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Garrison LP, Schepman P, Bushmakin AG, Robinson RL, Tive L, Hall J, Dzingina M, Jackson J, Berry M, Cappelleri JC, Silverman S. Concern about addiction is associated with lower quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis: an exploratory, real-world data analysis. Qual Life Res 2021; 31:185-191. [PMID: 34219192 PMCID: PMC8800922 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-021-02907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relationship between self-reported concerns about becoming addicted to a medication and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS This real-world study used patient-level cross-sectional survey data collected from the US Adelphi Disease Specific Programme (DSP). The DSP for OA selected 153 physicians who collected de-identified data on their next nine adult patients with OA. Each patient completed a disease-relevant survey, which included the Likert-scale question, "I am concerned about becoming addicted to my medicine," (CAA) with responses ranging from "completely disagree" [1] to "completely agree" [5]. HRQoL was measured by the EQ-5D-5L index value and the EQ Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). A set of ordinary least squares regressions using HRQoL measures as outcomes and CAA as a continuous predictor were estimated. Standardized effect size (ES) was used to gauge the magnitude of effects. RESULTS A total of 866 patients with OA completed the survey (female, 61.2%; White, 77.7%; mean age, 64.2 years). Of the 775 patients who completed the CAA question, almost one-third responded that they "agree" (18%) or "completely agree" (11%), while 27% responded "completely disagree" and 20% "disagree." Regression analyses found that patients who have concerns about medication addiction have significantly different EQ-5D-5L index values and EQ VAS scores compared with patients who do not have this concern (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that concern about medication addiction in patients with OA may have an impact on patient HRQoL, with more concerned patients reporting poorer HRQoL outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Garrison
- Department of Pharmacy, The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, University of Washington, Health Sciences Building, H375, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 357630, Seattle, WA, 98195-7630, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Jerry Hall
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Stuart Silverman
- Rheumatology Division of the Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Clement ND, Scott CEH, Murray JRD, Howie CR, Deehan DJ. The number of patients "worse than death" while waiting for a hip or knee arthroplasty has nearly doubled during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bone Joint J 2021; 103-B:672-680. [PMID: 33752468 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.103b.bjj-2021-0104.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to assess the quality of life of patients on the waiting list for a total hip (THA) or knee arthroplasty (KA) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondary aims were to assess whether length of time on the waiting list influenced quality of life and rate of deferral of surgery. METHODS During the study period (August and September 2020) 843 patients (THA n = 394, KA n = 449) from ten centres in the UK reported their EuroQol five dimension (EQ-5D) scores and completed a waiting list questionnaire (2020 group). Patient demographic details, procedure, and date when listed were recorded. Patients scoring less than zero for their EQ-5D score were defined to be in a health state "worse than death" (WTD). Data from a retrospective cohort (January 2014 to September 2017) were used as the control group. RESULTS The 2020 group had a significantly worse EQ-5D score compared to the control group for both THA (p < 0.001) and KA (p < 0.001). Over one-third (35.0%, n = 138/394) of patients waiting for a THA and nearly a quarter (22.3%, n = 100/449) for KA were in a health state WTD, which was significantly greater than the control group (odds ratio 2.30 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.83 to 2.93) and 2.08 (95% CI 1.61 to 2.70), respectively; p < 0.001). Over 80% (n = 680/843) of the 2020 group felt that their quality of life had deteriorated while waiting. Each additional month spent on the waiting list was independently associated with a decrease in quality of life (EQ-5D: -0.0135, p = 0.004). There were 117 (13.9%) patients who wished to defer their surgery and the main reason for this was health concerns for themselves and or their family (99.1%, n = 116/117). CONCLUSION Over one-third of patients waiting for THA and nearly one-quarter waiting for a KA were in a state WTD, which was approaching double that observed prior to the pandemic. Increasing length of time on the waiting list was associated with decreasing quality of life. Level of evidence: Level III retrospective case control study Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(4):672-680.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick D Clement
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chloe E H Scott
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James R D Murray
- Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital & University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Colin R Howie
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Deehan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle, UK
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Alves de Oliveira Junior H, Pereira da Veiga T, Acurcio FDA, Almeida AM, Ribeiro Dos Santos JB, da Silva MRR, Kakehasi AM, Cherchiglia ML. Impact of biologic DMARDs on quality of life: 12-month results of a rheumatic diseases cohort using the Brazilian EQ-5D tariff. Hosp Pract (1995) 2020; 48:213-222. [PMID: 32567403 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2020.1785212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between biological Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (bDMARDs) use and quality of life (QoL) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated adult patients prescribed biological DMARDs whose quality of life was evaluated at six and 12 months. The EuroQol 5 dimensions (EQ-5D) was used with the Brazilian tariff. RESULTS Patients receiving bDMARDs had significant improvements in quality of life after 6 and 12 months (p < 0.001), regardless of the rheumatic condition and the therapeutic regimen (bDMARDs vs bDMARDs plus synthetic DMARDs) (ANCOVA; p > 0.05). At the end of one year, 62.6% of the participants presented significant clinical improvement in QoL. According to a sensitivity analysis, QoL results in the complete case analysis and in the multiple imputation model yielded similar conclusions. Patients with two or more comorbidities and worse QoL and disability status on baseline presented worse QoL at 12 months when compared to those with better disability status on baseline. Baseline clinical disease measured by activity indexes (BASDAI and CDAI) did not influence QoL after 12 months of bDMARD treatment. Pain and malaise were the EQ-5D domain that most influenced quality of life. CONCLUSION Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis displayed significantly better QoL levels following treatment with DMARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Ruberson Ribeiro da Silva
- Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Pharmacy and Nutrition Department, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo , Vitória, Brazil
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Abstract
AIMS The EuroQol five-dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire is a widely used multiattribute general health questionnaire where an EQ-5D < 0 defines a state 'worse than death' (WTD). The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of patients awaiting total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in a health state WTD and to identify associations with this state. Secondary aims were to examine the effect of WTD status on one-year outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of 2073 patients undergoing 2073 THAs (mean age 67.4 years (sd 11.6; 14 to 95); mean body mass index (BMI) 28.5 kg/m2 (sd 5.7; 15 to 72); 1253 female (60%)) and 2168 patients undergoing 2168 TKAs (mean age 69.3 years (sd 9.6; 22 to 91); BMI 30.8 kg/m2 (sd 5.8; 13 to 57); 1244 female (57%)) were recorded. Univariate analysis was used to identify variables associated with an EQ-5D score < 0: age, BMI, sex, deprivation quintile, comorbidities, and joint-specific function measured using the Oxford Hip Score (OHS) or Oxford Knee Score (OKS). Multivariate logistic regression was performed. EQ-5D and OHS/OKS were repeated one year following surgery in 1555 THAs and 1700 TKAs. RESULTS Preoperatively, 391 THA patients (19%) and 263 TKA patients (12%) were WTD. Multivariate analysis identified preoperative OHS, deprivation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in THA, and OKS, peripheral arterial disease, and inflammatory arthropathy in TKA as independently associated with WTD status (p < 0.05). One year following arthroplasty EQ-5D scores improved significantly (p < 0.001) and WTD rates reduced to 35 (2%) following THA and 53 (3%) following TKA. Patients who were WTD preoperatively achieved significantly (p < 0.001) worse joint-specific Oxford scores and satisfaction rates one year following joint arthroplasty, compared with those not WTD preoperatively. CONCLUSION In total, 19% of patients awaiting THA and 12% awaiting TKA for degenerative joint disease are in a health state WTD. Although specific comorbidities contribute to this, hip- or knee-specific function, mainly pain, appear key determinants and can be reliably reversed with an arthroplasty. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:941-950.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E H Scott
- Department of Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D J MacDonald
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C R Howie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Desthieux C, Hermet A, Granger B, Fautrel B, Gossec L. Patient-Physician Discordance in Global Assessment in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Literature Review With Meta-Analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2016; 68:1767-1773. [DOI: 10.1002/acr.22902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Desthieux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, GRC-UPMC 08 (EEMOIS), AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital
| | - Aurore Hermet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, GRC-UPMC 08 (EEMOIS), AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital
| | - Benjamin Granger
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, GRC-UPMC 08 (EEMOIS), AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital
| | - Bruno Fautrel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, GRC-UPMC 08 (EEMOIS), AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital
| | - Laure Gossec
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, GRC-UPMC 08 (EEMOIS), AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital
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Malhotra K, Buraimoh O, Thornton J, Cullen N, Singh D, Goldberg AJ. Electronic capture of patient-reported and clinician-reported outcome measures in an elective orthopaedic setting: a retrospective cohort analysis. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011975. [PMID: 27324718 PMCID: PMC4916591 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether an entirely electronic system can be used to capture both patient-reported outcomes (electronic Patient-Reported Outcome Measures, ePROMs) as well as clinician-validated diagnostic and complexity data in an elective surgical orthopaedic outpatient setting. To examine patients' experience of this system and factors impacting their experience. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. SETTING Single centre series. Outpatient clinics at an elective foot and ankle unit in the UK. PARTICIPANTS All new adult patients attending elective orthopaedic outpatient clinics over a 32-month period. INTERVENTIONS All patients were invited to complete ePROMs prior to attending their outpatient appointment. At their appointment, those patients who had not completed ePROMs were offered the opportunity to complete it on a tablet device with technical support. Matched diagnostic and complexity data were captured by the treating consultant during the appointment. OUTCOME MEASURES Capture rates of patient-reported and clinician-reported data. All information and technology (IT) failures, language and disability barriers were captured. Patients were asked to rate their experience of using ePROMs. The scoring systems used included EQ-5D-5L, the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOxFQ) and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain score. RESULTS Out of 2534 new patients, 2176 (85.9%) completed ePROMs, of whom 1090 (50.09%) completed ePROMs at home/work prior to their appointment. 31.5% used a mobile (smartphone/tablet) device. Clinician-reported data were captured on 2491 patients (98.3%). The mean patient experience score of using Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) was 8.55±1.85 out of 10 and 666 patients (30.61%) left comments. Of patients leaving comments, 214 (32.13%) felt ePROMs did not adequately capture their symptoms and these patients had significantly lower patient experience scores (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the successful implementation of technology into a service improvement programme. Excellent capture rates of ePROMs and clinician-validated diagnostic data can be achieved within a National Health Service setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Malhotra
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | | | - James Thornton
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Nicholas Cullen
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Dishan Singh
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Andrew J Goldberg
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
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Oliveira Junior HAD, Almeida AM, Acurcio FA, Santos JBD, Kakehasi AM, Alvares J, Dabés CGES, Cherchiglia ML. Profile of patients with rheumatic diseases undergoing treatment with anti-TNF agents in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS), Belo Horizonte - MG. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502015000300023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the baseline demographic and clinical characteristics as well as the functional status of a prospective cohort of patients with rheumatic diseases assisted by the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS). Data for 302 patients receiving tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors (anti-TNF agents) was collected through a standard form. Among patients, 229 (75.8%) were female and 155 (51.3%) were Caucasian; the mean age was 50.3 ± 12.8 years, and the mean disease duration was 9.9 ± 8.7 years. Among them 214 patients (70.9%) received adalimumab, 72 (23.8%) etanercept, and 16 (5.3%) infliximab. Mean Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) was 1.37 ± 0.67 for all participants. Poor functional response was associated with female gender, married patients and with a score of < 0.6 on the EuroQoL-5 dimensions (EQ-5D). Significant correlation was found between the HAQ-DI values, disease activity and quality of life (QOL). The results obtained in this study contribute to a better understanding of the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with rheumatic diseases at the beginning of anti-TNF-agent treatment by SUS. Furthermore, our findings are consistent with another Brazilian and foreign cross-sectional investigations. This knowledge can be of great importance for further studies evaluating the effectiveness of biological agents, as well as, to contribute to improve the well-being of the patients with rheumatic diseases.
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de Oliveira Junior HA, dos Santos JB, Acurcio FA, Almeida AM, Kakehasi AM, Alvares J, de Carvalho LFD, Cherchiglia ML. Poorer functionality is related to better quality of life response following the use of biological drugs: 6-month outcomes in a prospective cohort from the Public Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde), Minas Gerais, Brazil. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2015; 15:403-12. [PMID: 25603696 DOI: 10.1586/14737167.2015.1003367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We aim to analyze factors associated with the quality of life (QOL) response of individuals with rheumatic diseases treated by the Public Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs). Data from 428 patients using bDMARDs were collected using a standardized form at baseline and 6 months after the onset of treatment. The average reduction of the scores on EuroQol-five dimension was 0.11 ± 0.18 6 months after the onset of treatment with bDMARDs, denoting significant improvement of the participants' QOL. All the investigated types of disease exhibited significant improvement at the 6-month assessment, without any difference among them (p = 0.965). The participants with baseline poorest functionality and best QOL exhibited the best QOL outcomes after 6 months of treatment. Our study showed that the use of biological drugs induced considerable improvement in the participants' QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haliton Alves de Oliveira Junior
- Departamento de Farmácia Social, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicamentos e Assistência Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, bloco 2, 1° andar, sala 1023. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
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Combe B, Rincheval N. Early lessons from the recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis cohort ESPOIR. Joint Bone Spine 2014; 82:13-7. [PMID: 25238951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ESPOIR is a French multicenter cohort of patients with undifferentiated arthritis enrolled within six months of symptom onset, naive to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and corticosteroid therapy, and either having rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or being at risk for progression to RA. The cohort is sponsored by the French Society for Rheumatology (Société française de rhumatologie [SFR]). Between December 2002 and March 2005, 813 patients were enrolled at 14 regional university hospitals, with the participation of a network of community-based rheumatologists. The objective was to establish a database on recent-onset inflammatory joint disease and, more specifically, on RA to serve for scientific research in the clinical, epidemiological, pathophysiological, and healthcare-cost fields. Ten years after enrolment were started, the cohort still has about 500 patients. The scientific committee has approved 104 clinical research projects, of which many are ongoing, and 54 original articles written by numerous French and international groups have been published. These projects cover a vast spectrum of topics including environmental factors, diagnosis, outcomes, prognosis, disease evaluation, imaging, genetics, biomarkers, costs, and RA management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Combe
- Département rhumatologie, université Montpellier I, hôpital Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Nathalie Rincheval
- Département rhumatologie, université Montpellier I, hôpital Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Torrance N, Lawson KD, Afolabi E, Bennett MI, Serpell MG, Dunn KM, Smith BH. Estimating the burden of disease in chronic pain with and without neuropathic characteristics: does the choice between the EQ-5D and SF-6D matter? Pain 2014; 155:1996-2004. [PMID: 25020004 PMCID: PMC4220009 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The EQ-5D and Short Form (SF)12 are widely used generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaires. They can be used to derive health utility index scores, on a scale where 0 is equivalent to death and 1 represents full health, with scores less than zero representing states “worse than death.” We compared EQ-5D or SF-6D health utility index scores in patients with no chronic pain, and chronic pain with and without neuropathic characteristics (NC), and to explore their discriminant ability for pain severity. Self-reported health and chronic pain status was collected as part of a UK general population survey (n = 4451). We found moderate agreement between individual dimensions of EQ-5D and SF-6D, with most highly correlated dimensions found for mental health and anxiety/depression, role limitations and usual activities, and pain and pain/discomfort. Overall 43% reported full health on the EQ-5D, compared with only 4.2% on the SF-6D. There were significant differences in mean utilities for chronic pain with NC (EQ-5D 0.47 vs SF-6D 0.62) and especially for severe pain (EQ-5D 0.33 vs SF-6D 0.58). On the EQ-5D, 17% of those with chronic pain with NC and 3% without NC scored “worse than death,” a state which is not possible using the SF-6D. Health utilities derived from EQ-5D and SF-12/36 can discriminate between group differences for chronic pain with and without NC and greater pain severity. However, the instruments generate widely differing HRQoL scores for the same patient groups. The choice between using the EQ-5D or SF-6D matters greatly when estimating the burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Torrance
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
| | - Kenny D Lawson
- Centre for Research Excellence in the Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Rural and Remote Populations, James Cook University, Townsville City, Australia
| | - Ebenezer Afolabi
- Research Institute for Primary Care & Health Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, England, UK
| | - Michael I Bennett
- Academic Unit of Palliative Care, University of Leeds, Leeds, England, UK
| | | | - Kate M Dunn
- Research Institute for Primary Care & Health Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, England, UK
| | - Blair H Smith
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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Socioeconomic status. The relationship with health and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:641-54. [PMID: 24418307 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Socioeconomic status (SES) is a hierarchical social classification associated with different outcomes in health and disease. The most important factors influencing SES are income, educational level, occupational class, social class, and ancestry. These factors are closely related to each other as they present certain dependent interactions. Since there is a need to improve the understanding of the concept of SES and the ways it affects health and disease, we review herein the tools currently available to evaluate SES and its relationship with health and autoimmune diseases.
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12
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Pope J. Is having rheumatoid arthritis a fate worse than death? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 52:767-8. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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