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Dai CL, Yang HX, Liu QP, Rahman K, Zhang H. CXCL6: A potential therapeutic target for inflammation and cancer. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4413-4427. [PMID: 37612429 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines were originally defined as cytokines that affect the movement of immune cells. In recent years, due to the increasing importance of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), the role of chemokines has changed from a single "chemotactic agent" to a key factor that can regulate TME and affect the tumor phenotype. CXCL6, also known as granulocyte chemoattractant protein-2 (GCP-2), can recruit neutrophils to complete non-specific immunity in the process of inflammation. Cancer-related genes and interleukin family can promote the abnormal secretion of CXCL6, which promotes tumor growth, metastasis, epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and angiogenesis in the TME. CXCL6 also has a role in promoting fibrosis and tissue damage repair. In this review, we focus on the regulatory network affecting CXCL6 expression, its role in the progress of inflammation and how it affects tumorigenesis and progression based on the TME, in an attempt to provide a potential target for the treatment of diseases such as inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lan Dai
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu-Ping Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Patnaik E, Lyons M, Tran K, Pattanaik D. Endothelial Dysfunction in Systemic Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14385. [PMID: 37762689 PMCID: PMC10531630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis, commonly known as scleroderma, is an autoimmune disorder characterized by vascular abnormalities, autoimmunity, and multiorgan fibrosis. The exact etiology is not known but believed to be triggered by environmental agents in a genetically susceptible host. Vascular symptoms such as the Raynaud phenomenon often precede other fibrotic manifestations such as skin thickening indicating that vascular dysfunction is the primary event. Endothelial damage and activation occur early, possibly triggered by various infectious agents and autoantibodies. Endothelial dysfunction, along with defects in endothelial progenitor cells, leads to defective angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Endothelial to mesenchymal cell transformation is another seminal event during pathogenesis that progresses to tissue fibrosis. The goal of the review is to discuss the molecular aspect of the endothelial dysfunction that leads to the development of systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshaan Patnaik
- Department of Biology, Memphis University School, Memphis, TN 38119, USA;
| | - Matthew Lyons
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.L.); (K.T.)
| | - Kimberly Tran
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.L.); (K.T.)
| | - Debendra Pattanaik
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.L.); (K.T.)
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Yang H, Shi Y, Liu H, Lin F, Qiu B, Feng Q, Wang Y, Yang B. Pyroptosis executor gasdermin D plays a key role in scleroderma and bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:183. [PMID: 35396386 PMCID: PMC8993883 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β are essential for scleroderma pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the role of pyroptosis executor gasdermin D(GSDMD), which is a downstream molecule of NLRP3 and is required for IL-1β release in some situations, has not yet been well elucidated in scleroderma. Here, we found that GSDMD was significantly up-regulated and activated in the skin of scleroderma patients and bleomycin-induced mouse model. What’s more, the ablation of GSDMD ameliorates bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis according to HE staining, Masson staining and the detection of hydroxyproline contents. GSDMD deficiency also impaired macrophages infiltration and reduced inflammation response. Furthermore, the loss of GSDMD reduced Th17 differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, these findings provide the first demonstration that GSDMD related pyroptosis plays an important role in scleroderma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Yanqiang Shi
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Huiting Liu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Feiyan Lin
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Biying Qiu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Qinglan Feng
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
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New mechanism-based approaches to treating and evaluating the vasculopathy of scleroderma. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2021; 33:471-479. [PMID: 34402454 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Utilizing recent insight into the vasculopathy of scleroderma (SSc), the review will highlight new opportunities for evaluating and treating the disease by promoting stabilization and protection of the microvasculature. RECENT FINDINGS Endothelial junctional signaling initiated by vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) and Tie2 receptors, which are fundamental to promoting vascular health and stability, are disrupted in SSc. This would be expected to not only diminish their protective activity, but also increase pathological processes that are normally restrained by these signaling mediators, resulting in pathological changes in vascular function and structure. Indeed, key features of SSc vasculopathy, from the earliest signs of edema and puffy fingers to pathological disruption of hemodynamics, nutritional blood flow, capillary structure and angiogenesis are all consistent with this altered endothelial signaling. It also likely contributes to further progression of the disease including tissue fibrosis, and organ and tissue injury. SUMMARY Restoring protective endothelial junctional signaling should combat the vasculopathy of SSc and prevent further deterioration in vascular and organ function. Indeed, this type of targeted approach has achieved remarkable results in preclinical models for other diseases. Furthermore, tracking this endothelial junctional signaling, for example by assessing vascular permeability, should facilitate insight into disease progression and its response to therapy.
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Hu P, Chiarini A, Wu J, Freddi G, Nie K, Armato U, Prà ID. Exosomes of adult human fibroblasts cultured on 3D silk fibroin nonwovens intensely stimulate neoangiogenesis. BURNS & TRAUMA 2021; 9:tkab003. [PMID: 34212056 PMCID: PMC8240536 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Bombyx mori silk fibroin is a biomacromolecule that allows the assembly of scaffolds for tissue engineering and regeneration purposes due to its cellular adhesiveness, high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Earlier work showed that two types of 3D silk fibroin nonwovens (3D-SFnws) implanted into mouse subcutaneous tissue were promptly vascularized via undefined molecular mechanisms. The present study used nontumorigenic adult human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) adhering to a third type of 3D-SFnws to assess whether HDFs release exosomes whose contents promote neoangiogenesis. Methods Electron microscopy imaging and physical tests defined the features of the novel carded/hydroentangled 3D-SFnws. HDFs were cultured on 3D-SFnws and polystyrene plates in an exosome-depleted medium. DNA amounts and D-glucose consumption revealed the growth and metabolic activities of HDFs on 3D-SFnws. CD9-expressing total exosome fractions were from conditioned media of 3D-SFnws and 2D polystyrene plates HDF cultures. Angiogenic growth factors (AGFs) in equal amounts of the two groups of exosomal proteins were analysed via double-antibody arrays. A tube formation assay using human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMVECs) was used to evaluate the exosomes’ angiogenic power. Results The novel features of the 3D-SFnws met the biomechanical requirements typical of human soft tissues. By experimental day 15, 3D-SFnws-adhering HDFs had increased 4.5-fold in numbers and metabolized 5.4-fold more D-glucose than at day 3 in vitro. Compared to polystyrene-stuck HDFs, exosomes from 3D-SFnws-adhering HDFs carried significantly higher amounts of AGFs, such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-4 and IL-8; angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2; angiopoietin-1 receptor (or Tie-2); growth-regulated oncogene (GRO)-α, GRO-β and GRO-γ; matrix metalloproteinase-1; tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1; and urokinase-type plasminogen activator surface receptor, but lesser amounts of anti-angiogenic tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2 and pro-inflammatory monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. At concentrations from 0.62 to 10 μg/ml, the exosomes from 3D-SFnws-cultured HDFs proved their angiogenic power by inducing HDMVECs to form significant amounts of tubes in vitro. Conclusions The structural and mechanical properties of carded/hydroentangled 3D-SFnws proved their suitability for tissue engineering and regeneration applications. Consistent with our hypothesis, 3D-SFnws-adhering HDFs released exosomes carrying several AGFs that induced HDMVECs to promptly assemble vascular tubes in vitro. Hence, we posit that once implanted in vivo, the 3D-SFnws/HDFs interactions could promote the vascularization and repair of extended skin wounds due to burns or other noxious agents in human and veterinary clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hu
- Human Histology & Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics & Gynaecology, University of Verona Medical School, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Venetia, Italy.,Department of Burns & Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of ZunYi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, ZunYi City, 563003 Guizhou Province, China
| | - Anna Chiarini
- Human Histology & Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics & Gynaecology, University of Verona Medical School, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Venetia, Italy
| | - Jun Wu
- Human Histology & Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics & Gynaecology, University of Verona Medical School, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Venetia, Italy.,Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Second People's Hospital, University of Shenzhen, 3002 Sungang West Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Giuliano Freddi
- Silk Biomaterials S.r.l., Via Cavour 2, I-22074, Lomazzo, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Kaiyu Nie
- Department of Burns & Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of ZunYi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, ZunYi City, 563003 Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Human Histology & Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics & Gynaecology, University of Verona Medical School, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Venetia, Italy.,Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Second People's Hospital, University of Shenzhen, 3002 Sungang West Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ilaria Dal Prà
- Human Histology & Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics & Gynaecology, University of Verona Medical School, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Venetia, Italy.,Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Second People's Hospital, University of Shenzhen, 3002 Sungang West Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
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Tsou PS, Palisoc PJ, Flavahan NA, Khanna D. Dissecting the Cellular Mechanism of Prostacyclin Analog Iloprost in Reversing Vascular Dysfunction in Scleroderma. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:520-529. [PMID: 33001586 PMCID: PMC7914149 DOI: 10.1002/art.41536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intravenous iloprost improves Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and promotes healing of digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). Despite a short half-life, its clinical efficacy lasts weeks. Endothelial adherens junctions, which are formed by VE-cadherin clustering between endothelial cells (ECs), regulate endothelial properties including barrier function, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), and angiogenesis. We undertook this study to investigate the hypothesis that junctional disruption contributes to vascular dysfunction in SSc, and that the protective effect of iloprost is mediated by strengthening of those junctions. METHODS Dermal ECs from SSc patients and healthy controls were isolated. The effect of iloprost on ECs was examined using immunofluorescence, permeability assays, Matrigel tube formation, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Adherens junctions in SSc were disrupted compared to normal ECs, as indicated by reduced levels of VE-cadherin and increased permeability in SSc ECs (P < 0.05). Iloprost increased VE-cadherin clustering at junctions and restored junctional levels of VE-cadherin in SSc ECs (mean ± SD 37.3 ± 4.3 fluorescence units) compared to normal ECs (mean ± SD 29.7 ± 3.4 fluorescence units; P < 0.05), after 2 hours of iloprost incubation. In addition, iloprost reduced permeability of monolayers, increased tubulogenesis, and blocked EndoMT in both normal and SSc ECs (n ≥ 3; P < 0.05). The effects in normal ECs were inhibited by a function-blocking antibody that prevents junctional clustering of VE-cadherin. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the long-lasting effects of iloprost reflect its ability to stabilize adherens junctions, resulting in increased tubulogenesis and barrier function and reduced EndoMT. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the use of iloprost in treating SSc patients with RP and digital ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Pamela J. Palisoc
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nicholas A. Flavahan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, MI
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Nakamura K, Taniguchi T, Hirabayashi M, Yamashita T, Saigusa R, Miura S, Takahashi T, Toyama T, Ichimura Y, Yoshizaki A, Trojanowska M, Fujiu K, Nagai R, Sato S, Asano Y. Altered Properties of Endothelial Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Underlying the Development of Scleroderma-like Vasculopathy in KLF5 +/- ;Fli-1 +/- Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:2136-2146. [PMID: 32627966 DOI: 10.1002/art.41423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In prevous studies, we established a new animal model, KLF5+/- ;Fli-1+/- mice, in which fundamental pathologic features of systemic sclerosis (SSc) are broadly recapitulated. SSc vasculopathy is believed to occur as a result of impaired vascular remodeling, but its detailed mechanism of action remains unknown. To address this, the present study investigated the properties of dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMECs), bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (BM-EPCs), and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), a precursor of pericytes, in KLF5+/- ;Fli-1+/- mice. METHODS Neovascularization and angiogenesis were assessed in KLF5+/- ;Fli-1+/- mice by in vivo Matrigel plug assay and in vitro tube formation assay, respectively. The properties of mouse BM-EPCs and BM-MSCs were assessed with in vitro studies. Dermal vasculature was visualized in vivo by injecting the mice with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran. RESULTS Neovascularization was diminished in skin-embedded Matrigel plugs from KLF5+/- ;Fli-1+/- mice. DMECs from KLF5+/- ;Fli-1+/- mice showed defective tubulogenic activity, decreased expression of VE-cadherin and CD31, and an imbalance in the expression of Notch1/Dll4, suggesting that angiogenesis and anastomosis are disturbed. KLF5+/- ;Fli-1+/- mouse BM-MSCs exhibited enhanced proliferation and migration and increased collagen production following stimulation with transforming growth factor β1, indicating that these cells differentiate preferentially into myofibroblasts rather than pericytes. KLF5+/- ;Fli-1+/- mouse BM-EPCs displayed a transition toward mesenchymal cells, suggesting that vasculogenesis is impaired. Wound healing was delayed in KLF5+/- ;Fli-1+/- mice (mean ± SD healing time 15.67 ± 0.82 days versus 13.50 ± 0.84 days; P = 0.0017), and the vascular network was poorly developed in wound scar tissue. CONCLUSION The characteristics observed in the KLF5+/- ;Fli-1+/- mouse model - specifically, impaired neovascularization and vascular maturation - are similar to those observed in human SSc, and could be at least partially attributable to the induction of SSc-like properties in DMECs, BM-EPCs, and BM-MSCs. These findings indicate the critical contribution of Klf5 and Fli1 deficiency in vascular cells and related cell precursors to the development of SSc vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Nakamura
- University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Ryosuke Saigusa
- University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Miura
- University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuo Toyama
- University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Ichimura
- University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yoshizaki
- University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Trojanowska
- Arthritis Center, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katsuhito Fujiu
- University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Ren J, Zhang Y, Jia J, Dai L, Wang Y, Zhou B, Zhou R. Relationship between polymorphisms of CXCL3 gene and preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 35:258-262. [PMID: 31931644 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1716332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Preeclampsia (PE), a pregnancy-specific disease, is a main cause of maternal and perinatal mortality in the world, the exact pathogenesis of which is still unknown. Recent studies have found it is a disorder caused by multiple factors and genes. Previously, we found a significantly abnormal expression of CXCL3 in plasma and placenta of severe preeclampsia. Here, we intend to explore the association of polymorphisms in CXCL3 gene with preeclampsia susceptibility in women from western China.Methods: Four hundred eighty-one pregnant women were involved in this case-control study, including 83 early-onset severe preeclampsia cases, 114 late-onset severe preeclampsia cases, 41 mild preeclampsia cases and 243 normal pregnancies. The rs370655 variant in CXCL3 was detected by the method of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).Results: No significantly reduced risk of preeclampsia is observed in the rs370655 AA genotype compared with other genotypes (AG versus AA: OR = .82, 95%CI = .54-1.26; GG versus AA: OR = .95, 95%CI = .56-1.61). After subgroup analysis, there are still no significant differences among various genotypes in the mild preeclampsia, early-onset severe preeclampsia and late-onset sever preeclampsia.Conclusion: Our study suggests that rs370655 polymorphism in CXCL3 gene may be not the risk factor of preeclampsia, exploring other consequential SNPs in CXCL3 gene may help to predict the preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jin Jia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Li Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yanyun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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Chemokines in rheumatic diseases: pathogenic role and therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:731-746. [PMID: 31705045 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, a family of small secreted chemotactic cytokines, and their G protein-coupled seven transmembrane spanning receptors control the migratory patterns, positioning and cellular interactions of immune cells. The levels of chemokines and their receptors are increased in the blood and within inflamed tissue of patients with rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, vasculitis or idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Chemokine ligand-receptor interactions control the recruitment of leukocytes into tissue, which are central to the pathogenesis of these rheumatic diseases. Although the blockade of various chemokines and chemokine receptors has yielded promising results in preclinical animal models of rheumatic diseases, human clinical trials have, in general, been disappointing. However, there have been glimmers of hope from several early-phase clinical trials that suggest that sufficiently blocking the relevant chemokine pathway might in fact have clinical benefits in rheumatic diseases. Hence, the chemokine system remains a promising therapeutic target for rheumatic diseases and requires further study.
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Tsou PS, Khanna D, Sawalha AH. Identification of Cysteine-Rich Angiogenic Inducer 61 as a Potential Antifibrotic and Proangiogenic Mediator in Scleroderma. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:1350-1359. [PMID: 30884213 DOI: 10.1002/art.40890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously identified CYR61 as a histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC-5)-repressed gene in systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) endothelial cells (ECs). When overexpressed, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR-61) promoted angiogenesis in SSc ECs. This study was undertaken to examine the role of CYR-61 in fibrosis and determine the mechanisms involved in CYR-61-mediated angiogenesis in SSc. METHODS Dermal ECs and fibroblasts were isolated from biopsy specimens from healthy subjects and patients with SSc. CYR-61 level was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CYR-61 was overexpressed using a CYR61 vector or knocked down using small interfering RNA, and functional and mechanistic studies were then conducted in fibroblasts and ECs. RESULTS Lower CYR61 messenger RNA levels were observed in dermal fibroblasts and ECs from SSc patients than in those from healthy controls. In SSc fibroblasts, overexpression of CYR-61 led to significant reduction in the expression of profibrotic genes, including COL1A1 (P = 0.002) and ACTA2 (P = 0.04), and an increase in the expression of matrix-degrading genes, including MMP1 (P = 0.002) and MMP3 (P =0.004), and proangiogenic VEGF (P = 0.03). The antifibrotic effect of CYR-61 was further demonstrated by delay in wound healing, inhibition of gel contraction, inactivation of the transforming growth factor β pathway, and early superoxide production associated with senescence in SSc fibroblasts. In SSc ECs, overexpression of CYR-61 led to increased production of vascular endothelial cell growth factor. The proangiogenic effects of CYR-61 were mediated by signaling through αvβ3 receptors and downstream activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, AKT, and the endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide pathway system. CONCLUSION CYR-61, which is epigenetically regulated by HDAC-5, is a potent antifibrotic and proangiogenic mediator in SSc. Therapeutic intervention to promote CYR-61 activity or increase CYR-61 levels might be of benefit in SSc.
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Flower VA, Barratt SL, Ward S, Pauling JD. The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Systemic Sclerosis. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2019; 15:99-109. [DOI: 10.2174/1573397114666180809121005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathological hallmarks of Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) constitute an inter-related triad of autoimmunity, vasculopathy and tissue remodeling. Many signaling mediators have been implicated in SSc pathology; most focusing on individual components of this pathogenic triad and current treatment paradigms tend to approach management of such as distinct entities. The present review shall examine the role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in SSc pathogenesis. We shall outline potential mechanisms whereby differential Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) isoform expression (through conventional and alternative VEGF-A splicing,) may influence the relevant burden of vasculopathy and fibrosis offering novel insight into clinical heterogeneity and disease progression in SSc. Emerging therapeutic approaches targeting VEGF signaling pathways might play an important role in the management of SSc, and differential VEGF-A splice isoform expression may provide a tool for personalized medicine approaches to disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Flower
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Shaney L. Barratt
- Academic Respiratory Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Ward
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Pauling
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Wu XL, Wang LK, Xue J, Dai YJ, Yang DD, Qu M, Guo F, Han L, Sun GY. A study of the impact of inhibitors of DNA binding-1 on proliferation and migration in human colon carcinoma cells. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2019; 35:209-213. [PMID: 30887652 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the effect of an inhibitor of DNA binding-1 (Id-1) on the proliferation and migration of human colon carcinoma cell line SW480 and HT-29. SW480 and HT-29 cells transfected with Id-1-interference sequence were assigned to the experimental groups (inhibition groups 1 and 2), and SW480 and HT-29 cells with blank interference sequence (blank groups) and blank load transfection (blank load groups) were assigned as the control groups. The expression of Id-1 in six groups was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. Cell proliferation in vitro was assessed by MTT assay. RT-PCR and Western blot results demonstrated that the mRNA and protein expressions of Id-1 in the inhibition group 1 were lower than those in the blank group 1 and blank load group 1. RT-PCR and Western blot results revealed that the mRNA and protein expressions of Id-1 were lower in the inhibition group 2 than in the blank group 2 and blank load group 2. The results of the growth curve revealed that proliferation ability was significantly weaker from the third day in the inhibition groups 1 and 2 than in the blank group and blank load group. Transwell chamber experiment and Matrigel invasion assay revealed that the number of Transwell cells significantly decreased in the inhibition groups 1 and 2 than in the blank groups and blank load groups (P < 0.01). Id-1 significantly promotes the proliferation and migration of human colon carcinoma cell lines SW480 and HT-29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Liang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Li-Kun Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jun Xue
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yong-Jun Dai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, China
| | - Dong-Dong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Ming Qu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
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Abstract
Scleroderma (SSc) is a complex disease that involves activation of the immune system, vascular complications, and tissue fibrosis. The histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) mediates trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3), which acts as a repressive epigenetic mark. Both EZH2 and H3K27me3 were elevated in SSc dermal fibroblasts and endothelial cells compared with healthy controls. EZH2 inhibitor DZNep halted fibrosis both in vitro and in vivo. In SSc fibroblasts, DZNep dose-dependently reduced the expression of profibrotic genes and inhibited migratory activity of SSc fibroblasts. We show that epigenetic dysregulation and overexpression of LRRC16A explains EZH2-mediated fibroblast migration in SSc. In endothelial cells, inhibition of EZH2 restored normal angiogenesis in SSc via activating the Notch pathway, specifically by up-regulating the Notch ligand DLL4. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of EZH2 in SSc fibroblasts and endothelial cells is profibrotic and antiangiogenic. Targeting EZH2 or EZH2-regulated genes might be of therapeutic potential in SSc.
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Sarkar MK, Hile GA, Tsoi LC, Xing X, Liu J, Liang Y, Berthier CC, Swindell WR, Patrick MT, Shao S, Tsou PS, Uppala R, Beamer MA, Srivastava A, Bielas SL, Harms PW, Getsios S, Elder JT, Voorhees JJ, Gudjonsson JE, Kahlenberg JM. Photosensitivity and type I IFN responses in cutaneous lupus are driven by epidermal-derived interferon kappa. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:1653-1664. [PMID: 30021804 PMCID: PMC6185784 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skin inflammation and photosensitivity are common in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), yet little is known about the mechanisms that regulate these traits. Here we investigate the role of interferon kappa (IFN-κ) in regulation of type I interferon (IFN) and photosensitive responses and examine its dysregulation in lupus skin. METHODS mRNA expression of type I IFN genes was analysed from microarray data of CLE lesions and healthy control skin. Similar expression in cultured primary keratinocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells was analysed via RNA-seq. IFNK knock-out (KO) keratinocytes were generated using CRISPR/Cas9. Keratinocytes stably overexpressing IFN-κ were created via G418 selection of transfected cells. IFN responses were assessed via phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2 and qRT-PCR for IFN-regulated genes. Ultraviolet B-mediated apoptosis was analysed via TUNEL staining. In vivo protein expression was assessed via immunofluorescent staining of normal and CLE lesional skin. RESULTS IFNK is one of two type I IFNs significantly increased (1.5-fold change, false discovery rate (FDR) q<0.001) in lesional CLE skin. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that type I IFN responses were enriched (FDR=6.8×10-04) in keratinocytes not in fibroblast and endothelial cells, and this epithelial-derived IFN-κ is responsible for maintaining baseline type I IFN responses in healthy skin. Increased levels of IFN-κ, such as seen in SLE, amplify and accelerate responsiveness of epithelia to IFN-α and increase keratinocyte sensitivity to UV irradiation. Notably, KO of IFN-κ or inhibition of IFN signalling with baricitinib abrogates UVB-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data identify IFN-κ as a critical IFN in CLE pathology via promotion of enhanced IFN responses and photosensitivity. IFN-κ is a potential novel target for UVB prophylaxis and CLE-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal K Sarkar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Grace A Hile
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xianying Xing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yun Liang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Celine C Berthier
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William R Swindell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew T Patrick
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ranjitha Uppala
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria A Beamer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anshika Srivastava
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephanie L Bielas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul W Harms
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Spiro Getsios
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James T Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John J Voorhees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Romano E, Manetti M, Rosa I, Fioretto BS, Ibba-Manneschi L, Matucci-Cerinic M, Guiducci S. Slit2/Robo4 axis may contribute to endothelial cell dysfunction and angiogenesis disturbance in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:1665-1674. [PMID: 30021803 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In systemic sclerosis (SSc), early microvascular injury is followed by impaired angiogenesis and peripheral capillary loss. Here, we investigated the possible contribution of the neurovascular guidance molecule Slit2 and its Roundabout (Robo) receptors to SSc-related endothelial cell dysfunction. METHODS Circulating Slit2 levels were measured in patients with SSc and healthy controls. Slit2, Robo1 and Robo4 expression was investigated in SSc and healthy skin biopsies and explanted dermal microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs). Slit2/Robo4 function in MVEC angiogenesis was studied by cell viability, wound healing and capillary-like tube formation assays. RESULTS Circulating Slit2 was significantly increased in either SSc or patients with a very early diagnosis of SSc (VEDOSS) compared with controls. Interestingly, serum Slit2 levels were raised in patients with VEDOSS with nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) abnormalities, while they were similar in VEDOSS with normal NVC and controls. In SSc, Slit2 and Robo4 expression was upregulated in clinically affected skin and explanted MVECs in respect to controls. The angiogenic performance of healthy MVECs was significantly reduced after challenge with recombinant human Slit2 or SSc sera. These inhibitory effects were significantly attenuated when SSc sera were preincubated with an anti-Slit2 blocking antibody. In vitro angiogenesis was severely compromised in SSc-MVECs and could be significantly ameliorated by Slit2 neutralisation or ROBO4 gene silencing. Slit2/Robo4 axis interfered with angiogenesis through the inhibition of Src kinase phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS In SSc, increased circulating levels of Slit2 and activation of the Slit2/Robo4 antiangiogenic axis may contribute to peripheral microangiopathy since the very early phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Romano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence, Italy
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Rosa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Bianca Saveria Fioretto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence, Italy
| | - Lidia Ibba-Manneschi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Guiducci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence, Italy
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16
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Asano Y. Recent advances in the treatment of skin involvement in systemic sclerosis. Inflamm Regen 2017; 37:12. [PMID: 29259711 PMCID: PMC5725888 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-017-0047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin fibrosis is a devastating clinical condition commonly seen in skin-restricted and systemic disorders. The goal of skin fibrosis treatment is the restoration of abnormally activated dermal fibroblasts producing the excessive amount of extracellular matrix, which is generally a final consequence of the complex disease process including the activation of vascular and immune systems. Among various skin fibrotic conditions, the molecular mechanisms underlying dermal fibroblast activation have been mostly well studied in systemic sclerosis (SSc). SSc is a multisystem autoimmune and vascular disease resulting in extensive fibrosis of the skin and various internal organs. Since SSc pathogenesis is believed to include all the critical components regulating tissue fibrosis, the studies on anti-fibrotic drugs against SSc provide us much useful information regarding the strategy for the treatment of various skin fibrotic conditions. In the recent decade, as is the case with other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, the molecular targeting therapy with monoclonal antibody has been clinically well examined in SSc. Promising clinical outcomes are so far reported in tocilizumab (an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody), rituximab (an anti-CD20 antibody), and fresolimumab (an anti-TGF-β antibody). The analysis of gene expression profiles in skin lesions of SSc patients treated with tocilizumab or fresolimumab revealed a critical role of monocyte-macrophage lineage cells in the development of skin fibrosis and the involvement of IL-6 and TGF-β in the activation of those cells. Considering that B cells modulate the differentiation and activation of macrophages, favorable clinical outcomes of rituximab treatment imply the central role of B cell/monocyte-macrophage lineage cell axis in the pathogenesis of SSc. This scenario may be applicable at least partly to other skin fibrotic conditions. In this review article, the currently available data on these drugs are summarized and the future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Asano
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
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17
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Angiogenesis Dysregulation in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5345673. [PMID: 28791304 PMCID: PMC5534276 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5345673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by vascular injury and fibrosis and by an impaired angiogenesis which cannot ensure an efficient vascular recovery. Vascular injury is responsible for hypoxia and tissual ischemia which are the primary triggers for angiogenesis and are not able to induce a compensatory angiogenesis. This review article is focused on current knowledge on the mechanisms responsible for angiogenesis dysregulation in systemic sclerosis.
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18
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Tsou PS, Wren JD, Amin MA, Schiopu E, Fox DA, Khanna D, Sawalha AH. Histone Deacetylase 5 Is Overexpressed in Scleroderma Endothelial Cells and Impairs Angiogenesis via Repression of Proangiogenic Factors. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:2975-2985. [PMID: 27482699 DOI: 10.1002/art.39828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular dysfunction represents a disease-initiating event in systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). Results of recent studies suggest that epigenetic dysregulation impairs normal angiogenesis and can result in abnormal patterns of blood vessel growth. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) control endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and regulate EC migration. Specifically, HDAC-5 appears to be antiangiogenic. This study was undertaken to test whether HDAC-5 contributes to impaired angiogenesis in SSc by repressing proangiogenic factors in ECs. METHODS Dermal ECs were isolated from patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc and healthy controls. Angiogenesis was assessed using an in vitro Matrigel tube formation assay. An assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) was performed to assess and localize the genome-wide effects of HDAC5 knockdown on chromatin accessibility. RESULTS The expression of HDAC5 was significantly increased in ECs from patients with SSc compared to healthy control ECs. Silencing of HDAC5 in SSc ECs restored normal angiogenesis. HDAC5 knockdown followed by ATAC-seq assay in SSc ECs identified key HDAC5-regulated genes involved in angiogenesis and fibrosis, such as CYR61, PVRL2, and FSTL1. Simultaneous knockdown of HDAC5 in conjunction with either CYR61, PVRL2, or FSTL1 inhibited angiogenesis in SSc ECs. Conversely, overexpression of these genes individually led to an increase in tube formation as assessed by Matrigel assay, suggesting that these genes play functional roles in the impairment of angiogenesis in SSc. CONCLUSION Several novel HDAC5-regulated target genes associated with impaired angiogenesis were identified in SSc ECs by ATAC-seq. The results of this study provide a potential link between epigenetic regulation and impaired angiogenesis in SSc, and identify a novel mechanism for the dysregulated angiogenesis that characterizes this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
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Matucci-Cerinic M, Manetti M, Bruni C, Chora I, Bellando-Randone S, Lepri G, De Paulis A, Guiducci S. The "myth" of loss of angiogenesis in systemic sclerosis: a pivotal early pathogenetic process or just a late unavoidable event? Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:162. [PMID: 28683836 PMCID: PMC5501068 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is considered a disease dominated by a "loss of angiogenesis", although in its early phases evidence indicates a disturbed angiogenic response only. In fact, microvascular changes are primarily due to endothelial cell injury, triggering downstream significant enlargement of the capillary in an inflammatory environment, followed by capillary rupture (microhemorrhages). Subsequent pro-angiogenic efforts lead to an aberrant angiogenesis and, eventually, to a total loss of vessel repair and regeneration (loss of angiogenesis). This clearly suggests that the pathogenetic process has a steady progression: from an early excessive pro-angiogenesis, to an aberrant microvascular regeneration, then ending with a late loss of angiogenesis. Herein, we suggest the loss of angiogenesis should not be considered as an overall "myth" characterizing systemic sclerosis but as a very late event of the vascular pathogenesis. Future research should be oriented essentially on the earlier phases dominated by excessive pro-angiogenesis and microvascular aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139, Florence, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Cosimo Bruni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Ines Chora
- Department of Internal Medicine, São João Hospital Center, Al Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Silvia Bellando-Randone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Gemma Lepri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Amato De Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Centre for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Guiducci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139, Florence, Italy
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Taniguchi T, Asano Y, Nakamura K, Yamashita T, Saigusa R, Ichimura Y, Takahashi T, Toyama T, Yoshizaki A, Sato S. Fli1 Deficiency Induces CXCL6 Expression in Dermal Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells, Contributing to the Development of Fibrosis and Vasculopathy in Systemic Sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2017; 44:1198-1205. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.161092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective.CXCL6, a chemokine with proangiogenic property, is reported to be involved in vasculopathy associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc). We investigated the contribution of CXCL6 to SSc development by focusing on the association of friend leukemia virus integration 1 (Fli1) deficiency, a potential predisposing factor of SSc, with CXCL6 expression and clinical correlation of serum CXCL6 levels.Methods.mRNA levels of target genes and the binding of Fli1 to the CXCL6 promoter were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation, respectively. Serum CXCL6 levels were determined by ELISA.Results.FLI1 siRNA significantly enhanced CXCL6 mRNA expression in human dermal fibroblasts and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, while Fli1 haploinsufficiency significantly suppressed CXCL6 mRNA expression in murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Supporting a critical role of Fli1 deficiency to induce SSc-like phenotypes, CXCL6 mRNA expression was higher in SSc dermal fibroblasts than in normal dermal fibroblasts. Importantly, Fli1 bound to the CXCL6 promoter in dermal fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and THP-1 cells. In patients with SSc, serum CXCL6 levels correlated positively with the severity of dermal and pulmonary fibrosis and were elevated in association with cardiac and pulmonary vascular involvement and cutaneous vascular symptoms, including Raynaud phenomenon, digital ulcers (DU)/pitting scars, and telangiectasia. Especially, serum CXCL6 levels were associated with DU/pitting scars and heart involvement by multiple regression analysis.Conclusion.CXCL6 expression is upregulated by Fli1 deficiency in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, potentially contributing to the development of fibrosis and vasculopathy in the skin, lung, and heart of SSc.
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Manetti M, Romano E, Rosa I, Guiducci S, Bellando-Randone S, De Paulis A, Ibba-Manneschi L, Matucci-Cerinic M. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to endothelial dysfunction and dermal fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76:924-934. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveSystemic sclerosis (SSc) features multiorgan fibrosis orchestrated predominantly by activated myofibroblasts. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is a transdifferentiation by which endothelial cells (ECs) lose their specific morphology/markers and acquire myofibroblast-like features. Here, we determined the possible contribution of EndoMT to the pathogenesis of dermal fibrosis in SSc and two mouse models.MethodsSkin sections were immunostained for endothelial CD31 or vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin in combination with α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) myofibroblast marker. Dermal microvascular ECs (dMVECs) were prepared from SSc and healthy skin (SSc-dMVECs and H-dMVECs). H-dMVECs were treated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) or SSc and healthy sera. Endothelial/mesenchymal markers were assessed by real-time PCR, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. Cell contractile phenotype was assayed by collagen gel contraction.ResultsCells in intermediate stages of EndoMT were identified in dermal vessels of either patients with SSc or bleomycin-induced and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)-deficient mouse models. At variance with H-dMVECs, SSc-dMVECs exhibited a spindle-shaped appearance, co-expression of lower levels of CD31 and VE-cadherin with myofibroblast markers (α-SMA+ stress fibres, S100A4 and type I collagen), constitutive nuclear localisation of the EndoMT driver Snail1 and an ability to effectively contract collagen gels. Treatment of H-dMVECs either with SSc sera or TGFβ1 resulted in the acquisition of a myofibroblast-like morphology and contractile phenotype and downregulation of endothelial markers in parallel with the induction of mesenchymal markers. Matrix metalloproteinase-12-dependent uPAR cleavage was implicated in the induction of EndoMT by SSc sera.ConclusionsIn SSc, EndoMT may be a crucial event linking endothelial dysfunction and development of dermal fibrosis.
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Recent updates in experimental protocols for endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2016. [DOI: 10.5301/jsrd.5000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc) is a multisystem autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. The disease is characterized by vascular disorder, activation of the immune system, and excessive deposition of matrix proteins in the skin and involved organs. The vascular disorder is believed to play a crucial role in disease pathogenesis. Endothelial injury and dysfunction, subsequent capillary loss and arteriolar wall thickness, are well documented in all involved organs. The resulting tissue hypoxia and ischemia fail to initiate new vessel formation leading to progressive loss of vasculature with no apparent replenishment. Issues related to endothelial injury/activation, dysfunction and failure of angio/vasculogenesis are central to the understanding of SSc vasculopathy. Isolation of endothelial cells and cells involved in the genesis of new vessels is enormously important in the investigation of mechanisms involved in SSc vasculopathy. Nevertheless, this goal has been difficult to achieve in view of the characteristic slow growth of endothelial cells, the high demand for growth factors and rapid growth of contaminating cells and the scarcity of circulating cells involved in angio/vasculogenesis hampered this line of investigation. Nonetheless, recent technologic progress in the last decade provided us with the tools to isolate vascular cells with an acceptable purity based on unique cell surface markers using immunoselection methods. The purpose of this review is to update the readers on current technical state-of-the-art methods of isolation and propagation of vascular cells. We wish that this review will spark interest in more investigations of this crucial phase of SSc pathogenesis.
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