1
|
Rapee RM, Creswell C, Kendall PC, Pine DS, Waters AM. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A summary and overview of the literature. Behav Res Ther 2023; 168:104376. [PMID: 37499294 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Considerable work has advanced understanding of the nature, causes, management, and prevention of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents over the past 30 years. Prior to this time the primary focus was on school refusal and specific phobias. It is now recognised that children and adolescents experience the full gamut of anxiety disorders in very similar ways to adults and that anxiety disorders in the paediatric years can predict a lifelong mental-health struggle. Given the vast array of specific studies in this field, the current review summarises current knowledge about these high prevalence disorders, points to overarching limitations, and suggests potentially important future directions. Following a brief historical overview, the review summarises knowledge about demographic and epidemiological characteristics, distal and proximal risk factors, current treatment directions, and prevention. There is still a great deal to learn about the causes and treatments of child and adolescent anxiety disorders. By amalgamating our current knowledge, this review provides a window to the research directions that are likely to lead to future advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M Rapee
- Centre for Emotional Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Cathy Creswell
- Departments of Psychiatry and Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip C Kendall
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders Clinic, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program (NIMH-IRP), USA
| | - Allison M Waters
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Esmailpour H, Raman R, Vogels R. Inferior temporal cortex leads prefrontal cortex in response to a violation of a learned sequence. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:3124-3141. [PMID: 35780398 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primates learn statistical regularities that are embedded in visual sequences, a form of statistical learning. Single-unit recordings in macaques showed that inferior temporal (IT) neurons are sensitive to statistical regularities in visual sequences. Here, we asked whether ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), which is connected to IT, is also sensitive to the transition probabilities in visual sequences and whether the statistical learning signal in IT originates in VLPFC. We recorded simultaneously multiunit activity (MUA) and local field potentials (LFPs) in IT and VLPFC after monkeys were exposed to triplets of images with a fixed presentation order. In both areas, the MUA was stronger to images that violated the learned sequence (deviants) compared to the same images presented in the learned triplets. The high-gamma and beta LFP power showed an enhanced and suppressed response, respectively, to the deviants in both areas. The enhanced response was present also for the image following the deviant, suggesting a sensitivity for temporal adjacent dependencies in IT and VLPFC. The increased response to the deviant occurred later in VLPFC than in IT, suggesting that the deviant response in IT was not inherited from VLPFC. These data support predictive coding theories that propose a feedforward flow of prediction errors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Esmailpour
- Laboratorium voor Neuro-en Psychofysiologie, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, ON V Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rajani Raman
- Laboratorium voor Neuro-en Psychofysiologie, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, ON V Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rufin Vogels
- Laboratorium voor Neuro-en Psychofysiologie, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, ON V Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuraoka K, Nakamura K. Facial temperature and pupil size as indicators of internal state in primates. Neurosci Res 2022; 175:25-37. [PMID: 35026345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies in human subjects have revealed that autonomic responses provide objective and biologically relevant information about cognitive and affective states. Measures of autonomic responses can also be applied to studies of non-human primates, which are neuro-anatomically and physically similar to humans. Facial temperature and pupil size are measured remotely and can be applied to physiological experiments in primates, preferably in a head-fixed condition. However, detailed guidelines for the use of these measures in non-human primates is lacking. Here, we review the neuronal circuits and methodological considerations necessary for measuring and analyzing facial temperature and pupil size in non-human primates. Previous studies have shown that the modulation of these measures primarily reflects sympathetic reactions to cognitive and emotional processes, including alertness, attention, and mental effort, over different time scales. Integrated analyses of autonomic, behavioral, and neurophysiological data in primates are promising methods that reflect multiple dimensions of emotion and could potentially provide tools for understanding the mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric disorders and vulnerabilities characterized by cognitive and affective disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kuraoka
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Kae Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baxter MG, Costa VD. Clozapine is my favorite color: Chemogenetic modulation of anxiety-related behavior in primates. Mol Ther 2021; 29:3322-3324. [PMID: 34762818 PMCID: PMC8636172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Baxter
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Vincent D Costa
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Although rodent research provides important insights into neural correlates of human psychology, new cortical areas, connections, and cognitive abilities emerged during primate evolution, including human evolution. Comparison of human brains with those of nonhuman primates reveals two aspects of human brain evolution particularly relevant to emotional disorders: expansion of homotypical association areas and expansion of the hippocampus. Two uniquely human cognitive capacities link these phylogenetic developments with emotion: a subjective sense of participating in and reexperiencing remembered events and a limitless capacity to imagine details of future events. These abilities provided evolving humans with selective advantages, but they also created proclivities for emotional problems. The first capacity evokes the "reliving" of past events in the "here-and-now," accompanied by emotional responses that occurred during memory encoding. It contributes to risk for stress-related syndromes, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. The second capacity, an ability to imagine future events without temporal limitations, facilitates flexible, goal-related behavior by drawing on and creating a uniquely rich array of mental representations. It promotes goal achievement and reduces errors, but the mental construction of future events also contributes to developmental aspects of anxiety and mood disorders. With maturation of homotypical association areas, the concrete concerns of childhood expand to encompass the abstract apprehensions of adolescence and adulthood. These cognitive capacities and their dysfunction are amenable to a research agenda that melds experimental therapeutic interventions, cognitive neuropsychology, and developmental psychology in both humans and nonhuman primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven P. Wise
- Olschefskie Institute for the Neurobiology of Knowledge, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Elisabeth A. Murray
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li J, Yang X, Zhou F, Liu C, Wei Z, Xin F, Daumann B, Daumann J, Kendrick KM, Becker B. Modafinil enhances cognitive, but not emotional conflict processing via enhanced inferior frontal gyrus activation and its communication with the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1026-1033. [PMID: 31995813 PMCID: PMC7162953 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive control regulates cognitive and emotional systems to facilitate goal-directed behavior in the context of task-irrelevant distractors. Cognitive control deficits contribute to residual functional impairments across psychiatric disorders and represent a promising novel treatment target. Translational evidence suggests that modafinil may enhance performance in executive functions; however, differential effects on regulatory control in cognitive and emotional domains have not been examined. The present pre-registered randomized-controlled pharmacological fMRI trial examined differential effects of modafinil (single-dose, 200 mg) on cognitive and emotional conflict processing. To further separate objective cognitive enhancing effects from subjective performance perception, a metacognitive paradigm was employed. Results indicated that modafinil specifically enhanced cognitive conflict performance and concomitantly increased activation in the inferior frontal gyrus and its functional communication with the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Exploratory analysis further revealed modafinil-enhanced basolateral amygdala reactivity to cognitive conflict, with stronger reactivity being associated with higher cognitive conflict performance. Whereas modafinil enhanced cognitive performance in the metacognitive paradigm, confidence indices remained unaffected. Overall, the present results suggest that modafinil has the potential to enhance cognitive conflict processing while leaving emotional conflict processing unaffected. On the neural level modafinil enhanced the recruitment of a network engaged in general conflict and regulatory control processes, whereas effects on the amygdala may reflect improved arousal-mediated attention processes for conflicting information. The pattern of cognitive enhancing effects in the absence of effects on affective processing suggests a promising potential to enhance cognitive control in clinical populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Yang
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenyu Wei
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Xin
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Jörg Daumann
- 0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Keith M. Kendrick
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|