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Pinto R, Sambucci M, Laudisi F, Nasta F, Lodato R, Altavista P, Lovisolo GA, Marino C, Pioli C. Re to Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health, Environ. Research 164: 405, 2018. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110138. [PMID: 32890476 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Pinto
- ENEA (Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Division of Health Protection Technologies (previously Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health), Rome, Italy
| | - Manolo Sambucci
- ENEA (Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Division of Health Protection Technologies (previously Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health), Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Laudisi
- ENEA (Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Division of Health Protection Technologies (previously Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Nasta
- ENEA (Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Division of Health Protection Technologies (previously Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health), Rome, Italy
| | - Rosella Lodato
- ENEA (Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Division of Health Protection Technologies (previously Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health), Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Altavista
- ENEA (Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Division of Health Protection Technologies (previously Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health), Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Alfonso Lovisolo
- ENEA (Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Division of Health Protection Technologies (previously Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health), Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Marino
- ENEA (Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Division of Health Protection Technologies (previously Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health), Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Pioli
- ENEA (Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Division of Health Protection Technologies (previously Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health), Rome, Italy.
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Hansen JW, Swartz EM, Cleveland JD, Asif SM, Brooks B, Braaten BD, Ewert DL. A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Radio Frequency Exposure Methods. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2019; 13:340-351. [PMID: 30998481 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2019.2912023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recently, interest in the effects of radio frequency (RF) on biological systems has increased and is partially due to the advancements and increased implementations of RF into technology. As research in this area has progressed, the reliability and reproducibility of the experiments has not crossed multidisciplinary boundaries. Therefore, as researchers, it is imperative to understand the various exposure systems available as well as the aspects, both electromagnetic and biological, needed to produce a sound exposure experiment. This systematic review examines common RF exposure methods for both in vitro and in vivo studies. For in vitro studies, possible biological limitations are emphasized. The validity of the examined methods, for both in vitro and in vivo, are analyzed by considering the advantages and disadvantages of each. This review offers guidance for researchers to assist in the development of an RF exposure experiment that crosses current multidisciplinary boundaries.
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Gong Y, Capstick M, Tillmann T, Dasenbrock C, Samaras T, Kuster N. Desktop exposure system and dosimetry for small scale in vivo radiofrequency exposure experiments. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 37:49-61. [PMID: 26769169 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a new approach to the risk assessment of exposure from wireless network devices, including an exposure setup and dosimetric assessment for in vivo studies. A novel desktop reverberation chamber has been developed for well-controlled exposure of mice for up to 24 h per day to address the biological impact of human exposure scenarios by wireless networks. The carrier frequency of 2.45 GHz corresponds to one of the major bands used in data communication networks and is modulated by various modulation schemes, including Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and wireless local area network, etc. The system has been designed to enable exposures of whole-body averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) of up to 15 W/kg for six mice of an average weight of 25 g or of up to 320 V/m incident time-averaged fields under loaded conditions without distortion of the signal. The dosimetry for whole-body SAR and organ-averaged SAR of the exposed mice, with analysis of uncertainty and variation analysis, is assessed. The experimental dosimetry based on temperature measurement agrees well with the numerical dosimetry, with a very good SAR uniformity of 0.4 dB in the chamber. Furthermore, a thermal analysis and measurements were performed to provide better understanding of the temperature load and distribution in the mice during exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijian Gong
- IT'IS Foundation, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.,Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Tillmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Dasenbrock
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Theodoros Samaras
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Niels Kuster
- IT'IS Foundation, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.,Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
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Xie T, Zaidi H. Development of computational small animal models and their applications in preclinical imaging and therapy research. Med Phys 2016; 43:111. [PMID: 26745904 DOI: 10.1118/1.4937598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multimodality preclinical imaging techniques and the rapid growth of realistic computer simulation tools have promoted the construction and application of computational laboratory animal models in preclinical research. Since the early 1990s, over 120 realistic computational animal models have been reported in the literature and used as surrogates to characterize the anatomy of actual animals for the simulation of preclinical studies involving the use of bioluminescence tomography, fluorescence molecular tomography, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, microcomputed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and optical imaging. Other applications include electromagnetic field simulation, ionizing and nonionizing radiation dosimetry, and the development and evaluation of new methodologies for multimodality image coregistration, segmentation, and reconstruction of small animal images. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the history and fundamental technologies used for the development of computational small animal models with a particular focus on their application in preclinical imaging as well as nonionizing and ionizing radiation dosimetry calculations. An overview of the overall process involved in the design of these models, including the fundamental elements used for the construction of different types of computational models, the identification of original anatomical data, the simulation tools used for solving various computational problems, and the applications of computational animal models in preclinical research. The authors also analyze the characteristics of categories of computational models (stylized, voxel-based, and boundary representation) and discuss the technical challenges faced at the present time as well as research needs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwu Xie
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva 4 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Habib Zaidi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva 4 CH-1211, Switzerland; Geneva Neuroscience Center, Geneva University, Geneva CH-1205, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
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Monopole patch antenna for in vivo exposure to nanosecond pulsed electric fields. Med Biol Eng Comput 2016; 55:1073-1083. [PMID: 27422130 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-016-1547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To explore the promising therapeutic applications of short nanosecond electric pulses, in vitro and in vivo experiments are highly required. In this paper, an exposure system based on monopole patch antenna is reported to perform in vivo experiments on newborn mice with both monopolar and bipolar nanosecond signals. Analytical design and numerical simulations of the antenna in air were carried out as well as experimental characterizations in term of scattering parameter (S 11) and spatial electric field distribution. Numerical dosimetry of the setup with four newborn mice properly placed in proximity of the antenna patch was carried out, exploiting a matching technique to decrease the reflections due to dielectric discontinuities (i.e., from air to mouse tissues). Such technique consists in the use of a matching dielectric box with dielectric permittivity similar to those of the mice. The average computed electric field inside single mice was homogeneous (better than 68 %) with an efficiency higher than 20 V m-1 V-1 for the four exposed mice. These results demonstrate the possibility of a multiple (four) exposure of small animals to short nanosecond pulses (both monopolar and bipolar) in a controlled and efficient way.
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Characterization and Evaluation of a Commercial WLAN System for Human Provocation Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:289152. [PMID: 26180791 PMCID: PMC4477099 DOI: 10.1155/2015/289152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluates the complex exposure characteristics of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technology and describes the design of a WLAN exposure system built using commercially available modular parts for the study of possible biological health effects due to WLAN exposure in a controlled environment. The system consisted of an access point and a client unit (CU) with router board cards types R52 and R52n with 18 dBm and 25 dBm peak power, respectively. Free space radiofrequency field (RF) measurements were performed with a field meter at a distance of 40 cm from the CU in order to evaluate the RF exposure at several signal configurations of the exposure system. Finally, the specific absorption rate (SAR) generated by the CU was estimated computationally in the head of two human models. Results suggest that exposure to RF fields of WLAN systems strongly depends on the sets of the router configuration: the stability of the exposure was more constant and reliable when both antennas were active and vertically positioned, with best signal quality obtained with the R52n router board at channel 9, in UDP mode. The maximum levels of peak SAR were far away from the limits of international guidelines with peak levels found over the skin.
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Recent Reports of Wi-Fi and Mobile Phone-Induced Radiation on Oxidative Stress and Reproductive Signaling Pathways in Females and Males. J Membr Biol 2013; 246:869-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Laudisi F, Sambucci M, Nasta F, Pinto R, Lodato R, Altavista P, Lovisolo GA, Marino C, Pioli C. Prenatal exposure to radiofrequencies: Effects of WiFi signals on thymocyte development and peripheral T cell compartment in an animal model. Bioelectromagnetics 2012; 33:652-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Early life exposure to 2.45GHz WiFi-like signals: Effects on development and maturation of the immune system. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 107:393-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Sambucci M, Laudisi F, Nasta F, Pinto R, Lodato R, Altavista P, Lovisolo GA, Marino C, Pioli C. Prenatal Exposure to Non-ionizing Radiation: Effects of WiFi Signals on Pregnancy Outcome, Peripheral B-Cell Compartment and Antibody Production. Radiat Res 2010; 174:732-40. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2255.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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