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Xu K, Zhang M, Yang S, Yu G, Zheng P, Qin X, Feng J. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus as a rare complication of disease-modifying therapy administration in multiple sclerosis: case report. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:168. [PMID: 37101279 PMCID: PMC10131458 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teriflunomide, the active metabolite of leflunomide, is a disease-modifying therapy drug used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), yet the complications associated with this drug remain not fully understood. Here we present the rare case of a 28-year-old female MS patient who developed subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) following teriflunomide treatment. Though SCLE has been reported to be associated with leflunomide, the current report represents the first documented evidence demonstrating SCLE as a potential teriflunomide treatment-related complication. Additionally, a literature review on the leflunomide-induced SCLE was conducted to emphasize the association of SCLE with teriflunomide, specifically amongst the female demographic with a preexisting autoimmune diathesis. CASE PRESENTATION A 28-year-old female first presented with MS symptoms in the left upper limb along with blurred vision in the left eye. Medical and family histories were unremarkable. The patient exhibited positive serum biomarkers including ANA, Ro/SSA, La/SSB, and Ro-52 antibodies. Relapsing-remitting MS was diagnosed according to the 2017 McDonald's diagnostic criteria, and remission was achieved upon intravenous administration of methylprednisolone followed by teriflunomide sequential therapy. Three months post-teriflunomide treatment, the patient developed multiple facial cutaneous lesions. SCLE was subsequently diagnosed and was attributed to treatment-related complication. Interventions include oral administration of hydroxychloroquine and tofacitinib citrate effectively resolved cutaneous lesions. Discontinuation of hydroxychloroquine and tofacitinib citrate treatment led to recurring SCLE symptoms under continuous teriflunomide treatment. Full remission of facial annular plaques was achieved after re-treatment with hydroxychloroquine and tofacitinib citrate. The patient's clinical condition remained stable in long-term outpatient follow-ups. CONCLUSIONS As teriflunomide has become a standard disease-modifying therapy for MS, the current case report highlights the importance of monitoring treatment-related complications, specifically in relation to SCLE symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shilin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyue Qin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jinzhou Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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2
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Ferjani HL, Boussaa H, Maatallah K, Kaffel D, Hamdi W. The first case of leflunomide-induced discoid lupus erythematosus. Therapie 2021; 77:487-488. [PMID: 34176667 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanene Lassoued Ferjani
- Department of Rheumatology, Mohamed Kassab Institute of Orthopedics, 2010 La Manouba, Tunisia; University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia; Research Unit UR17SP04, Ksar Said, 2010 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hiba Boussaa
- Department of Rheumatology, Mohamed Kassab Institute of Orthopedics, 2010 La Manouba, Tunisia.
| | - Kaouther Maatallah
- Department of Rheumatology, Mohamed Kassab Institute of Orthopedics, 2010 La Manouba, Tunisia; University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia; Research Unit UR17SP04, Ksar Said, 2010 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Dhia Kaffel
- Department of Rheumatology, Mohamed Kassab Institute of Orthopedics, 2010 La Manouba, Tunisia; University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia; Research Unit UR17SP04, Ksar Said, 2010 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Hamdi
- Department of Rheumatology, Mohamed Kassab Institute of Orthopedics, 2010 La Manouba, Tunisia; University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia; Research Unit UR17SP04, Ksar Said, 2010 Tunis, Tunisia
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3
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Yan D, Borucki R, Sontheimer RD, Werth VP. Candidate drug replacements for quinacrine in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med 2020; 7:7/1/e000430. [PMID: 33082164 PMCID: PMC7577055 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2020-000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a disfiguring and potentially disabling disease that causes significant morbidity in patients. Antimalarials are an important class of medication used to treat this disease and have been the first-line systemic therapy since the 1950s. Quinacrine, in particular, is used as an adjuvant therapy to other antimalarials for improved control of CLE. Quinacrine is currently unavailable in the USA, which has taken away an important component of the treatment regimen of patients with CLE. This paper reviews the evidence of available local and systemic therapies in order to assist providers in choosing alternative treatments for patients who previously benefited from quinacrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Borucki
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard D Sontheimer
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Victoria P Werth
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA .,Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Abstract
Introduction: There is a growing list of drugs implicated in inducing both subacute and chronic forms of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. It is important to recognize these drugs in order to quickly treat patients with drug induced disease.Areas covered: This paper reviews the current literature describing drugs implicated in causing cutaneous lupus erythematosus. A Pubmed search was used to compile a list of medications implicated up to August 2019. It reviews new classes of drugs identified as causing cutaneous lupus erythematosus, the pathophysiology of the disease process, and current recommendations for treatment of the disease.Expert opinion: Many drugs have been identified as inducing lupus, and many more continue to be described in new reports. Further research is needed to understand this phenomenon, which will aid in the diagnosis and treatment of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Borucki
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria P Werth
- Department of Dermatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Szczęch J, Samotij D, Werth VP, Reich A. Trigger factors of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a review of current literature. Lupus 2017; 26:791-807. [PMID: 28173739 DOI: 10.1177/0961203317691369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is currently believed that autoimmune conditions are triggered and aggravated by a variety of environmental factors such as cigarette smoking, infections, ultraviolet light or chemicals, as well as certain medications and vaccines in genetically susceptible individuals. Recent scientific data have suggested a relevant role of these factors not only in systemic lupus erythematosus, but also in cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). A variety of environmental factors have been proposed as initiators and exacerbators of this disease. In this review we focused on those with the most convincing evidence, emphasizing the role of drugs in CLE. Using a combined search strategy of the MEDLINE and CINAHL databases the following trigger factors and/or exacerbators of CLE have been identified and described: drugs, smoking, neoplasms, ultraviolet radiation and radiotherapy. In order to give a practical insight we emphasized the role of drugs from various groups and classes in CLE. We also aimed to present a short clinical profile of patients with lesions induced by various drug classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Szczęch
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - D Samotij
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - V P Werth
- 2 Corporal Michael J. Crescenz (Philadelphia) Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Dermatology University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Reich
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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6
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Jani M, Dixon WG, Kersley-Fleet L, Bruce IN, Chinoy H, Barton A, Lunt M, Watson K, Symmons DP, Hyrich KL. Drug-specific risk and characteristics of lupus and vasculitis-like events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with TNFi: results from BSRBR-RA. RMD Open 2017; 3:e000314. [PMID: 28123776 PMCID: PMC5255894 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2016-000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the risk of lupus-like events (LLEs) and vasculitis-like events (VLEs) in tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitor (TNFi)-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to those receiving non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (nbDMARDs). METHODS Patients were recruited to the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register-RA, a national prospective cohort study. Two cohorts recruited between 2001 and 2015: (1) patients starting first TNFi (adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab and certolizumab) (n=12 937) and (2) biological-naïve comparison cohort receiving nbDMARDs (n=3673). The risk of an event was compared between the two cohorts using Cox proportional-hazard models, adjusted using propensity scores. Rates of LLE/VLE were compared between TNFi and nbDMARD patients. RESULTS The crude incidence rates for LLEs were: TNFi 10/10 000 patient-years (pyrs) (95% CI 8 to 13) and nbDMARD 2/10 000 pyrs (95% CI 1 to 6); for VLEs: TNFi 15/10 000 pyrs (95% CI 12 to 19) and nbDMARD 7/10 000 pyrs (95% CI 4 to 12). The risk of both events was highest in the first year of TNFi treatment. After adjusting for differences in baseline characteristics, there was no difference in risk of LLEs (adjHR 1.86; 95% CI 0.52 to 6.58) or VLEs (adjHR 1.27; 95% CI 0.40 to 4.04) for TNFi compared to nbDMARD-treated patients. Infliximab conferred the highest overall risk, followed by etanercept, although 95% CIs overlapped following adjustment. CONCLUSIONS In one of the largest biological registers, the absolute risk of both events is low. The addition of TNFi to nbDMARD does not alter the risk of either event in patients with RA selected for TNFi. This is the first study to assess the risk of these outcomes in a prospective, observational cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Jani
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - William G Dixon
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Lianne Kersley-Fleet
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian N Bruce
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Hector Chinoy
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Anne Barton
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark Lunt
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Kath Watson
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Deborah P Symmons
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Kimme L Hyrich
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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7
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Kuhn A, Aberer E, Bata-Csörgő Z, Caproni M, Dreher A, Frances C, Gläser R, Klötgen HW, Landmann A, Marinovic B, Nyberg F, Olteanu R, Ranki A, Szepietowski JC, Volc-Platzer B. S2k guideline for treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus - guided by the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) in cooperation with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 31:389-404. [PMID: 27859683 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a rare inflammatory autoimmune disease with heterogeneous clinical manifestations. To date, no therapeutic agents have been licensed specifically for patients with this disease entity, and topical and systemic drugs are mostly used 'off-label'. The aim of the present guideline was to achieve a broad consensus on treatment strategies for patients with CLE by a European subcommittee, guided by the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) and supported by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV). In total, 16 European participants were included in this project and agreed on all recommendations. Topical corticosteroids remain the mainstay of treatment for localized CLE, and further topical agents, such as calcineurin inhibitors, are listed as alternative first-line or second-line topical therapeutic option. Antimalarials are recommended as first-line and long-term systemic treatment in all CLE patients with severe and/or widespread skin lesions, particularly in patients with a high risk of scarring and/or the development of systemic disease. In addition to antimalarials, systemic corticosteroids are recommended as first-line treatment in highly active and/or severe CLE. Second- and third-line systemic treatments include methotrexate, retinoids, dapsone and mycophenolate mofetil or mycophenolate acid, respectively. Thalidomide should only be used in selected therapy-refractory CLE patients, preferably in addition to antimalarials. Several new therapeutic options, such as B-cell- or interferon α-targeted agents, need to be further evaluated in clinical trials to assess their efficacy and safety in the treatment of patients with CLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuhn
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Trials (IZKS), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Aberer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Z Bata-Csörgő
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - M Caproni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care Section of Dermatology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A Dreher
- Evidence-Based Medicine Frankfurt, Institute for General Practice, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Frances
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - R Gläser
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - H-W Klötgen
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital Bern - University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Landmann
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Marinovic
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Center Zagreb and School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - F Nyberg
- Institution for Clinical Sciences, Unit for Dermatology, Karolinska Institutet at Danderyd Hospital (KIDS), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Olteanu
- Department of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Ranki
- Department of Skin and allergic diseases, Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J C Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - B Volc-Platzer
- Department of Dermatology, Donauspital, University affiliated Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Singh H, Sukhija G, Tanwar V, Arora S, Bhutani J. Rare Occurrence of Drug Induced Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus with Leflunomide Therapy. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:OD06-OD07. [PMID: 27891379 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/14508.8667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leflunomide is an immunomodulatory drug exhibiting anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and immunosuppressive effects. It has been widely used for treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis. Despite its good safety profile cutaneous side effects like alopecia, eczema, pruritis and dry skin have been reported with Leflunomide use. Skin ucleration, vasculitis, lichenoid drug rash and Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (SCLE) have been rarely reported with its use. A rare case of Leflunomide induced SCLE is being reported in a female patient with rheumatoid arthritis. The clinical features, histopathological and immunological characteristics were consistent with drug induced SCLE. Withdrawal of Leflunomide along with short course of topical steroids resulted in resolution of symptoms suggesting the drug to be the culprit. As this drug comes into widespread use, it remains to be seen whether more cases of DI-SCLE will occur/be reported. Fortunately, such a condition till times appears rare and is reversible once the drug is discontinued thus avoiding over evaluation and over treatment if the triggering drug is recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh
- Senior Professor, Department of Medicine, Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS , Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Gagandeep Sukhija
- Resident, Department of Medicine, Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS , Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Vikram Tanwar
- Resident, Department of Medicine, Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS , Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sameer Arora
- Resident, Department of Medicine, Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS , Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Jaikrit Bhutani
- Intern, Department of Medicine, Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS , Rohtak, Haryana, India
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9
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Kalloo S, Aggarwal N, Mohan P, Radhakrishnan J. Lupus Nephritis: Treatment of Resistant Disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8:154-61. [DOI: 10.2215/cjn.05870612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Wise DM. Suppressed wound healing in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis taking leflunomide (arava). Perm J 2012; 15:70-4. [PMID: 22319420 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/11-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are monitored for various medication adverse events, DMARDs, and leflunomide in particular, have effects that are not observed clinically, specifically adverse effects on wound healing.
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11
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Leflunomide: friend or foe for systemic lupus erythematosus? Rheumatol Int 2012; 33:273-6. [PMID: 22961090 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-012-2508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Leflunomide is a new immunosuppressive medicine that has been effectively used in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and subsequently used with success in animal models and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, its use has also been associated with significant and serious adverse reactions involving hematological, hepatic, immune, dermatological and respiratory systems. In the current review, we attempt to describe the two sides of this drug in the treatment of SLE.
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12
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Grönhagen CM, Fored CM, Linder M, Granath F, Nyberg F. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and its association with drugs: a population-based matched case-control study of 234 patients in Sweden. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:296-305. [PMID: 22458771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous case reports about drug-induced (DI) subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) have been published. Various drug types with different latencies has been proposed as triggers for this autoimmune skin disease. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between exposure to certain suspected drugs (previously implicated to induce SCLE) and a subsequent diagnosis of SCLE. METHODS We performed a population-based matched case-control study in which all incident cases of SCLE (n=34) from 2006 to 2009 were derived from the National Patient Register. The control group was selected from the general population, matched (1:10) for gender, age and county of residence. The data were linked to the Prescribed Drug Register. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the association between exposures to certain suspected drugs and the development of SCLE. RESULTS During the 6 months preceding SCLE diagnosis, 166 (71%) of the patients with SCLE had at least one filled prescription of the suspected drugs. The most increased ORs were found for terbinafine (OR 52.9, 95% CI 6.6-∞), tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors (OR 8.0, 95% CI 1.6-37.2), antiepileptics (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.9-5.8) and proton pump inhibitors (OR 2.9, 95% CI 2.0-4.0). CONCLUSIONS We found an association between drug exposure and SCLE. More than one third of the SCLE cases could be attributed to drug exposure. No significant OR was found for thiazides, which might be due to longer latency and therefore missed with this study design. DI-SCLE is reversible once the drug is discontinued, indicating the importance of screening patients with SCLE for potentially triggering drugs. A causal relationship cannot be established from this study and the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Grönhagen
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, SE-182 88 Danderyd, Sweden.
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13
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Boyd AS. Leflunomide in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 66:673-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Wise DM. Suppressed wound healing in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis taking leflunomide (arava). Perm J 2012. [PMID: 22319420 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/11-044.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are monitored for various medication adverse events, DMARDs, and leflunomide in particular, have effects that are not observed clinically, specifically adverse effects on wound healing.
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15
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Kuhn A, Ruland V, Bonsmann G. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: Update of therapeutic options. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:e195-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lowe GC, Lowe G, Henderson CL, Grau RH, Hansen CB, Sontheimer RD. A systematic review of drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:465-72. [PMID: 21039412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The initial appearance of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) skin lesions in conjunction with Ro/SS-A autoantibodies occurring as an adverse reaction to hydrochlorothiazide [i.e. drug-induced SCLE (DI-SCLE)] was first reported in 1985. Over the past decade an increasing number of drugs in different classes has been implicated as triggers for DI-SCLE. The management of DI-SCLE can be especially challenging in patients taking multiple medications capable of triggering DI-SCLE. Our objectives were to review the published English language literature on DI-SCLE and use the resulting summary data pool to address questions surrounding drug-induced SCLE and to develop guidelines that might be of value to clinicians in the diagnosis and management of DI-SCLE. A systematic review of the Medline/PubMed-cited literature on DI-SCLE up to August 2009 was performed. Our data collection and analysis strategies were prospectively designed to answer a series of questions related to the clinical, prognostic and pathogenetic significance of DI-SCLE. One hundred and seventeen cases of DI-SCLE were identified and reviewed. White women made up the large majority of cases, and the mean overall age was 58·0 years. Triggering drugs fell into a number of different classes, highlighted by antihypertensives and antifungals. Time intervals ('incubation period') between drug exposure and appearance of DI-SCLE varied greatly and were drug class dependent. Most cases of DI-SCLE spontaneously resolved within weeks of drug withdrawal. Ro/SS-A autoantibodies were present in 80% of the cases in which such data were reported and most remained positive after resolution of SCLE skin disease activity. No significant differences in the clinical, histopathological or immunopathological features between DI-SCLE and idiopathic SCLE were detected. There is now adequate published experience to suggest that DI-SCLE does not differ clinically, histopathologically or immunologically from idiopathic SCLE. It should be recognized as a distinct clinical constellation differing clinically and immunologically from the classical form of drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Lowe
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA
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Abstract
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) is a subset of cutaneous lupus erythematosus with unique immunologic and clinical features. The first description dates back to 1985 when a series of five patients were found to have hydrochlorothiazide-induced SCLE. Since that time, at least 40 other drugs have been implicated in the induction of SCLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Callen
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a worldwide disease with prevalence figures ranging from nine to 130 per 100,000 individuals. SLE appears to be more prevalent in certain ethnic groups, such as the African-Americans, African-Caribbeans and Asians. The prevalence of SLE in Hong Kong Chinese was estimated to be 59 out of 100,000 (104/100,000 among women), which is mid-way between that of the Caucasians and African-Americans. Certain organ manifestations, such as lupus nephritis, are more common in Chinese than Caucasians. A recent prospective study reported that the cumulative incidence of renal disease within 5 years of diagnosis of SLE in Chinese patients was 60%. Despite the improvement in survival of SLE in the past few decades, manifestations that are refractory to conventional therapies and treatment related complications are still major challenges in the management of SLE. Novel-therapeutic modalities for SLE should aim at targeting more specifically the immunopathogenetic pathways to achieve higher efficacy and reduce short- and long-term therapy-related toxicities. This review summarizes the management strategies and novel therapeutic modalities in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Mok
- Tuen Mun Hospital, Department of Medicine & Geriatrics, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Mok CC. Update on emerging drug therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2010; 15:53-70. [DOI: 10.1517/14728210903535878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Jessner-Kanof disease induced by leflunomide: a dermal variant of cutaneous lupus? Rheumatol Int 2009; 31:255-8. [PMID: 19823837 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-009-1169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Leflunomide can have adverse effects, but cases of subacute cutaneous lupus have more rarely been described. This drug, through its immunomodulatory effect, can favor the appearance of a Th2 lymphocyte immune response inducing lupus. A recent study has suggested that Jessner-Kanof disease (JKD) could be a dermal form of lupus. We report a case of subacute cutaneous lupus induced by leflunomide with anti-Ro/SSA Ab and unusual histological presentation, identical to that of JKD. Leflunomide can induce cutaneous lupus characterized by exclusively dermal involvement and histologically comparable to JKD. This observation therefore suggests that JKD could be a dermal variant of lupus. This prompted a revision of the classification of cutaneous lupus, which has until now been divided into acute, subacute and chronic forms but could equally be classed as epidermal, dermal and hypodermal. The last point of interest in our observation is the efficacy of a combination of chloroquine and anakinra, which led to complete remission of the articular and cutaneous symptoms after the failure of corticotherapy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe the mechanisms of action of abatacept (CTLA4-Ig) and summarize the evidence of its efficacy and safety in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other rheumatic diseases such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have demonstrated the clinical efficacy (disease activity, quality of life, prevention of structural damage) of abatacept in patients with RA who have failed to respond to standard disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and antitumour necrosis factor-alpha biologic agents. Selective modulation of T-cell costimulation may also be an alternative therapy for children with JIA who are resitant to conventional DMARDs or biologics. SUMMARY T-cell activation is critical to the onset and maintenance of RA. Abatacept (CTLA4-Ig), the first selective T-cell costimulation modulator has shown to be effective in RA and JIA. Recent 2-year data from the 'AIM' trial suggests an increased and sustained effect of blocking of T cell signalling on the inhibition of RA structural damage progression over time. Abatacept's safety profile in combination with DMARDs also seems to be favourable but should be avoided in combination with other biologics.
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Marzano AV, Ramoni S, Del Papa N, Barbareschi M, Alessi E. Leflunomide-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with erythema multiforme-like lesions. Lupus 2008; 17:329-31. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203307087189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leflunomide is an immunosuppressive agent that acts by inhibiting pyrimidine synthesis in lymphocytes and other rapidly proliferating cells, as well as by suppressing tumor necrosis factor-α–induced cellular responses. A number of leflunomide-related adverse events have been reported. Among cutaneous side effects, a few cases of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus have been described. We report a previously undocumented reaction to leflunomide, manifesting as subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and erythema multiforme-like lesions, in a young woman treated with this drug for ankylosing spondylitis. Withdrawal of leflunomide combined with a short cycle of systemic corticosteroid led to the resolution of the patient’s rash, indicating this drug as being responsible for the development of the disease. We conclude that leflunomide might have triggered the occurrence of both subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and erythema multiforme in a patient with pre-existing autoimmune diathesis. The suppressive effect of this drug on tumor necrosis factor-α–related mechanisms might have played a role in the induction of such a unique reaction to leflunomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- AV Marzano
- Institute of Dermatological Sciences, University of Milan – Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan, Italy
| | - S Ramoni
- Institute of Dermatological Sciences, University of Milan – Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan, Italy
| | - N Del Papa
- Department of Rheumatology, H. “G. Pini”, Milan, Italy
| | - M Barbareschi
- Institute of Dermatological Sciences, University of Milan – Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan, Italy
| | - E Alessi
- Institute of Dermatological Sciences, University of Milan – Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan, Italy
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Mavrikakis I, Liarakos VS, Vergados I, Rootman J. Orbital sarcoid treatment. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.3.2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boswell JS, Costner MI. Leflunomide as adjuvant treatment of dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58:403-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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van Woerkom JM, Kruize AA, Geenen R, van Roon EN, Goldschmeding R, Verstappen SMM, van Roon JAG, Bijlsma JWJ. Safety and efficacy of leflunomide in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a phase II pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:1026-32. [PMID: 17223657 PMCID: PMC1954693 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2006.060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For invalidating symptoms in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), there is still a need for easy-to-administer, cost-effective and well-tolerated systemic treatment. Leflunomide (LEF) is structurally unrelated to other immunomodulatory drugs and might be efficacious in pSS, given its characteristic immunoregulatory modes of action. OBJECTIVE To investigate the safety and efficacy of LEF in pSS in a phase II open-label pilot study. METHODS 15 patients with pSS with early and active disease received LEF 20 mg once daily for 24 weeks. Tolerability, safety and efficacy of LEF were evaluated every 8 weeks. Additional safety visits were performed every fortnight. RESULTS Mild gastrointestinal discomfort (including diarrhoea) and hair loss were mainly reported. Five patients developed lupus-like skin lesions on the face, arms or trunk, responding well to topical corticosteroids, nevertheless causing the withdrawal of one patient. Two patients with pre-existing hypertension had to increase dosages of anti-hypertensive drugs. Increased levels of alanine aminotransferase normalised after dose reduction in two patients. A decrease in general fatigue and an increase in physical functioning were observed after 24 weeks. Serum IgG levels decreased from 8 weeks onwards. Schirmer test values increased, not reaching statistical significance, whereas sialometry values did not change. In four of five repeated biopsies, the lymphocytic focus score decreased at the rate of 1 focus/4 mm(2). A remarkable amelioration of leucocytoclastic vasculitis was observed in three patients. CONCLUSIONS Although the safety profile seems fairly acceptable, the observed indications for efficacy were modest and may be doubtful in justifying a randomised controlled trial of LEF in pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M van Woerkom
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, F 02.127, University Medical Center, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Despite the tremendous improvement in survival of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the past few decades, manifestations of the disease that are refractory to conventional therapies and treatment-related complications are still major causes of mortality and morbidity. In recent years, we have seen an explosive development of newer therapeutic modalities for various rheumatic diseases including SLE. Novel therapies for SLE should aim at targeting more specifically the immunopathogenetic pathways to achieve higher efficacy and reduce therapy related toxicities. This article reviews the emerging therapeutic modalities that have been used or are being tried in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Mok
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Tuen Mun Hospital, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Mok CC. Therapeutic options for resistant lupus nephritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2006; 36:71-81. [PMID: 16884971 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize the therapeutic options for proliferative and membranous lupus nephritis that is resistant to conventional treatment. METHODS Treatment trials in human lupus nephritis from years 1985 to 2005 that have been published in the English literature were searched by Medline using the keywords "lupus," "nephritis," "glomerulonephritis," "renal," "refractory," "resistant," "recalcitrant," "cyclophosphamide," "mycophenolate," "cyclosporin," "tacrolimus," "leflunomide," "intravenous immunoglobulin," "apheresis," "plasmapheresis," "immunoadsorption," "marrow transplantation," "stem cell transplantation," "immunoablative," "rituximab," and "biologics." Laboratory, histological, and nonrenal lupus studies were excluded. RESULTS There is no universal definition of treatment resistance in lupus nephritis. Controlled trials in refractory lupus nephritis are largely unavailable. Open-labeled studies have reported success of newer immunosuppressive drugs, immunomodulatory therapies, and the biological agents such as mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), calcineurin inhibitors, leflunomide, intravenous immunoglobulin, immunoadsorption, and rituximab in the treatment of cyclophosphamide (CYC) resistant proliferative lupus nephritis. More aggressive CYC regimens have been used in lupus nephritis, but at the expense of more toxicities. For membranous lupus nephritis (MLN), a combination of corticosteroids with either azathioprine, chlorambucil, cyclosporin A, MMF, or CYC is initially effective in two-thirds of patients. More aggressive and costly regimens should be reserved for truly refractory disease with persistent nephrotic syndrome or declining renal function. Evidence regarding the efficacy of MMF in refractory MLN is conflicting and controlled trials are necessary to resolve the controversy. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of refractory lupus nephritis remains anecdotal. An international consensus in the renal response criteria should be developed and validated so that controlled trials can be performed to compare the efficacy of various treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Mok
- Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR China.
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Abstract
SUMMARY Skin disease in patients with lupus erythematosus may be subdivided into two broad categories - those lesions that when biopsied demonstrate interface dermatitis and those that do not demonstrate interface dermatitis. The skin lesions that are represented by the interface dermatitis include discoid lupus erythematosus, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Patients with these 'specific' manifestations have varying degrees of systemic involvement from rare systemic disease in patients with localized discoid lupus erythematosus to common and often severe involvement in patients with acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Patients who do not demonstrate interface dermatitis also may have systemic disease and in some instances the skin manifestations are linked to some of the more severe systemic manifestations. Many patients with cutaneous lesions characterized by the interface dermatitis can be controlled with 'standard' therapies including sunscreens, protective clothing and behavioural alteration, and topical corticosteroids with or without an oral antimalarial agent. This review presents a brief summary of each common cutaneous manifestation of lupus erythematosus, its relationship to systemic involvement and treatment issues to effectively deal with the lupus erythematosus patient who has skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Callen
- Division of Dermatology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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