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Jiménez-Ortega L, Casado-Palacios M, Rubianes M, Martínez-Mejias M, Casado P, Fondevila S, Hernández-Gutiérrez D, Muñoz F, Sánchez-García J, Martín-Loeches M. The bigger your pupils, the better my comprehension: an ERP study of how pupil size and gaze of the speaker affect syntactic processing. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2024; 19:nsae047. [PMID: 38918898 PMCID: PMC11246839 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsae047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Gaze direction and pupil dilation play a critical role in communication and social interaction due to their ability to redirect and capture our attention and their relevance for emotional information. The present study aimed to explore whether the pupil size and gaze direction of the speaker affect language comprehension. Participants listened to sentences that could be correct or contain a syntactic anomaly, while the static face of a speaker was manipulated in terms of gaze direction (direct, averted) and pupil size (mydriasis, miosis). Left anterior negativity (LAN) and P600 linguistic event-related potential components were observed in response to syntactic anomalies across all conditions. The speaker's gaze did not impact syntactic comprehension. However, the amplitude of the LAN component for mydriasis (dilated pupil) was larger than for miosis (constricted pupil) condition. Larger pupils are generally associated with care, trust, interest, and attention, which might facilitate syntactic processing at early automatic stages. The result also supports the permeable and context-dependent nature of syntax. Previous studies also support an automatic nature of syntax (fast and efficient), which combined with the permeability to relevant sources of communicative information, such as pupil size and emotions, is highly adaptive for language comprehension and social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jiménez-Ortega
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology & Behavioral Sciences Methods, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - María Casado-Palacios
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid 28029, Spain
- DIBRIS, University of Genoa, Genoa 16145, Italy
- UVIP – Unit for Visually Impaired People, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova 16164, Italy
| | - Miguel Rubianes
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology & Behavioral Sciences Methods, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud UNIE Universidad, Madrid 28015, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez-Mejias
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pilar Casado
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology & Behavioral Sciences Methods, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Sabela Fondevila
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology & Behavioral Sciences Methods, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - David Hernández-Gutiérrez
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid 28029, Spain
- BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia/San Sebastián 20009, Spain
| | - Francisco Muñoz
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology & Behavioral Sciences Methods, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - José Sánchez-García
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja UNIR, Oviedo, Asturias 33003, Spain
| | - Manuel Martín-Loeches
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology & Behavioral Sciences Methods, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Rubianes M, Drijvers L, Muñoz F, Jiménez-Ortega L, Almeida-Rivera T, Sánchez-García J, Fondevila S, Casado P, Martín-Loeches M. The Self-reference Effect Can Modulate Language Syntactic Processing Even Without Explicit Awareness: An Electroencephalography Study. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:460-474. [PMID: 38165746 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Although it is well established that self-related information can rapidly capture our attention and bias cognitive functioning, whether this self-bias can affect language processing remains largely unknown. In addition, there is an ongoing debate as to the functional independence of language processes, notably regarding the syntactic domain. Hence, this study investigated the influence of self-related content on syntactic speech processing. Participants listened to sentences that could contain morphosyntactic anomalies while the masked face identity (self, friend, or unknown faces) was presented for 16 msec preceding the critical word. The language-related ERP components (left anterior negativity [LAN] and P600) appeared for all identity conditions. However, the largest LAN effect followed by a reduced P600 effect was observed for self-faces, whereas a larger LAN with no reduction of the P600 was found for friend faces compared with unknown faces. These data suggest that both early and late syntactic processes can be modulated by self-related content. In addition, alpha power was more suppressed over the left inferior frontal gyrus only when self-faces appeared before the critical word. This may reflect higher semantic demands concomitant to early syntactic operations (around 150-550 msec). Our data also provide further evidence of self-specific response, as reflected by the N250 component. Collectively, our results suggest that identity-related information is rapidly decoded from facial stimuli and may impact core linguistic processes, supporting an interactive view of syntactic processing. This study provides evidence that the self-reference effect can be extended to syntactic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rubianes
- Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
- UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid, Spain
| | - Linda Drijvers
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Muñoz
- Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
- UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Jiménez-Ortega
- Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
- UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Sabela Fondevila
- Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
- UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Casado
- Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
- UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martín-Loeches
- Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
- UCM-ISCIII Center for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid, Spain
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Vaitonytė J, Alimardani M, Louwerse MM. Corneal reflections and skin contrast yield better memory of human and virtual faces. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:94. [PMID: 36258062 PMCID: PMC9579222 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual faces have been found to be rated less human-like and remembered worse than photographic images of humans. What it is in virtual faces that yields reduced memory has so far remained unclear. The current study investigated face memory in the context of virtual agent faces and human faces, real and manipulated, considering two factors of predicted influence, i.e., corneal reflections and skin contrast. Corneal reflections referred to the bright points in each eye that occur when the ambient light reflects from the surface of the cornea. Skin contrast referred to the degree to which skin surface is rough versus smooth. We conducted two memory experiments, one with high-quality virtual agent faces (Experiment 1) and the other with the photographs of human faces that were manipulated (Experiment 2). Experiment 1 showed better memory for virtual faces with increased corneal reflections and skin contrast (rougher rather than smoother skin). Experiment 2 replicated these findings, showing that removing the corneal reflections and smoothening the skin reduced memory recognition of manipulated faces, with a stronger effect exerted by the eyes than the skin. This study highlights specific features of the eyes and skin that can help explain memory discrepancies between real and virtual faces and in turn elucidates the factors that play a role in the cognitive processing of faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julija Vaitonytė
- grid.12295.3d0000 0001 0943 3265Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Dante Building D 134, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Alimardani
- grid.12295.3d0000 0001 0943 3265Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Dante Building D 134, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Max M. Louwerse
- grid.12295.3d0000 0001 0943 3265Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Dante Building D 134, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Lorenzoni A, Pagliarini E, Vespignani F, Navarrete E. Pragmatic and knowledge range lenience towards foreigners. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 226:103572. [PMID: 35339924 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Foreign-accented speech categorizes the speaker as an outgroup individual with a lower linguistic competence and a different knowledge heritage from a native speaker. Here we explore whether the identification of an individual as a native or a foreign speaker has an impact on trivia statement judgments, regardless of her foreign-accented speech. Italian native participants first read a bio description of a native and of a foreign speaker and then rate to what degree a series of statements associated with each of the speakers makes sense (Studies 1 and 2) or are true (Study 3). Importantly, the fluency processing between native and foreign speakers was kept constant by using a written presentation of the materials. Under-informative statements such as 'Some frogs are amphibians' were tested in Study 1. The results of Study 1 show more acceptable judgments when the sentences were associated with the foreign speaker. Unknown facts about world knowledge such as 'Butterflies do not see gray' were tested in Studies 2 and 3. The results show more acceptable (Study 2) and more true (Study 3) judgments when the sentences were associated with the foreign speaker. In addition, in Study 3 the foreign speaker was considered more trustworthy than the native speaker in a rating test at the end of the main judgment-sentence task. Our findings show that linguistic identity per se has an impact on evaluation judgments, suggesting that message interpretation cannot be dissociated from who is communicating the message.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lorenzoni
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy.
| | - Elena Pagliarini
- Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici e Letterari, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Vespignani
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy
| | - Eduardo Navarrete
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy
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Yang H, Wang X, Lu A, Zhang M, Liu Y. How power and personality trait of others affect impression: Evidence from event-related potentials. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2022.2029246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Yang
- School of Management, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou, GD, China
| | - Xuebin Wang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, China
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Aitao Lu
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, China
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Meifang Zhang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, China
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yaozhong Liu
- School of Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, GD, China
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Xu J, Abdel Rahman R, Sommer W. Who speaks next? Adaptations to speaker identity in processing spoken sentences. Psychophysiology 2021; 59:e13948. [PMID: 34587288 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When listening to a speaker, we need to adapt to her individual speaking characteristics, such as error proneness, accent, etc. The present study investigated two aspects of adaptation to speaker identity during processing spoken sentences in multi-speaker situations: the effect of speaker sequence across sentences and the effect of learning speaker-specific error probability. Spoken sentences were presented, cued, and accompanied by one of three portraits that were labeled as the speakers' faces. In Block 1 speaker-specific probabilities of syntax errors were 10%, 50%, or 90%; in Block 2 they were uniformly 50%. In both blocks, speech errors elicited P600 effects in the scalp recorded ERP. We found a speaker sequence effect only in Block 1: the P600 to target words was larger after speaker switches than after speaker repetitions, independent of sentence correctness. In Block 1, listeners showed higher accuracy in judging sentence correctness spoken by speakers with lower error proportions. No speaker-specific differences in target word P600 and accuracy were found in Block 2. When speakers differ in error proneness, listeners seem to flexibly adapt their speech processing for the upcoming sentence through attention reorientation and resource reallocation if the speaker is about to change, and through proactive maintenance of neural resources if the speaker remains the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Xu
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rasha Abdel Rahman
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Sommer
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Context in language comprehension. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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