observed in CD19+ cells. No microchimeric cells were detected in patients' skin samples, both from affected and non-affected skin, or in skin tissue from healthy control individuals. CONCLUSION Our result does not prove the involvement of microchimerism in the aetiology of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Niepiekło-Miniewska
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - W Baran
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - J C Szepietowski
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - B Nowakowska
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - P Kuśnierczyk
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Fassbender A, Debiec-Rychter M, Van Bree R, Vermeesch JR, Meuleman C, Tomassetti C, Peeraer K, D'Hooghe T, Lebovic DI. Lack of Evidence That Male Fetal Microchimerism is Present in Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2015; 22:1115-21. [PMID: 25749809 PMCID: PMC5933168 DOI: 10.1177/1933719115574343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fetal microchimerism has been implicated in the etiology of autoimmune diseases. This study was done to test the hypothesis that male fetal microchimerism is present in eutopic and ectopic endometrium (EM) obtained from women with endometriosis but not in eutopic EM from women without endometriosis. METHODS A total of 31 patients were selected, including women with endometriosis (paired eutopic and ectopic EM; n = 19) and women without endometriosis (eutopic EM; n = 12). Tricolor interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was performed by cohybridization of CEP Y SpectrumAqua and CEP X SpectrumGreen (SG)/CEP Y SpectrumOrange probes. RESULTS Ectopic EM from women with endometriosis had 75% XX chromosomes (double SG signals) and 25% X chromosomes (single SG signal). Y chromosomes were not observed in any of the eutopic/ectopic endometrial tissues from cases or controls. CONCLUSIONS We were unable to confirm our hypothesis that male fetal microchimerism is present in eutopic and/or ectopic EM obtained from women with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Fassbender
- KULeuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ systems, Leuven, Belgium Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Leuven University Fertility Centre, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Debiec-Rychter
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rieta Van Bree
- KULeuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ systems, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Robert Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christel Meuleman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Leuven University Fertility Centre, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carla Tomassetti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Leuven University Fertility Centre, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Peeraer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Leuven University Fertility Centre, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas D'Hooghe
- KULeuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ systems, Leuven, Belgium Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Leuven University Fertility Centre, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dan I Lebovic
- Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Zhang G, Zhao Y, Li XM, Kong J. Fetal cell microchimerism in the maternal mouse spinal cord. Neurosci Bull 2013; 30:81-9. [PMID: 24346789 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal cell microchimerism refers to the persistence of fetal cells in the maternal tissues following pregnancy. It has been detected in peripheral organs and the brain, but its existence in the spinal cord has not been reported. Our aim was to detect fetal cell microchimerism in the spinal cord of maternal mice. C57BL/6 female mice were crossed with GFP transgenic male mice and sacrificed after their first or third delivery. GFP-positive cells, which were presumably from fetuses whose fathers were GFP transgenic, were detected in the spinal cord by fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry. PCR was also performed to detect GFP DNA, which must come from GFP hemizygous fetuses. We found GFP-positive cells and detectable GFP DNA in most of the maternal spinal cords. Twenty percent (1/5) of the mice that were only pregnant once had detectable fetal cells, while 80% (4/5) of those that were pregnant three times had detectable fetal cells. Some fetal cells, which not only emitted green fluorescence but also expressed NeuN, were detected in the spinal cords from maternal mice. These results indicate that fetal cells migrate into the spinal cord of a maternal mouse during and/or after the gestational period, and the fetal cells may differentiate into neurons in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
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Hromadnikova I, Kotlabova K, Pirkova P, Libalova P, Vernerova Z, Svoboda B, Kucera E. The occurrence of fetal microchimeric cells in endometrial tissues is a very common phenomenon in benign uterine disorders, and the lower prevalence of fetal microchimerism is associated with better uterine cancer prognoses. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 33:40-8. [PMID: 24283364 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study carried out to describe the role of fetal microchimerism (FM) in the pathogenesis of uterine cancer. The prevalence and concentration of male fetal microchimeric cells (FMCs) were examined in endometrial tissues in relation to subtypes of uterine cancer, and the histological grade and stage of the tumor. FM occurrence was analyzed in relation to risk factors, including hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, age at cancer diagnosis, and patient pregnancy history. The prevalence and concentration of FMCs were examined in endometrial tissues using real-time polymerase chain reaction, SRY and β-globin sequences as markers for male fetal FMCs and total DNA. The studied group involved 47 type 1 endometrial cancers, 28 type 2 endometrial cancers, and 41 benign uterine diseases. While the prevalence of FM was decreased only in type 1 endometrial cancer, compared with benign uterine disorders (38.3% vs.70.7%; odds ratio [OR]=0.257, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.105 to 0.628, p=0.003), FMC concentrations did not differ within examined groups. The lower FM prevalence was detected in low-grade (grade 1 and grade 2) endometrioid cancer (38.3% vs. 70.7%, OR=0.256, 95% CI: 0.105 to 0.627, p=0.003) and in FIGO 1 tumors (40.7% vs. 70.7%, OR=0.285, 95% CI: 0.120 to 0.675, p=0.004). No correlation between FM prevalence or FMC concentrations and risk factors was demonstrated. A lower prevalence of male FM seemed to be associated with better prognoses in uterine cancer based on tumor subtype, histological grade, and stage of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Hromadnikova
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague , Prague, Czech Republic
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Chen K, Chmait RH, Vanderbilt D, Wu S, Randolph L. Chimerism in monochorionic dizygotic twins: Case study and review. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1817-24. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Chen
- University of Southern California; Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ramen H. Chmait
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology; University of Southern California; Los Angeles, CA
| | - Douglas Vanderbilt
- Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA
| | - Samuel Wu
- Department of Pathology; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA
| | - Linda Randolph
- Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA
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Lepez T, Vandewoestyne M, Deforce D. Fetal microchimeric cells in autoimmune thyroid diseases: harmful, beneficial or innocent for the thyroid gland? CHIMERISM 2013; 4:111-8. [PMID: 23723083 PMCID: PMC3921191 DOI: 10.4161/chim.25055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) show a female predominance, with an increased incidence in the years following parturition. Fetal microchimerism has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of AITD. However, only the presence of fetal microchimeric cells in blood and in the thyroid gland of these patients has been proven, but not an actual active role in AITD. Is fetal microchimerism harmful for the thyroid gland by initiating a Graft versus Host reaction (GvHR) or being the target of a Host versus Graft reaction (HvGR)? Is fetal microchimerism beneficial for the thyroid gland by being a part of tissue repair or are fetal cells just innocent bystanders in the process of autoimmunity? This review explores every hypothesis concerning the role of fetal microchimerism in AITD.
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Seppanen E, Roy E, Ellis R, Bou-Gharios G, Fisk NM, Khosrotehrani K. Distant mesenchymal progenitors contribute to skin wound healing and produce collagen: evidence from a murine fetal microchimerism model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62662. [PMID: 23650524 PMCID: PMC3641113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of distant and/or bone marrow-derived endogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to skin wounds is controversial. Bone marrow transplantation experiments employed to address this have been largely confounded by radiation-resistant host-derived MSC populations. Gestationally-acquired fetal MSC are known to engraft in maternal bone marrow in all pregnancies and persist for decades. These fetal cells home to damaged maternal tissues, mirroring endogenous stem cell behavior. We used fetal microchimerism as a tool to investigate the natural homing and engraftment of distant MSC to skin wounds. Post-partum wild-type mothers that had delivered transgenic pups expressing luciferase under the collagen type I-promoter were wounded. In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was then used to track recruitment of fetal cells expressing this mesenchymal marker over 14 days of healing. Fetal cells were detected in 9/43 animals using BLI (Fisher exact p = 0.01 versus 1/43 controls). These collagen type I-expressing fetal cells were specifically recruited to maternal wounds in the initial phases of healing, peaking on day 1 (n = 43, p<0.01). This was confirmed by detection of Y-chromosome+ve fetal cells that displayed fibroblast-like morphology. Histological analyses of day 7 wounds revealed vimentin-expressing fetal cells in dermal tissue. Our results demonstrate the participation of distant mesenchymal cells in skin wounds. These data imply that endogenous MSC populations are likely recruited from bone marrow to wounds to participate in healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Seppanen
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Edwige Roy
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ellis
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Australia
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Australia
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M. Fisk
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Prenatal Care, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Australia
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Şahin A, Özkan T, Türkçapar N, Küçükşahin O, Köksoy EB, Özturk G, Erten Ş, Sunguroğlu A, Turgay M, Kınıklı G. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell microchimerism in Turkish female patients with systemic sclerosis. Mod Rheumatol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10165-013-0856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Holland OJ, Linscheid C, Hodes HC, Nauser TL, Gilliam M, Stone P, Chamley LW, Petroff MG. Minor histocompatibility antigens are expressed in syncytiotrophoblast and trophoblast debris: implications for maternal alloreactivity to the fetus. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:256-66. [PMID: 22079431 PMCID: PMC3338347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The fetal semi-allograft can induce expansion and tolerance of antigen-specific maternal T and B cells through paternally inherited major histocompatibility complex and minor histocompatibility antigens (mHAgs). The effects of these antigens have important consequences on the maternal immune system both during and long after pregnancy. Herein, we investigate the possibility that the placental syncytiotrophoblast and deported trophoblastic debris serve as sources of fetal mHAgs. We mapped the expression of four mHAgs (human mHAg 1, pumilio domain-containing protein KIAA0020, B-cell lymphoma 2-related protein A1, and ribosomal protein S4, Y linked) in the placenta. Each of these proteins was expressed in several placental cell types, including the syncytiotrophoblast. These antigens and two additional Y chromosome-encoded antigens [DEAD box polypeptide 3, Y linked (DDX3Y), and lysine demethylase5D] were also identified by RT-PCR in the placenta, purified trophoblast cells, and cord blood cells. Finally, we used a proteomic approach to investigate the presence of mHAgs in the syncytiotrophoblast and trophoblast debris shed from first-trimester placenta. By this method, four antigens (DDX3Y; ribosomal protein S4, Y linked; solute carrier 1A5; and signal sequence receptor 1) were found in the syncytiotrophoblast, and one antigen (DDX3Y) was found in shed trophoblast debris. The finding of mHAgs in the placenta and in trophoblast debris provides the first direct evidence that fetal antigens are present in debris shed from the human placenta. The data, thus, suggest a mechanism by which the maternal immune system is exposed to fetal alloantigens, possibly explaining the relationship between parity and graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J. Holland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Caitlin Linscheid
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | | | | | - Melissa Gilliam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Peter Stone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Larry W. Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret G. Petroff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Boyon C, Collinet P, Boulanger L, Rubod C, Lucot JP, Vinatier D. Fetal microchimerism: benevolence or malevolence for the mother? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 158:148-52. [PMID: 21664033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, the conventional view was that the fetus and maternal vascular system are kept separate. In fact there is a two way traffic of cells through the placenta and the transplacental passage of cells is in fact the norm. The fetal cells can persist in a wide range of woman's tissues following a pregnancy or an abortion and she becomes a chimera. Fetal cells have been found in the maternal circulation and they were shown to persist for the entire life in humans, thus demonstrating long-term engraftment and survival capabilities. Microchimerism is a subject of much interest for a number of reasons. Studies of fetal microchimerism during pregnancy may offer explanations for complications of pregnancy, such as preeclampsia, as well as insights into the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases which usually ameliorate during pregnancy. The impact of the persistence of allogenic cells of fetal origin and of the maternal immunological response to them on the mother's health is still not clear. On the beneficial side, it has been proposed that genetically disparate fetal microchimerism provides protection against some cancers, that fetal microchimerism can afford the mother new mechanisms of protection to some diseases, that fetal microchimerism can enlarge the immunological repertoire of the mother improving her defense against aggressor. Fetal cells are often present at sites of maternal injury and may have an active role in the repair of maternal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Boyon
- Université Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée, EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Lille, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, Service de chirurgie gynécologique, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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Boyon C, Vinatier D. [Fetal microchimerism: self and non-self, finally who are we?]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 40:387-98. [PMID: 21354718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, the conventional view was that the fetus and maternal vascular system are kept separate. In fact there is a two-way traffic of immune cells through the placenta and the transplacental passage of cells is in fact the norm. The fetal cells can persist in a wide range of woman's tissue following a pregnancy or an abortion and she becomes a chimera. Fetal cells have been found in the maternal circulation and they were shown to persist for almost three decades in humans, thus demonstrating long-term engraftment and survival capabilities. Microchimerism is a subject of much interest for a number of reasons. Studies of fetal microchimerism during pregnancy may offer explanations for complications of pregnancy, such as preeclampsia, as well as insights into the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease which usually ameliorates during pregnancy. The impact that the persistence of allogenic cells of fetal origin and the maternal immunological response to them has on the mother's health and whether it is detrimental or beneficial to the mother is still not clear. Although microchimerism has been implicated in some autoimmune diseases, fetal microchimerism is common in healthy individuals. On the beneficial side, it has been proposed that genetically disparate fetal microchimerism provides protection against some cancers, that fetal microchimerism can afford the mother new alleles of protection to some diseases she has not, that fetal microchimerism can enlarge the immunological repertoire of the mother improving her defense against aggressor. Fetal cells are often present at sites of maternal injury and may have an active role in the repair of maternal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boyon
- FRE 3249 CNRS, cité scientifique, université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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18
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Troeger C, Perahud I, Moser S, Holzgreve W. Transplacental traffic after in utero mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 19:1385-92. [PMID: 20131967 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplacental traffic of fetal progenitor and differentiated cells is a well-known phenomenon in pregnancies. We hypothesize that intrauterine stem cell transplantation leads to microchimerism in the dams and that this is gestational age-dependent. EGFP+ fetal liver-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) (10(5) per fetus) were injected intraperitoneally into congeneic and allogeneic recipient fetuses at E12 versus E13.5 of murine pregnancy (56 dams). Engraftment in maternal organs was evaluated using TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence microscopy during pregnancy (1, 3, and 7 days after in utero transplantation [IUT]) and after delivery (1 and 4 weeks after delivery). One day after IUT donor cells were mainly found in the placenta (E12: 9/10 dams vs. E13.5: 4/8 dams) and laparotomy site (E12: 5/10 dams vs. E13.5: 4/8 dams). Three days after IUT these probabilities decreased significantly in the placenta to 3/8 and 1/3, respectively, whereas it was increased within the surgical wound to 8/8 and 2/4. One week after IUT donor cells could be detected in other single maternal organs, such as bone marrow or spleen. The surgical wound was chimeric in all dams. One week after delivery the surgical wound was still a major site of engraftment in both groups. E12 IUT resulted in detectable donor cell microchimerism in the maternal bone marrow (3/4), liver (2/4), lungs (1/4), spleen (1/4), and thymus (1/4), whereas engraftment probabilities were lower following E13.5 IUT (BM: 1/4, liver: 2/4, lungs: 1/4, spleen: 1/4, thymus: 0/4). At 4 weeks after delivery persistent microchimerism was found only after E12 IUT in various maternal organs (BM: 1/4, spleen: 1/4, lungs: 1/4) and within newly created surgical wounds (3/4), but completely not in the E13.5 group. Allogeneic IUT did also not result in any detectable long-term fetal microchimerism. An earlier IUT might lead to a higher transplacental traffic of donor MSC and persistent microchimerism within maternal tissues. Even 4 weeks after delivery, these cells are present in surgical wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Troeger
- Laboratory for Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
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19
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Samura O. [Fetal microchimerism and autoimmune disease]. NIHON RINSHO MEN'EKI GAKKAI KAISHI = JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 33:293-303. [PMID: 21212581 DOI: 10.2177/jsci.33.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Microchimerism is defined by the presence of circulating cells, bi-directionally transferred from one genetically distinct individual to another. The acquisition and persistence of fetal cell microchimerism, small numbers of genetically disparate cells from the fetus in the mother, is now a well-recognized consequence of normal pregnancy. Some of the autoimmune diseases that show a predilection for women in their child-bearing years and beyond are linked to fetal microchimerism from previous pregnancies. Microchimerism has been investigated in different autoimmune disorders, such as systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroid diseases, and primary biliary cirrhosis. Recent data have demonstrated the promising role of microchimeric cells in the maternal response to tissue injuries by differentiating into many lineages. Therefore, further understanding of fetal-maternal microchimerism may help in anticipating its implications in disease as well as in more general women's health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Samura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Japan
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20
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Souza LN, Faria DR, Dutra WO, Gomes CC, Gomez RS. Microchimerism in labial salivary glands of hematopoietic stem cell transplanted patients. Oral Dis 2010; 17:484-8. [PMID: 21504513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microchimerism has been extensively investigated in autoimmune diseases, which display similarities with graft-vs-host disease. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of microchimerism in minor salivary glands of hematopoietic stem cell transplanted patients, one of the targets of graft-vs-host disease. METHODS Labial salivary glands biopsy specimens from 11 stem cell transplanted patients were analysed. The samples were grouped in control (five specimens from a female-to-female transplantation) and study group (five glands from male-to-female transplantation). One male transplanted patient was used as a positive control. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with Y-chromosome probe and immunofluorescence with anticytokeratin AE1/AE3 and CD45 were used to identify Y-chromosome positive glandular epithelial cells from allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplanted patients. RESULTS In the study group, all samples were positive to Y-chromosome and cytokeratin AE1/AE3, in agreement with the pattern exhibited by male labial salivary gland. None of the samples from control group were positive to Y-chromosome despite being positive to cytokeratin AE1/AE3. Positivity to CD45 was not relevant. CONCLUSION Microchimerism in the labial salivary glands of sex-mismatched stem cell transplanted patients is a real phenomenon. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the impact of this phenomenon on the clinical status of stem cell transplanted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Souza
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Dentistry School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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21
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Lee ESM, Bou-Gharios G, Seppanen E, Khosrotehrani K, Fisk NM. Fetal stem cell microchimerism: natural-born healers or killers? Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:869-78. [PMID: 20663958 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eddy S M Lee
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston campus, Brisbane 4029, Australia
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22
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Lambert NC. Microchimérisme dans la sclérodermie : dix ans après. Rev Med Interne 2010; 31:523-9. [PMID: 20398976 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N-C Lambert
- Laboratoire immunogénétique de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde, Inserm UMR639, parc scientifique de Luminy, bâtiment TPR2-entrée A, 1(er) étage, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France.
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23
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Gammill HS, Nelson JL. Naturally acquired microchimerism. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 54:531-43. [PMID: 19924635 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.082767hg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bi-directional transplacental trafficking occurs routinely during the course of normal pregnancy, from fetus to mother and from mother to fetus. In addition to a variety of cell-free substances, it is now well recognized that some cells are also exchanged. Microchimerism refers to a small number of cells (or DNA) harbored by one individual that originated in a genetically different individual. While microchimerism can be the result of iatrogenic interventions such as transplantation or transfusion, by far the most common source is naturally acquired microchimerism from maternal-fetal trafficking during pregnancy. Microchimerism is a subject of much current interest for a number of reasons. During pregnancy, fetal microchimerism can be sought from the mothers blood for the purpose of prenatal diagnosis. Moreover, studies of fetal microchimerism during pregnancy may offer insight into complications of pregnancy, such as preeclampsia, as well as insights into the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis which usually ameliorates during pregnancy. Furthermore, it is now known that microchimerism persists decades later, both fetal microchimerism in women who have been pregnant and maternal microchimerism in her progeny. Investigation of the long-term consequences of fetal and maternal microchimerism is another exciting frontier of active study, with initial results pointing both to adverse and beneficial effects. This review will provide an overview of microchimerism during pregnancy and of current knowledge regarding long-term effects of naturally acquired fetal and maternal microchimerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary S Gammill
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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24
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Fitches AC, Yousem S, Cieply K, Stebbings S, Highton J, Hung NA. PCR detectable Y chromosome-specific DNA but no intact Y chromosome-bearing cells in polymyositis biopsies of two women with male offspring. Pathology 2010; 42:160-4. [PMID: 20085518 DOI: 10.3109/00313020903494953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pregnancy-related and idiopathic adult polymyositis are inflammatory myopathies of unknown aetiology in which CD8 positive T cells are found in close association with the up-regulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I on affected muscle cells. A similar polymyositis can also occur in patients with chronic graft versus host disease, wherein graft lymphocytes may be involved in the myositis. We investigated whether polymyositis that was temporally related to pregnancy, contained Y chromosome-bearing cells or signals using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in biopsies of lesional muscle from two women who had given birth to sons. Furthermore, if Y chromosome material was present, we investigated whether it was contained in the intact inflammatory cells (CD8 positive lymphocytes for example), fetal macrophages, or differentiated fetal stem cells engrafted in the lesional skeletal muscle, and thus whether fetal cells played a role in the pathogenesis of the myositis. METHODS PCR analysis was used for the Y chromosome in lesional tissue and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) for intact cells carrying the Y chromosome. RESULTS Small amounts of Y chromosome material were detected on second round PCR in fresh frozen tissue. No Y chromosome-bearing intact cells of lymphocytic, macrophage or muscle lineage were detected. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that microchimeric fetal cells are not found in the lesional tissue of pregnancy-related polymyositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C Fitches
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin School of Medicine, Dunedin, New Zealand
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25
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Klonisch T, Drouin R. Fetal-maternal exchange of multipotent stem/progenitor cells: microchimerism in diagnosis and disease. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:510-8. [PMID: 19828378 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The biological concept of microchimerism, the bidirectional trafficking and stable long-term persistence of small numbers of allogeneic (fetal and maternal) cells in a genetically different organ, has gained considerable attention. Microchimerism is a common phenomenon in many species, including humans, and microchimeric cells can modify immunological recognition or tolerance, affect the course and outcome of various diseases and demonstrate stem cell-like or regenerative potential. Here, we review current knowledge of the biology of microchimerism and show how long-term allogeneic co-existence within an organism can impact on existing paradigms in chronic disease, cancer biology, regenerative medicine and fetal-maternal immunology. We discuss diagnostic challenges, clinical applications and future research directions in this exciting and rapidly emerging field of allogeneic fetal-maternal cell exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klonisch
- Departments of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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26
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Leduc M, Aractingi S, Khosrotehrani K. Fetal-cell microchimerism, lymphopoiesis, and autoimmunity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009; 57:325-9. [PMID: 19707719 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During all human and murine pregnancies, fetal cells enter the maternal circulation and tissues and may persist there for decades. The immune consequences of this phenomenon have been explored for many years as a potential origin of autoimmunity or protection from cancer in women after pregnancy. The leading hypothesis, suggesting that semi-allogenic fetal T cells may trigger a graft-versus-host type of disease, has been supported by several studies showing an increased frequency of fetal-cell microchimerism (FMc) in women affected with systemic sclerosis. However, a large proportion of healthy women or women affected with non-immune disorders also display fetal T cells, challenging the direct pathogenic role of such cells. In addition, recent evidence showing the transfer of various fetal progenitor cells to the mother during gestation has shed new light on the interpretation of microchimerism in autoimmunity. This review discusses the functional capacity of fetal hematopoietic progenitors to form T and B cells in maternal hematopoietic tissues, where they undergo an educational process probably resulting in tolerance to maternal antigens. Therefore, hypotheses other than the transfer of fetal cells to the mother's circulation should be considered in explaining the observed association of FMc and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Leduc
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris, France
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O'Donoghue K. Fetal microchimerism and maternal health during and after pregnancy. Obstet Med 2008; 1:56-64. [PMID: 27582787 DOI: 10.1258/om.2008.080008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trafficking of fetal cells into the maternal circulation begins very early in pregnancy and the effects of this cell traffic are longlasting. All types of fetal cells, including stem cells, cross the placenta during normal pregnancy to enter maternal blood, from where they may be recovered in pregnancy for the purpose of genetic prenatal diagnosis. Fetal cells can also be located in maternal tissues during and after pregnancy, and persist as microchimeric cells for decades in marrow and other organs. Although persistent fetal cells were first implicated in autoimmune disease, subsequent reports routinely found microchimeric cells in healthy tissues and in non-autoimmune disease. Parallel studies in animal and human pregnancy now suggest instead that microchimeric fetal cells play a role in the response to tissue injury. However, it is still not clear whether microchimeric fetal cells persisting in the mother are an incidental finding, are naturally pathogenic or act as reparative stem cells, and the environmental or biological stimuli that determine microchimeric cell fate are as yet undetermined. Future studies must also focus on investigating whether fetal cells create functional improvement in response to maternal injury and whether this response can be manipulated. The pregnancy-acquired low-grade chimeric state of women could have far-reaching implications, influencing recovery after injury or surgery, ageing, graft survival after transplantation, survival after cancer as well as deciding the protective effect of pregnancy against diseases later in life. Lifelong persistence of fetal cells in maternal tissues may even explain why women live longer than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keelin O'Donoghue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , University College Cork, Cork University Maternity Hospital , Wilton, Cork , Republic of Ireland
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Hromadnikova I, Zlacka D, Nguyen TTH, Sedlackova L, Zejskova L, Sosna A. Cellules fœtales mésenchymateuses dérivées de tissu synovial et de peau de patients atteints de polyarthrite rhumatoïde. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rhum.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hromadnikova I, Zlacka D, Hien Nguyen TT, Sedlackova L, Zejskova L, Sosna A. Fetal cells of mesenchymal origin in cultures derived from synovial tissue and skin of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2008; 75:563-6. [PMID: 18538621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The transplacental cell transfer naturally takes place during pregnancy and occurs bi-directionally between the mother and fetus. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and sex determining region Y (SRY) gene as a marker, we examined the presence of male fetal cells in cell cultures derived from synovial tissues and skin dermis in women with prior pregnancy history suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who underwent synovectomy. Male DNA was detected in synovial cell samples derived from carpal, hip, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in five out of 13 (38.5%) patients with RA in a frequency range of 0.02-62.55 (mean 12.17) male cells per 10,000,000 total cells. SRY gene positivity was found as well in skin fibroblast cultures in four out of 10 (40.0%) RA patients in a frequency range of 3.26-43.47 (mean 15.42) male cells per 10,000,000 total cells, respectively. The difference in a frequency of fetal-derived male cells between both the cohorts did not achieve the statistical difference (p=0.77). We conclude that persisting male fetal cells are able to grow from non-inflamed tissues as well as from those which have many features characteristic of a stressed tissue. We conclude that persisting male fetal cells are also able to proliferate in cell culture since their presence was detected even in consecutive passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Hromadnikova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Pathology, 3rd Medical Faculty, Charles University, Ruska 87, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although 6 years have elapsed since the initial report describing the presence of microchimeric cells in affected tissues from patients with systemic sclerosis, a mechanism by which these cells might contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease is still unknown. This article reviews the published literature related to the possible role of microchimeric cells in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous studies have reported the identification or quantification of microchimeric cells in the peripheral blood or tissues from systemic sclerosis patients; however, only one study to date has investigated their function. Recent investigations have demonstrated microchimeric cells in the clinically uninvolved tissues from patients with systemic sclerosis, suggesting that these cells are present in early disease. However, after the identification of microchimeric cells in blood and tissues of patients with systemic sclerosis, these cells have been found in organs affected by nonautoimmune conditions. These cells are also commonly detected in the peripheral blood of healthy people. SUMMARY These observations have raised questions about whether microchimeric cells are responsible for the pathologic events in systemic sclerosis or are merely remnants of a pregnancy remote in time, and it has been suggested that they might also have beneficial effects for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Jimenez
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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