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Li J, Hou F, Lv N, Zhao R, Zhang L, Yue C, Nie M, Chen L. From Rare Disorders of Kidney Tubules to Acute Renal Injury: Progress and Prospective. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 10:153-166. [PMID: 38751796 PMCID: PMC11095595 DOI: 10.1159/000536423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe condition marked by rapid renal function deterioration and elevated mortality, with traditional biomarkers lacking sensitivity and specificity. Rare tubulointerstitial diseases encompass a spectrum of disorders, primarily including monogenic diseases, immune-related conditions, and drug-induced tubulointerstitial diseases. The clinical manifestations vary from electrolyte and acid-base imbalances to kidney function insufficiency, which is associated with AKI in up to 20% of cases. Evidence indicated that rare tubulointerstitial diseases might provide new conceptual insights and perspectives for novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic strategies for AKI. Summary Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) and Fanconi syndrome (FS) are rare tubulointerstitial diseases. In ADTKD, UMOD and REN are closely related to AKI by affecting oxidative stress and tubuloglomerular feedback, which provide potential new biomarkers for AKI. Both rare tubulointerstitial diseases and AKI share etiologies and treatment responses. From the mechanism standpoint, rare tubulointerstitial diseases and AKI involve tubular transporter injury, initially manifesting as tubular dysfunction in tubulointerstitial disorder and progressing to AKI because of the programmed cell death with apoptosis, pyroptosis, or necroptosis of proximal tubule cells. Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a common mechanism in both tubulointerstitial diseases and AKI induced by drugs, pSS, or monoclonal diseases. In the end, both AKI and FS patients and animal models responded well to the therapy of the primary diseases. Key Messages In this review, we describe an overview of ADTKD and FS to identify their associations with AKI. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to rare tubulointerstitial diseases and AKI, which might provide a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Li
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangxing Hou
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Lv
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruohuan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cai Yue
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Nie
- Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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La Bella S, Vivarelli M, Di Ludovico A, Di Donato G, Chiarelli F, Breda L. Kidney manifestations of pediatric Sjögren's syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:711-721. [PMID: 37638982 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 1% of all patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) are children. Unlike the adult form, in which sicca syndrome is the main presentation, in children, the most common clinical finding is recurrent enlargement of the salivary glands. In pediatric SS, extraglandular manifestations represent a significant feature and, among these, kidney manifestations are relevant. Kidney involvement is observed in 5-20.5% of children with SS, most frequently tubulointerstitial nephritis. This injury can lead to serious phenotypes, including distal kidney tubular acidosis with the development of severe hypokalemia, which can lead to ECG abnormalities, weakness, and hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Kidney implications in pediatric SS also include nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, and various types of glomerular damage, which often require immunosuppressive therapies. Laboratory findings are usually comparable to adults, including hyperglobulinemia and high rates of antinuclear antibodies (ANA, 63.6-96.2%), and anti-Ro/SSA (36.4-84.6%). The current classification criteria for SS are inaccurate for the pediatric population, and more specific criteria are needed to improve the diagnostic rate. Due to the rarity of the disease, strong recommendations for treatment are lacking, and several therapeutic strategies have been reported, mostly based on glucocorticoids and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, with different outcomes. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the kidney implications of pediatric SS based on the latest evidence of the medical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio La Bella
- Department of Pediatrics, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Marina Vivarelli
- Division of Nephrology, Laboratory of Nephrology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Di Ludovico
- Department of Pediatrics, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Donato
- Department of Pediatrics, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luciana Breda
- Department of Pediatrics, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Renal tubular acidosis and associated factors in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome: a registry-based study. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:431-441. [PMID: 36383239 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the clinical features and factors associated with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS)-associated renal tubular acidosis (RTA). METHOD This case-control study was based on a multicenter pSS registry established by the Chinese Rheumatism Data Center. Patients with pSS, including those with RTA and those without renal involvement, between May 2016 and March 2020 were included in the analysis. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were also collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors that were associated with pSS-RTA. RESULTS This study included 257 pSS patients with RTA and 4222 patients without renal involvement. Significantly younger age at disease onset (40.1 ± 14.1 vs. 46.2 ± 13.1 years, P < 0.001), longer diagnosis interval (15.0 interquartile range [IQR] [1.0, 48.0] vs. 6.0 IQR [0, 34.0] months, P < 0.001), higher EULAR Sjögren's syndrome disease activity index (9 IQR [5, 15] vs. 3 IQR [0, 8], P < 0.001), and a higher prevalence of decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (25.0% vs. 6.6%, P < 0.001) were observed in pSS patients with RTA than in those without renal involvement. Factors that were independently associated with pSS-RTA included age at disease onset ≤ 35 years (odds ratio [OR] 3.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.27-3.97), thyroid disorders (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.04-2.14), subjective dry mouth (OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.71-6.35), arthritis (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.10-2.25), anti-SSB antibody positivity (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.33-2.45), anemia (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.26-2.21), elevated alkaline phosphatase level (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.26-3.65), decreased albumin level (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.00-2.60), and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.16-2.73). CONCLUSIONS Delayed diagnosis and decreased kidney function are common in pSS patients with RTA. pSS should be considered in patients with RTA, and early recognition and treatment may be useful in slowing the deterioration of renal function in patients with pSS-RTA. Key Points • pSS patients with RTA have earlier disease onset and higher disease activity than pSS patients without RTA, but the diagnosis was frequently delayed. • Decreased kidney function are common in pSS patients with RTA. • Sjögren's syndrome should be considered in young female patients with unexplained RTA, whereas RTA should be screened in pSS patients with early disease onset and elevated ALP level.
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Ungureanu O, Ismail G. Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases—An Update on Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation and Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092131. [PMID: 36140232 PMCID: PMC9496140 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal renal tubular acidosis (DRTA) has been reported in association with autoimmune diseases, such as Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune thyroiditis. Whether we talk about the complete or incomplete form of DRTA associated with autoimmune diseases, the real incidence is unknown because asymptomatic patients usually are not identified, and most of the reported cases are diagnosed due to severe symptoms secondary to hypokalemia, a frequent finding in these cases. The mechanisms involved in DRTA in patients with autoimmune diseases are far from being fully elucidated and most of the data has come from patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. This review will present different hypotheses raised to explain this association. Also, aiming for a better understanding of the association between autoimmune diseases and DRTA, our review summarizes data from 37 case reports published in the last five years. We will emphasize data regarding clinical presentation, biological alterations, treatment and outcome. A very important question is whether immunosuppressive therapy is helpful in DRTA associated with autoimmune diseases. Because the pathology is rather rare, treatment is not standardized, and reported results are often contradictory. Corticosteroids are frequently used, but multiple other immunosuppressive drugs have been proposed and will be approached in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Ungureanu
- Department of Nephrology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022238 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Nephrology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Gener Ismail
- Department of Nephrology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022238 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Nephrology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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Recommendations for evaluation and diagnosis of extra-glandular manifestations of primary sjogren syndrome: results of an epidemiologic systematic review/meta-analysis and a consensus guideline from the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology (articular, pulmonary and renal). Adv Rheumatol 2022; 62:18. [PMID: 35650656 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-022-00248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjogren's Syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands and other organs, associated with sicca syndrome but also with systemic involvement with varying degrees of severity. Despite their importance, these systemic manifestations are not routinely evaluated and there is no homogenous approach to their diagnosis or evaluation. To close this gap, a panel of experts from the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the identification of epidemiologic and clinical features of these manifestations and made recommendations based on the findings. Agreement between the experts was achieved using the Delphi method. The first part of this guideline summarizes the most important topics, and 11 recommendations are provided for the articular, pulmonary, and renal care of SS patients.
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Ikhtaire S, Aurpa N, Nahid N, Shahdaty S, Haq T, Murshed K, Rahaman MF. A case of Sjogren’s syndrome presenting with recurrent hypokalemia. IMC JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.55010/imcjms.16.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a 26-year old lady who presented with a history of several episodes of limb weakness requiring repeated hospitalization over the last 12 years and about 6 years back, she also developed features of sicca complex. Further investigations revealed hypokalemia, distal renal tubular acidosis and bilateral extensive nephrocalcinosis. Finally, a diagnosis of Sjogren’s syndrome was made. Hypokalemia may be the presenting feature of Sjogren’s syndrome. Sjogren’s syndrome may be suspected in patients with recurrent hypokalemia and renal tubular acidosis.
IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.014
*Correspondence: Shapur Ikhtaire, Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: shapur17@gmail.com
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Affiliation(s)
- Shapur Ikhtaire
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nishat Aurpa
- Upazilla Health Complex, Fulbaria, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Nuzaira Nahid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Syeda Shahdaty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahniyah Haq
- Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Khaled Murshed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ferdous Rahaman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Li CY, Li YM, Tian M. Serum-negative Sjogren's syndrome with minimal lesion nephropathy as the initial presentation: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:4625-4631. [PMID: 35663069 PMCID: PMC9125292 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i14.4625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease, and renal involvement has been considered to be one of the systemic complications of pSS. Patients who have sjogren's syndrome with renal disease as the first manifestation and no exocrine gland involvement or autoantibodies can be missed clinically.
CASE SUMMARY We here in report an unusual case of a primary Sjogren's syndrome in a 43-year-old female who had minimal lesion nephropathy as the initial presentation, and the patient was negative for serum anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies and did not have signs of exocrine gland involvement. The patient’s Sjogren's syndrome was confirmed by a minor salivary gland biopsy (MSGB) and a filter paper test. the patient’s oedema subsided, and the patient’s urinary protein resolved, showing that the treatment was effective.
CONCLUSION MSGB should be considered if pSS is suspected in patients who do not have the typical pSS symptoms or who are positive for the specific autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yi-Man Li
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Mei Tian
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
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Kidney Stones, Proteinuria and Renal Tubular Metabolic Acidosis: What Is the Link? Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050836. [PMID: 35627973 PMCID: PMC9141745 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney stone disease represents a rare cause of chronic kidney disease (2−3%) but has severe clinical consequences. Type 1 renal tubular acidosis is a strong lithogenic condition mainly related to primary Sjögren syndrome. This study aimed to illustrate an unusual presentation of Sjögren syndrome to improve the knowledge about rare kidney stone diseases, and to provide clues for the diagnostic approach in this specific condition. We report the case of a 35-year-old Indian woman with severe nephrocalcinosis and chronic kidney disease with tubular proteinuria who presented for metabolic assessment. We found advanced chronic kidney disease, low serum bicarbonate, permanent alkaline urine with pH at ~7.1, and severe hypocitraturia corresponding to type 1 renal tubular acidosis. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was high. Serological screening for HAV, HBV, HCV, HIV, EBV was negative and complement was normal. Autoimmune screening showed antinuclear antibodies (>1/1.280) with anti-SSA, anti-SSA/Ro52 and anti-SSB antibodies. Genetic testing excluded an inherited cause of renal tubular acidosis. A renal biopsy showed moderate chronic tubulo-interstitial nephritis without any glomerular involvement. Primary Sjögren syndrome with significant renal involvement was considered, and corticosteroids were then subsequently initiated in combination with potassium citrate with vitamin D substitution. Only partial improvement was observed in electrolytes disturbance. After 15 months, her renal function remained stable. In conclusion, nephrocalcinosis could be the first manifestation of severely impacting diseases such as primary Sjögren syndrome. Chronic kidney disease, bilateral nephrocalcinosis, and metabolic acidosis can be linked through type 1 renal tubular acidosis. Therefore, autoimmune screening for Sjögren syndrome should be considered in such cases.
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Iwafuchi Y, Morioka T, Oyama Y, Narita I. A case of smoldering antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis development during the course of primary Sjögren's syndrome. CEN Case Rep 2022; 11:247-253. [PMID: 34787826 PMCID: PMC9061905 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-021-00663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Various forms of glomerular lesions have been described in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSjS); however, myeloperoxidase (MPO)-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis is rarely reported, and the disease onset and clinical course of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) complicated by pSjS are not well understood. A 51-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of mild proteinuria and microscopic hematuria. She fulfilled the classification criteria for pSjS. We performed a kidney biopsy; however, it revealed no characteristic findings for pSjS, vasculitis, or other autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus. After 9 months, urinalysis abnormalities worsened and renal function was slowly declining, and ANCA was found to be positive. A second kidney biopsy was performed, revealing MPO-ANCA-associated pauci-immune segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis with crescent formation. Even though immunofluorescence microscopy did not reveal any positive findings, additional electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of mesangial electron-dense deposits in both kidney biopsies. Based on kidney biopsy results and sequential serum ANCA measurements, we considered that smoldering ANCA-associated vasculitis had developed in this patient as this can develop during the clinical course of pSjS. She responded well to steroid therapy. Serum measurement, especially perinuclear, ANCA levels can be useful in patients with pSjS to detect the onset of ANCA-associated vasculitis, even in the absence of acute renal deterioration or severe urinary abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Iwafuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koseiren Sanjo General Hospital, 5-1-62 Tsukanome, Sanjo, 955-0055, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Morioka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kidney Center, Shinrakuen Hospital, 3-3-11 Shindoriminami Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2087, Japan
| | - Yuko Oyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koseiren Sanjo General Hospital, 5-1-62 Tsukanome, Sanjo, 955-0055, Japan
| | - Ichiei Narita
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-754 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
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LA C, Soyfoo M. Plasmacytosis and nephrotic syndrome revealing Sjögren's syndrome. Arch Rheumatol 2021; 36:311-313. [PMID: 34527940 PMCID: PMC8418763 DOI: 10.46497/archrheumatol.2021.8349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Céline LA
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Soyfoo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
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Wente-Schulz S, Aksenova M, Awan A, Ambarsari CG, Becherucci F, Emma F, Fila M, Francisco T, Gokce I, Gülhan B, Hansen M, Jahnukainen T, Kallash M, Kamperis K, Mason S, Mastrangelo A, Mencarelli F, Niwinska-Faryna B, Riordan M, Rus RR, Saygili S, Serdaroglu E, Taner S, Topaloglu R, Vidal E, Woroniecki R, Yel S, Zieg J, Pape L. Aetiology, course and treatment of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis in paediatric patients: a cross-sectional web-based survey. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047059. [PMID: 34049919 PMCID: PMC8166597 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is a significant cause of acute renal failure in paediatric and adult patients. There are no large paediatric series focusing on the aetiology, treatment and courses of acute TIN. PATIENTS, DESIGN AND SETTING We collected retrospective clinical data from paediatric patients with acute biopsy-proven TIN by means of an online survey. Members of four professional societies were invited to participate. RESULTS Thirty-nine physicians from 18 countries responded. 171 patients with acute TIN were included (54% female, median age 12 years). The most frequent causes were tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome in 31% and drug-induced TIN in 30% (the majority of these caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). In 28% of patients, no initiating noxae were identified (idiopathic TIN). Median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) rose significantly from 31 at time of renal biopsy to 86 mL/min/1.73 m2 3-6 months later (p<0.001). After 3-6 months, eGFR normalised in 41% of patients (eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2), with only 3% having severe or end-stage impairment of renal function (<30 mL/min/1.73 m2). 80% of patients received corticosteroid therapy. Median eGFR after 3-6 months did not differ between steroid-treated and steroid-untreated patients. Other immunosuppressants were used in 18% (n=31) of patients, 21 of whom received mycophenolate mofetil. CONCLUSIONS Despite different aetiologies, acute paediatric TIN had a favourable outcome overall with 88% of patients showing no or mild impairment of eGFR after 3-6 months. Prospective randomised controlled trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of glucocorticoid treatment in paediatric patients with acute TIN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Aksenova
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moskva, Russian Federation
| | - Atif Awan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cahyani Gita Ambarsari
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Central Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Francesco Emma
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Marc Fila
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Montpellier University, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Telma Francisco
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Dona Estefânia Hospital, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ibrahim Gokce
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bora Gülhan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Matthias Hansen
- KfH Centre of Pediatric Nephrology, Clementine Kinderhospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timo Jahnukainen
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, New Children's Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mahmoud Kallash
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Sherene Mason
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Antonio Mastrangelo
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Mencarelli
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Ospedale S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bogna Niwinska-Faryna
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Riordan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rina R Rus
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Seha Saygili
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erkin Serdaroglu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Dr Behcet Uz Children Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevgin Taner
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Rezan Topaloglu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Enrico Vidal
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Robert Woroniecki
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Stony Brook Children's Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Sibel Yel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Jakub Zieg
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, 2nf Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Lars Pape
- Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Long W, Zhang H, Yuan W, Lan G, Lin Z, Peng L, Dai H. The Role of Regulatory B cells in Kidney Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683926. [PMID: 34108975 PMCID: PMC8183681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells, commonly regarded as proinflammatory antibody-producing cells, are detrimental to individuals with autoimmune diseases. However, in recent years, several studies have shown that regulatory B (Breg) cells, an immunosuppressive subset of B cells, may exert protective effects against autoimmune diseases by secretion of inhibitory cytokines such as IL-10. In practice, Breg cells are identified by their production of immune-regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-35, however, no specific marker or Breg cell-specific transcription factor has been identified. Multiple phenotypes of Breg cells have been found, whose functions vary according to their phenotype. This review summarizes the discovery, phenotypes, development, and function of Breg cells and highlights their potential therapeutic value in kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Long
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hedong Zhang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjia Yuan
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Gongbin Lan
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Longkai Peng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Helong Dai
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Hong X, Meng S, Tang D, Wang T, Ding L, Yu H, Li H, Liu D, Dai Y, Yang M. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals the Expansion of Cytotoxic CD4 + T Lymphocytes and a Landscape of Immune Cells in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 11:594658. [PMID: 33603736 PMCID: PMC7884617 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease, and its pathogenetic mechanism is far from being understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to pathogenesis of this disease. Methods We applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to 57,288 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from five patients with pSS and five healthy controls. The immune cell subsets and susceptibility genes involved in the pathogenesis of pSS were analyzed. Flow cytometry was preformed to verify the result of scRNA-seq. Results We identified two subpopulations significantly expand in pSS patients. The one highly expressing cytotoxicity genes is named as CD4+ CTLs cytotoxic T lymphocyte, and another highly expressing T cell receptor (TCR) variable gene is named as CD4+ TRAV13-2+ T cell. Flow cytometry results showed the percentages of CD4+ CTLs, which were profiled with CD4+ and GZMB+ staining; the total T cells of 10 patients with pSS were significantly higher than those of 10 healthy controls (P= 0.008). The expression level of IL-1β in macrophages, TCL1A in B cells, as well as interferon (IFN) response genes in most cell subsets was upregulated in the patients with pSS. Susceptibility genes including HLA-DRB5, CTLA4, and AQP3 were highly expressed in patients with pSS. Conclusions Our data revealed disease-specific immune cell subsets and provided some potential new targets of pSS. Specific expansion of CD4+ CTLs may be involved in the pathogenesis of pSS, which might give valuable insights for therapeutic interventions of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Hong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuhui Meng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Donge Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Ding
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongzhou Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Dai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Hong R, Xu D, Hsieh E, Xiang Y, Zhao J, Wang Q, Tian X, Li M, Zhao Y, Zeng X. Factors Associated With Renal Involvement in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:614482. [PMID: 33324667 PMCID: PMC7726424 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.614482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Renal impairment is a critical complication in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), resulting in chronic renal disease and even death. This meta-analysis was designed to find out the relevant factors of renal involvement in pSS. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science were systemically searched until August 30, 2019. Studies were selected according to inclusion criteria, and data was extracted by two researchers independently. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was applied for quality assessment. Random- and fixed-effects models were used in this meta-analysis based on the result of the heterogeneity test. Meanwhile, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate the cause of heterogeneity. Publication bias was shown in the funnel plot and evaluated further by Begg's and Egger's tests. Results: Of the 9,989 articles identified, five articles enrolling 1,867 pSS patients were included in the final analysis, 533 with and 1,334 without renal involvement. There was no statistical significance in age and gender between these two groups. According to the meta-analysis, anti-SSB antibody, and arthralgia showed a significant association with renal involvement in pSS, the overall odds ratio (OR) values of which were 1.51 (95% CI, 1.16–1.95) and 0.59 (95% CI, 0.46–0.74), respectively. On the other hand, the overall OR values of anti-SSA antibody, rheumatoid factor, dry eyes, and labial salivary gland biopsy were just 0.90 (95% CI, 0.49–1.64), 1.05 (95% CI, 0.59–1.86), 0.60 (95% CI, 0.34–1.06), and 1.38 (95% CI, 0.98–1.95), respectively. Conclusion: The presence of anti-SSB antibody is positively associated with renal involvement in pSS, while arthralgia is inversely associated. Large-scale prospective cohort studies are needed in the future to identify further risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Hong
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Evelyn Hsieh
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yirong Xiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuliang Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xinping Tian
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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15
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Cadmium and Lead Exposure, Nephrotoxicity, and Mortality. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040086. [PMID: 33066165 PMCID: PMC7711868 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review aims to provide an update on health risks associated with the low-to-moderate levels of environmental cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) to which most populations are exposed. Epidemiological studies examining the adverse effects of coexposure to Cd and Pb have shown that Pb may enhance the nephrotoxicity of Cd and vice versa. Herein, the existing tolerable intake levels of Cd and Pb are discussed together with the conventional urinary Cd threshold limit of 5.24 μg/g creatinine. Dietary sources of Cd and Pb and the intake levels reported for average consumers in the U.S., Spain, Korea, Germany and China are summarized. The utility of urine, whole blood, plasma/serum, and erythrocytes to quantify exposure levels of Cd and Pb are discussed. Epidemiological studies that linked one of these measurements to risks of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mortality from common ailments are reviewed. A Cd intake level of 23.2 μg/day, which is less than half the safe intake stated by the guidelines, may increase the risk of CKD by 73%, and urinary Cd levels one-tenth of the threshold limit, defined by excessive ß2-microglobulin excretion, were associated with increased risk of CKD, mortality from heart disease, cancer of any site and Alzheimer's disease. These findings indicate that the current tolerable intake of Cd and the conventional urinary Cd threshold limit do not provide adequate health protection. Any excessive Cd excretion is probably indicative of tubular injury. In light of the evolving realization of the interaction between Cd and Pb, actions to minimize environmental exposure to these toxic metals are imperative.
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Ramponi G, Folci M, Badalamenti S, Angelini C, Brunetta E. Biomarkers and Diagnostic Testing for Renal Disease in Sjogren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:562101. [PMID: 33042142 PMCID: PMC7527442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.562101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disorder in which lymphocytic infiltration leads to lacrimal and salivary glands dysfunction, which results in symptoms of dryness (xerophthalmia and xerostomia). Extraglandular features are common and may affect several organs. Renal involvement has long been known as one of the systemic complications of pSS. The most classical lesion observed in pSS is tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) and less frequently membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), which is related to cryoglobulinemia. In some cases, renal biopsy is necessary for the definitive diagnosis of kidney involvement. Patients may present with proximal renal tubular acidosis, distal renal tubular acidosis and chronic kidney disease. Response to treatment is usually favorable. However, occasionally severe and rarely lethal outcomes have been described. Recently, several case series and cross-sectional studies have been published which investigated the factors associated with renal involvement in pSS and the most accurate screening tests for early detection. The presence of xerophthalmia, anti-SSA and rheumatoid factor positivity, low C3 levels and other features have all shown either positive or inverse associations with the development of renal complications. Serum creatinine, alpha-1-microglobulin, cystatin-C have been evaluated as early detection biomarkers with variable accuracy. More advanced techniques may be necessary to confirm proximal and distal renal tubular acidosis, along with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The aim of the current paper is to summarize and critically examine these findings in order to provide updated guidance on serum biomarkers and further testing for kidney involvement in pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Ramponi
- Department of Nephrology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Folci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Badalamenti
- Department of Nephrology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Angelini
- Department of Nephrology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetta
- Department of Nephrology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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17
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Yu Y, Zheng B, Huang J, Deng D, Jing X. Case report on a 32-year-old female with elevated serum creatinine levels and primary Sjögren's syndrome-chronic interstitial nephritis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:4363-4367. [PMID: 31772632 PMCID: PMC6861875 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (PSS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the exocrine glands, which results in multiple organs damage. Renal injury affects 0.3–27.0% of PSS patients, and tubulointerstitial nephritis is the most frequent form of nephropathy in PSS. The present study reports on the case of a 32-year-old female with a 1-year history of elevated serum creatinine levels, and a 6-month history of mild pain in the waist and leg. Blood biochemistry tests indicated a creatinine level of 221.3 µmol/l and estimated glomerular filtration rate of 24.6 ml/min/1.73 m2 [Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) formula]. Accordingly, the patient was diagnosed with stage IV chronic kidney disease. To clarify the underlying cause of the disease, a kidney biopsy was performed, which revealed tubular epithelial cells with multiple focal and lamellar atrophy (~60%), as well as extensive renal interstitial fibrosis with scattered inflammatory cell infiltration. Based on these results, the patient was finally diagnosed with severe chronic interstitial nephritis, chronic kidney disease stage IV, PSS and anemia due to chronic kidney disease. The patient was treated with half-dose glucocorticoid (prednisone, 25 mg oral qd maintained up to 12 months). The patient's serum creatinine levels had decreased to 172.4 µmol/l after 1 month and to 178.7 µmol/l after 12 months. The present case concluded that young patients with chronic renal failure should first be assessed for rheumatic immune system diseases. PSS may involve several organs and the clinical manifestations may be varied. Although chronic renal failure is frequently the first manifestation of renal disorder due to PSS, it may be overlooked by clinicians. The present results suggest that further attention should be paid to determine the association between symptoms in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China.,Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Bojun Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Dingwei Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Jing
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Nephrotic Syndrome due to Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Complicating Sjögren's Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep Rheumatol 2019; 2019:1749795. [PMID: 31511795 PMCID: PMC6714328 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1749795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal tubular acidosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis constitute the primary renal complications associated with Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), and glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome are rare. Case Presentation A 79-year-old Japanese woman presented with bilateral leg edema and weight gain and was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. In addition, she reported a 5-year history of dryness of mouth and was diagnosed with SjS. Renal biopsy revealed segmental glomerulosclerosis, with some specimens showing collapse of the glomerular capillary loops, proliferation of glomerular epithelial cells, and sclerotic lesions at the tubular poles, without spike formation, double contour lesions, or any other changes of the glomerular basement membrane. Immunofluorescence staining showed no immune complex (immunoglobulin IgG, IgA, or IgM) or complement (C3) deposition in the glomerular capillary walls. Based on these findings, she was diagnosed with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The administration of steroid and cyclosporine achieved complete remission of nephrotic syndrome. Conclusion Although glomerular diseases are rare, a variety of glomerular lesions including FSGS are reported in patients with SjS. Therefore, renal biopsy is warranted in patients with SjS presenting with severe urinary abnormalities.
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Ho K, Dokouhaki P, McIsaac M, Prasad B. Renal tubular acidosis as the initial presentation of Sjögren's syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/8/e230402. [PMID: 31413059 PMCID: PMC6700588 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-230402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a 44-year-old female with an initial presentation with distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) after she presented with hypokalaemia and normal anion gap acidosis. Three years following the diagnosis, she presented with progressive renal impairment. In the absence of any clinical, biochemical and radiological clues, she underwent a renal biopsy which showed severe tubulitis secondary to lymphocytic infiltration. Serological investigations subsequently revealed positive anti-nuclear, anti-Sjögren’s syndrome related antigen A (SS-A), and anti-Sjögren’s syndrome related antigen B (SS-B) antibodies, supporting the diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome. This case is unique in that distal RTA was the presenting clinical manifestation of Sjögren’s syndrome. We hope that a consideration for Sjögren’s syndrome is made in patients with seemingly idiopathic RTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ho
- University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Pouneh Dokouhaki
- University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Mark McIsaac
- University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine, Saskatoon, Canada
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Gupta S, Ferrada MA, Hasni SA. Pulmonary Manifestations of Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: Underlying Immunological Mechanisms, Clinical Presentation, and Management. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1327. [PMID: 31249572 PMCID: PMC6583234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary involvement in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an understudied entity with important clinical implications. Its prevalence has been reported in up to 20% of pSS patients. Pulmonary manifestations of pSS are diverse with involvement of airway and/or lung parenchyma. Histopathology of lung lesions suggests a predominance of submucosal mononuclear cell infiltration consisting predominantly of CD4+ T cells. Current understanding of the pathophysiology of lung disease in pSS suggests a similar process driving the pulmonary process as those in the salivary glands, with epithelial cells playing a critical role in the initiation, maintenance, and symptomatology of the disease. Clinical manifestations of lung involvement in pSS are as varied as the underlying pathology and can be vague and non-specific, thus delaying diagnosis. Management options depend on the underlying pathology but are generally limited due to lack of systematic randomized controlled trials. This review helps summarize our current understanding of lung involvement in pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak Gupta
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marcela A Ferrada
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sarfaraz A Hasni
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Xia W, Gao B, Duan L, Li Y, Wen Y, Chen L, Li X, Zheng F, Li M. Clinical significance of C4d deposition in renal tissues from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome-a preliminary study. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:189. [PMID: 31138153 PMCID: PMC6540533 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate renal expression of C4d, a complement component in the classical/mannose binding lectin (MBL) pathway, in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS)-associated renal impairments. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and pathological data from 39 patients with pSS presenting with renal impairments. C4d was examined in paraffin-embedded biopsy tissues using immunohistochemistry. Glomerular C4d positive was defined when > 75% glomeruli were globally stained. Tubulointerstitial C4d (TI-C4d) were scored semi-quantitatively as 0 (absent), 1 (spotty or weak), 2 (patchy) and 3 (diffuse). A TI-C4d score ≥ 2 was considered TI-C4d positive and included in the TI-C4d+ group and vice versa. Peritubular capillary (PTC) C4d was scored as 0 (absent), 1 (0~10%, minimal), 2 (10%~ 50%, focal), and 3 (> 50%, diffuse). Results Glomerular C4d deposition was observed in all 8 patients with pSS-related membranous nephropathy (MN) without obvious C1q deposition. Two of 5 patients with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and 1 of 2 patients with IgA nephropathy had mild mesangial C4d deposition. Sixteen patients (6 glomerular dominant and 10 tubulointerstitial dominant) presented TI-C4d score ≥ 2. Patients in the TI-C4d+ group exhibited a higher serum creatinine level at the time of renal biopsy (TI-C4d+ 132.5 [89.7, 165.5] vs. TI-C4d− 83.0 [70.7, 102.0] μmol/L, P = 0.008). PTC C4d was observed in 12 patients, with each of minimal, focal and diffuse staining being noted in 4 patients. Conclusions The MBL pathway of complement activation was potentially involved in pSS-related MN. Tubulointerstitial C4d might be a pathological marker of severe renal injury in patients with pSS-related renal impairments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12882-019-1341-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Xia
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China.,Department of Nephrology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Fourth Clinical College, Peking University, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Bixia Gao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Lin Duan
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yubing Wen
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Falei Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mingxi Li
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Sjögren's Syndrome: Animal Models, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Subtypes, and Diagnosis. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8101503. [PMID: 31236421 PMCID: PMC6545783 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Jain A, Srinivas BH, Emmanuel D, Jain VK, Parameshwaran S, Negi VS. Renal involvement in primary Sjogren’s syndrome: a prospective cohort study. Rheumatol Int 2018; 38:2251-2262. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-018-4118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) is a prototypical autoimmune disease. The involvement of B cells in the pathogenesis of pSS has long been suspected on the basis of clinical observations that include the presence of serum autoantibodies, hypergammaglobulinaemia, increased levels of free light chains and increased risk of B cell lymphoma. Moreover, the composition of the B cell subset is altered in pSS. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms that support the increased activation of B cells in pSS, including genetic and epigenetic factors and environmental triggers that promote B cell activation via the innate immune system. B cell activating factor (BAFF, also known as TNF ligand superfamily member 13B) is at the crossroads of this process. An important role also exists for the target tissue (exocrine glands, namely the salivary and lachrymal glands), which promotes local B cell activation. This continuous stimulation of B cells is the main driver of lymphomatous escape. Identification of the multiple steps that support B cell activation has led to the development of promising targeted therapies that will hopefully lead to the development of an efficient therapeutic strategy for pSS.
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Shen Y, Xie J, Lin L, Li X, Shen P, Pan X, Ren H, Chen N. Combination Cyclophosphamide/Glucocorticoids Provide Better Tolerability and Outcomes versus Glucocorticoids Alone in Patients with Sjogren's Associated Chronic Interstitial Nephritis. Am J Nephrol 2017; 46:473-480. [PMID: 29241210 DOI: 10.1159/000484903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid therapy has become an effective option for patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome with tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN), while the use of cytotoxic agents is still debated. Our study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of patients treated with cyclophosphamide (CTX) combined with glucocorticoids with those of patients treated with glucocorticoids alone. METHODS All patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome with chronic TIN admitted to the Division of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, from January 1, 2002, to April 30, 2016, and treated with steroids alone or combined with CTX were included. The immunological prognosis, improvements of renal function, and acquired tubular defects of the patients were retrospectively compared between the 2 therapeutic groups. RESULTS A total of 70 cases were included. Of these, 36 were diagnosed by renal biopsy. A total of 56 patients were treated with glucocorticoids alone, while 14 patients received glucocorticoids combined with CTX. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters between the 2 therapeutic groups at baseline. Compared with patients in the steroid group, patients in the CTX group showed better estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) improvement (21.35 ± 19.63 vs. 2.72 ± 19.11 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.006) but a similar decline in immunoglobulin G (IgG; 450 [interquartile range, IQR 910] vs.176 [IQR 1,910] mg/dL, p = 0.93) at 12 months of follow-up. CTX therapy was associated with better eGFR improvement (β = 12.96 [2.95-22.97]) even after adjusting for dry mouth, anti-Sjögren's-syndrome-related antigen A and anti-Sjögren's-syndrome-related antigen B positivity, hemoglobin, initial steroid dose, and baseline eGFR by linear regression analyses. Subgroup analyses revealed that the beneficial effects of CTX therapy on renal function were only observed in patients with baseline IgG ≥1,560 mg/dL or eGFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m2. The urine α1-microglobulin improvement was better in the CTX group than in the steroid group at 12 months of follow-up (β = 1.29, 95% CI 0.56-2.02, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS CTX therapy is suggested for primary Sjogren's syndrome patients with chronic TIN, especially those with higher IgG levels and abnormal renal function at baseline.
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Saglam A, Balaban S, Yıldırım T, Erdem Y, Uner A, Büyükaşık Y. Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance presenting as monotypic plasma cell interstitial nephritis in two patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Virchows Arch 2017; 472:865-869. [PMID: 29147924 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Saglam
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sıhhıye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Seda Balaban
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tolga Yıldırım
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yunus Erdem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Uner
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sıhhıye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yahya Büyükaşık
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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