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Murillo-García N, Soler J, Ortiz-García de la Foz V, Miguel-Corredera M, Barrio-Martinez S, Setién-Suero E, Papiol S, Fatjó-Vilas M, Ayesa-Arriola R. Familiality of the Intelligence Quotient in First Episode Psychosis: Is the Degree of Family Resemblance Associated With Different Profiles? Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:304-316. [PMID: 37314865 PMCID: PMC10919788 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS There is uncertainty about the relationship between the family intelligence quotient (IQ) deviation and the risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). This study tested the hypothesis that IQ is familial in first episode psychosis (FEP) patients and that their degree of familial resemblance is associated with different profiles. STUDY DESIGN The participants of the PAFIP-FAMILIAS project (129 FEP patients, 143 parents, and 97 siblings) completed the same neuropsychological battery. IQ-familiality was estimated through the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). For each family, the intra-family resemblance score (IRS) was calculated as an index of familial similarity. The FEP patients were subgrouped and compared according to their IRS and IQ. STUDY RESULTS IQ-familiality was low-moderate (ICC = 0.259). A total of 44.9% of the FEP patients had a low IRS, indicating discordancy with their family-IQ. Of these patients, those with low IQ had more schizophrenia diagnosis and a trend towards poorer premorbid adjustment in childhood and early adolescence. Whereas FEP patients with low IQ closely resembling their family-IQ were characterized by having the lowest performance in executive functions. CONCLUSIONS The deviation from the familial cognitive performance may be related to a particular pathological process in SSD. Individuals with low IQ who do not reach their cognitive familial potential show difficulties in adjustment since childhood, probably influenced by environmental factors. Instead, FEP patients with high phenotypic family resemblance might have a more significant genetic burden for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Murillo-García
- Research Group on Mental Illnesses, Valdecilla Biomedical Research (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Jordi Soler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Victor Ortiz-García de la Foz
- Research Group on Mental Illnesses, Valdecilla Biomedical Research (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | | | - Sara Barrio-Martinez
- Research Group on Mental Illnesses, Valdecilla Biomedical Research (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Esther Setién-Suero
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Basque Country 48014, Spain
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona 08830, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Research Group on Mental Illnesses, Valdecilla Biomedical Research (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
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Yu SC, Hwang TJ, Liu CM, Chan HY, Kuo CJ, Yang TT, Wang JP, Liu CC, Hsieh MH, Lin YT, Chien YL, Kuo PH, Shih YW, Yu SL, Chen HY, Chen WJ. Patients with first-episode psychosis in northern Taiwan: neurocognitive performance and niacin response profile in comparison with schizophrenia patients of different familial loadings and relationship with clinical features. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:155. [PMID: 38389072 PMCID: PMC10885443 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05598-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Examining patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) provides opportunities to better understand the mechanism underlying these illnesses. By incorporating quantitative measures in FEP patients, we aimed to (1) determine the baseline distribution of clinical features; (2) examine the impairment magnitude of the quantitative measures by comparing with external controls and then the counterparts of schizophrenia patients of different familial loadings; and (3) evaluate whether these quantitative measures were associated with the baseline clinical features. METHODS Patients with FEP were recruited from one medical center, two regional psychiatric centers, and two private clinics in northern Taiwan with clinical features rated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale. Quantitative measurements included the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), niacin response abnormality (NRA), and minor physical anomalies and craniofacial features (MPAs). To evaluate the relative performance of the quantitative measures in our FEP patients, four external comparison groups from previous studies were used, including three independent healthy controls for the CPT, WCST, and NRA, respectively, and one group of treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients for the MPAs. Additionally, patients from simplex families and patients from multiplex families were used to assess the magnitude of FEP patients' impairment on the CPT, WCST, and NRA. RESULTS Among the 80 patients with FEP recruited in this study (58% female, mean age = 25.6 years, mean duration of untreated psychosis = 132 days), the clinical severity was mild to moderate (mean PANSS score = 67.3; mean PSP score = 61.8). Patients exhibited both neurocognitive and niacin response impairments (mean Z-scores: -1.24 for NRA, - 1.06 for undegraded d', - 0.70 for degraded d', - 0.32 for categories achieved, and 0.44 for perseverative errors) but did not show MPAs indicative of treatment resistance. Among these quantitative measures, three of the four neurocognitive indices were correlated with the baseline clinical features, whereas NRA did not show such correlation. CONCLUSIONS This FEP study of Taiwanese patients revealed the presence of neurocognitive performance and niacin response and their different relationships with clinical features, rendering this sample useful for future follow-up and incorporation of multiomics investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Chun Yu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Centers for Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Jeng Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chian-Jue Kuo
- Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Tsair Yang
- Department of Social Psychology, Shih Hsin University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chen-Chung Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming H Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Chien
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Shih
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei J Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Centers for Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
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Murillo-García N, Díaz-Pons A, Fernández-Cacho LM, Miguel-Corredera M, Martínez-Barrio S, Ortiz-García de la Foz V, Neergaard K, Ayesa-Arriola R. A family study on first episode of psychosis patients: Exploring neuropsychological performance as an endophenotype. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2022; 145:384-396. [PMID: 35080005 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Family studies provide a suitable approach to analyzing candidate endophenotypes of schizophrenia, including cognitive features. OBJECTIVE To characterize different neurocognitive functions in a group of patients with first episode of psychosis (FEP), their first-degree relatives (parents and siblings), and healthy controls (HC), in order to identify potential endophenotypes for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). METHODS Participants were assessed in the context of a national project in Spain called PAFIP-FAMILIAS. They completed the same neuropsychological battery, which included tests of verbal memory, visual memory, processing speed, working memory, executive functions, motor dexterity, attention, and theory of mind. Group comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by tests of multiple comparisons when appropriate. RESULTS One hundred thirty-three FEP patients were included, as well as 244 of their first-degree relatives (146 parents and 98 siblings) and 202 HC. In general, relatives showed an intermediate performance between the HC and the FEP patients in all neurocognitive domains. However, the domains of executive functions and attention stood out, as relatives (especially parents) showed similar performance to FEP patients. This was replicated when selecting patients subsequently diagnosed with schizophrenia and their relatives. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that executive and attention dysfunctions might have a family aggregation and could be relevant cognitive endophenotypes for psychotic disorders. The study shows the potential of exploring intra-family neuropsychological performance supporting neurobiological and genetic research in SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Murillo-García
- Department of Psychiatry, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Alexandre Díaz-Pons
- Department of Psychiatry, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.,Faculty of Psychology, National University of Distance Education (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Fernández-Cacho
- Department of Psychiatry, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.,Department of Radiology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,Faculty of Nursing, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Sara Martínez-Barrio
- Department of Psychiatry, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.,Faculty of Psychology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz
- Department of Psychiatry, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karl Neergaard
- Department of Psychiatry, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Faculty of Psychology, National University of Distance Education (UNED), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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Hochberger WC, Eskridge CL, Bishop JR, Reilly JL, Rubin LH, Keedy S, Gershon ES, Tamminga CA, Pearlson GD, Ragozzino M, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA, Hill SK. Catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype differentially contributes to the flexibility and stability of cognitive sets in patients with psychotic disorders and their first-degree relatives. Schizophr Res 2020; 223:236-241. [PMID: 32829984 PMCID: PMC7704884 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic activity in prefrontal cortex is modulated by the low (Met) and high (Val) activity of the rs4680 Val158Met single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) gene. While this has been related to working memory maintenance in patients with schizophrenia, the familial pattern, impact across the psychosis spectrum, and the role of this genotype on other aspects of behavior, such as cognitive flexibility, remains unclear. The relationship between COMT Val158Met genotype and both cognitive stability and flexibility were assessed using the Penn Conditional Exclusion Test (PCET) in healthy controls (n = 241), patients with psychotic disorders (n = 542), and their first-degree relatives (n = 613) from the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) consortium. Higher rates of perseverative errors (poor flexibility) were associated with the low-activity COMT genotype (Met allele carriers) in probands compared to their first-degree relatives with the same genotype. Probands and first-degree relatives homozygous for the high-activity COMT enzyme (Val/Val) showed elevated rates of regressive errors (poor stability) compared to controls. Conversely, heterozygous relatives had comparable regressive error rates to controls, with probands showing elevated errors in comparison. These findings suggest that impaired suppression of learned response patterns and reduced stability of mental sets may be a familial intermediate cognitive phenotype related to Val COMT allele genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Hochberger
- VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Courtney L.M. Eskridge
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Bishop
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology & Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - James L. Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leah H. Rubin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Elliot S. Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Carol A. Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United State
| | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University and Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Michael Ragozzino
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Matcheri S. Keshavan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John A. Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - S. Kristian Hill
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
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Kataoka Y, Shimada T, Koide Y, Okubo H, Uehara T, Shioiri T, Kawasaki Y, Ohi K. Differences in executive function among patients with schizophrenia, their unaffected first-degree relatives and healthy participants. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:pyaa052. [PMID: 32692837 PMCID: PMC7745249 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) display impaired executive functions compared with healthy controls (HCs). Furthermore, unaffected first-degree relatives (FRs) of patients with SCZ independently perform worse executive functions than do HCs. However, few studies have investigated the differences in executive functions assessed among patients with SCZ, FRs, and HCs, and the findings are inconsistent. METHODS We investigated diagnostic differences in executive functions, namely, (i) numbers of categories achieved (CA), (ii) total errors (TE) and (iii) %perseverative errors of Nelson types (%PEN), using the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) among patients with SCZ (n=116), unaffected FRs (n=62) and HCs (n=146) at a single institute. Correlations between these executive functions and clinical variables were investigated. RESULTS Significant differences existed in all executive functions among diagnostic groups (CA, F2,319=15.5, p=3.71×10-7; TE, F2,319=16.2, p=2.06×10-7; and %PEN, F2,319=21.3, p=2.15×10-9). Patients with SCZ had fewer CA and more TE and %PEN than those of HCs (CA, Cohen's d=-0.70, p=5.49×10-8; TE, d=0.70, p=5.62×10-8; and %PEN, d=0.82, p=2.85×10-10) and FRs (TE, d=0.46, p=3.73×10-3 and %PEN, d=0.38, p=0.017). Of the three executive functions, CA and %PEN of FRs were intermediately impaired between patients with SCZ and HCs (CA, d=-0.41, p=0.011 and %PEN, d=0.41, p=0.012). In contrast, no significant difference in TE existed between FRs and HCs (d=0.22, p=0.18). Although CA and TE were affected by the duration of illness (p<0.017), %PEN was not affected by any clinical variable in patients with SCZ (p>0.017). CONCLUSIONS Executive function, particularly %PEN, could be a useful intermediate phenotype for understanding the genetic mechanisms implicated in SCZ pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kataoka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Shimada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Koide
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Al Shahawy AK, El-Gamasy MA, Elhakeem Seleem MA, Mawlana W, El Sharkaway AH. Assessment of cognitive functions and adaptive behavior in children with end-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis. SAUDI JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES AND TRANSPLANTATION 2020; 31:395-406. [PMID: 32394912 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.284014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by the Kidney Disease and Outcome Quality Initiative as a child who has kidney damage lasting for at least three months with or without decreased glomerular filtration rate. Hemodialysis (HD) means removal of waste products and extra fluid directly from the blood when the kidneys do not work properly. Studies aimed at investigating neurocognitive impairment in children with CKD have identified a wide range of delays in cognitive development. The aim of this study was to assess the cognitive functions and adaptive behavior in children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on regular HD. This case-controlled study was conducted on 30 children suffering from ESRD who were on treatment at the Pediatric Nephrology Unit of Tanta University Hospital. Thirty apparently healthy children served as a control group, in the period from January 2017 to January 2018. All children were subjected to full history taking, careful physical and neurological examination, specific investigations including assessment of intelligence quotient (IQ) using Stanford Binet test 5th edition; assessment of adaptive behavior, assessment of executive functions by using Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; and continuous performance test. This study showed that mean values of IQ and the Vineland test were significantly lower among patients than controls. The study suggests that children with ESRD had lower IQ, adaptive behavior and executive functions than healthy control children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Kamal Al Shahawy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia Governate, Egypt
| | | | | | - Wegdan Mawlana
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia Governate, Egypt
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Mallet J, Le Strat Y, Dubertret C, Gorwood P. Polygenic Risk Scores Shed Light on the Relationship between Schizophrenia and Cognitive Functioning: Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E341. [PMID: 31991840 PMCID: PMC7074036 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disease associated with widespread cognitive impairment. Although cognitive deficits are one of the factors most strongly associated with functional impairment in schizophrenia (SZ), current treatment strategies hardly tackle these impairments. To develop more efficient treatment strategies in patients, a better understanding of their pathogenesis is needed. Recent progress in genetics, driven by large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and the use of polygenic risk scores (PRS), has provided new insights about the genetic architecture of complex human traits, including cognition and SZ. Here, we review the recent findings examining the genetic links between SZ and cognitive functions in population-based samples as well as in participants with SZ. The performed meta-analysis showed a negative correlation between the polygenetic risk score of schizophrenia and global cognition (p < 0.001) when the samples rely on general and healthy participants, while no significant correlation was detected when the three studies devoted to schizophrenia patients were meta-analysed (p > 0.05). Our review and meta-analysis therefore argues against universal pleiotropy for schizophrenia alleles and cognition, since cognition in SZ patients would be underpinned by the same genetic factors than in the general population, and substantially independent of common variant liability to the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Mallet
- APHP; Department of Psychiatry, Universitary Hospital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France; (Y.L.S.); (C.D.)
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Yann Le Strat
- APHP; Department of Psychiatry, Universitary Hospital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France; (Y.L.S.); (C.D.)
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Dubertret
- APHP; Department of Psychiatry, Universitary Hospital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France; (Y.L.S.); (C.D.)
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
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8
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Miranda AR, Franchetto Sierra J, Martínez Roulet A, Rivadero L, Serra SV, Soria EA. Age, education and gender effects on Wisconsin card sorting test: standardization, reliability and validity in healthy Argentinian adults. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2019; 27:807-825. [PMID: 31744387 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1693491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a widely used neuropsychological assessment of executive functioning. The aim of this study was to provide norm values and analyze the psychometric properties of WCST in healthy Argentinian adults aged from 18 to 89 years old (N = 235). Descriptive statistics are reported as means, standard deviations and percentiles, with the effects of age, education and gender being investigated by ANOVA, and with the effect sizes being calculated. The psychometrics were studied using the WCST structure, reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity, and WCST norms adjusted for age and educational level are proposed. This instrument is a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of executive functions. However, as the age- and educational-related effects were demonstrated, these characteristics need to be considered before interpreting WCST scores. Regarding gender, no differences were found. Our results expand the geographical and sociocultural applicability of WCST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín R Miranda
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Fonoaudiología. Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Cordoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, INICSA , Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juliana Franchetto Sierra
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Fonoaudiología. Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Amparo Martínez Roulet
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Fonoaudiología. Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Luisina Rivadero
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Fonoaudiología. Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Silvana V Serra
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Fonoaudiología. Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Elio A Soria
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, INICSA , Córdoba, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Instituto de Biología Celular , Cordoba, Argentina
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9
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Krajcovic B, Fajnerova I, Horacek J, Kelemen E, Kubik S, Svoboda J, Stuchlik A. Neural and neuronal discoordination in schizophrenia: From ensembles through networks to symptoms. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13282. [PMID: 31002202 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the substantial knowledge accumulated by past research, the exact mechanisms of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and causal treatments still remain unclear. Deficits of cognition and information processing in schizophrenia are today often viewed as the primary and core symptoms of this devastating disorder. These deficits likely result from disruptions in the coordination of neuronal and neural activity. The aim of this review is to bring together convergent evidence of discoordinated brain circuits in schizophrenia at multiple levels of resolution, ranging from principal cells and interneurons, neuronal ensembles and local circuits, to large-scale brain networks. We show how these aberrations could underlie deficits in cognitive control and other higher order cognitive-behavioural functions. Converging evidence from both animal models and patients with schizophrenia is presented in an effort to gain insight into common features of deficits in the brain information processing in this disorder, marked by disruption of several neurotransmitter and signalling systems and severe behavioural outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Krajcovic
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Fajnerova
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Research Programme 3 - Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Horacek
- Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Research Programme 3 - Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Kelemen
- Research Programme 1 - Experimental Neurobiology National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Kubik
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Svoboda
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ales Stuchlik
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
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10
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Lin AS, Chan HY, Peng YC, Chen WJ. Severity in sustained attention impairment and clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: a retrospective study. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:220. [PMID: 31299940 PMCID: PMC6626410 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), some exhibited further clozapine resistance (CR). This study aimed to investigate whether greater severity of treatment resistance in schizophrenia is associated with greater impairments in sustained attention. METHODS Patients with a DSM-IV-defined schizophrenia were recruited from a psychiatric center in northern Taiwan (April 2010 to October 2010). Both TRS and CR were determined retrospectively from participants' medical records following the consensus guidelines. The patients were divided into three groups: 102 non-TRS, 48 TRS without CR, and 54 TRS with CR. They underwent both undegraded and degraded Continuous Performance Tests (CPT), and their performance scores (d') were standardized against a community sample to derive age-, sex-, and education-adjusted z scores. RESULTS The TRS with CR group had significantly lower adjusted z scores of d' on both undegraded and degraded CPTs than the other two groups. Meanwhile, the differences between the TRS without CR group and the non-TRS group were not significant. Multivariable linear regression analyses with adjustment for covariates revealed a trend of gradient impairments on the degraded CPT from non-TRS to TRS without CR and to TRS with CR. The proportions of attentional deficits (an adjusted z score of ≤ - 2.5) on the degraded CPT also exhibited a significant trend, from 36.3% in the non-TRS group to 62.5% in the TRS without CR group and to 83.3% in the TRS with CR group. CONCLUSIONS Greater severity of treatment resistance in schizophrenia was associated with greater impairments in sustained attention, indicating some common vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Sheng Lin
- grid.454740.6Department of General Psychiatry, Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Chan
- grid.454740.6Office of Superintendent, Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan ,0000 0004 0546 0241grid.19188.39Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Peng
- grid.454740.6Department of General Psychiatry, Bali Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei J. Chen
- 0000 0004 0546 0241grid.19188.39Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ,0000 0004 0546 0241grid.19188.39Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
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11
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Zouraraki C, Karagiannopoulou L, Karamaouna P, Pallis EG, Giakoumaki SG. Schizotypal traits, neurocognition, and paternal age in unaffected first degree relatives of patients with familial or sporadic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2019; 273:422-429. [PMID: 30684787 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies comparing cognitive processes between familial and sporadic schizophrenia have yielded inconsistent findings. In this study we examined differences in neurocognition and schizotypal traits in unaffected relatives of schizophrenia-spectrum patients with either the familial (multiplex) or the sporadic (simplex) subtype of the disorder, taking paternal age at birth into consideration. Simplex (n = 65; SR), multiplex (n = 35; MR) relatives and controls (n = 114) were compared on several cognitive functions and schizotypal traits; between-group differences were evaluated with and without including paternal age in the analyses. SR and MR had higher negative and paranoid traits compared with controls, but paternal age abolished the differences between the SR and control groups. When taking into account schizotypal traits and participants' age, controls outperformed MR in strategy formation and set-shifting and SR in psychomotor speed, set-shifting and executive working memory. After including paternal age in the analyses, controls outperformed MR in strategy formation, working memory and executive working memory and both groups in psychomotor speed and set-shifting. These findings suggest that multiplex relatives present with a "riskier" personality and cognitive profile when considering the effects of paternal age. Nevertheless, simplex relatives are impaired in fundamental cognitive processes, thus highlighting the detrimental effects of paternal age on neurocognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Zouraraki
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece.
| | - Leda Karagiannopoulou
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
| | - Penny Karamaouna
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
| | - Eleftherios G Pallis
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Stella G Giakoumaki
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
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12
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Langbein K, Schmidt U, Schack S, Biesel NJ, Rudzok M, Amminger GP, Berger M, Sauer H, Smesny S. State marker properties of niacin skin sensitivity in ultra-high risk groups for psychosis - An optical reflection spectroscopy study. Schizophr Res 2018; 192:377-384. [PMID: 28602647 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Impaired niacin sensitivity (NS) is one of the most replicated findings in untreated schizophrenia, and reflects a disturbance of prostaglandin-mediated pathways in association with deregulated arachidonic acid metabolism, pro-inflammatory activation, and vasomotor function. In ultra-high risk individuals (UHR) increased NS was reported recently, pointing towards dynamic alterations of the underlying pathomechanisms in the period preceding psychosis. However, these characteristics are still unresolved in the diverse UHR groups. We tested the hypothesis that NS is attenuated in patients who have transitioned to psychosis and in the Brief Limited Intermittent Psychotic Symptoms (BLIPS, UHR-B) and/or the attenuated symptoms (UHR-A) groups, while it is unchanged or increased in the genetic risk group (UHR-G). Sensitivity to three concentrations (0.1-0.001M) of aqueous methylnicotinate was tested in 84 UHR patients, 105 first-episode psychosis patients (FEP) and 180 healthy individuals (HC), using optical reflection spectroscopy (ORS). The UHR subgroup and transition/non-transition outcomes were assessed according to PACE criteria using the CAARMS. Psychopathology was assessed using SANS, SAPS, and BPRS or SCL-90-R self-ratings. In 0.001M data, decreased NS was found in the UHR-B (n=12), UHR-A (n=45) and the transition groups (n=13), similar to the result in FEP. NS in the UHR-G (n=27) and HC groups did not differ. In the UHR-B and FEP groups, NS and positive symptom scores were inversely correlated. These state marker properties could be used to characterize the intensity of the underlying pathomechanisms during the onset of psychosis or to identify UHR individuals that might benefit from related indicated prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Langbein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Schack
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie J Biesel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Rudzok
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - G Paul Amminger
- Orygen - The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Maximus Berger
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
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13
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Wang SH, Hsiao PC, Yeh LL, Liu CM, Liu CC, Hwang TJ, Hsieh MH, Chien YL, Lin YT, Chandler SD, Faraone SV, Laird N, Neale B, McCarroll SA, Glatt SJ, Tsuang MT, Hwu HG, Chen WJ. Polygenic risk for schizophrenia and neurocognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 17:49-55. [PMID: 28719030 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Both neurocognitive deficits and schizophrenia are highly heritable. Genetic overlap between neurocognitive deficits and schizophrenia has been observed in both the general population and in the clinical samples. This study aimed to examine if the polygenic architecture of susceptibility to schizophrenia modified neurocognitive performance in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were first derived from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) on schizophrenia, and then the scores were calculated in our independent sample of 1130 schizophrenia trios, who had PsychChip data and were part of the Schizophrenia Families from Taiwan project. Pseudocontrols generated from the nontransmitted parental alleles of the parents in these trios were compared with alleles in schizophrenia patients in assessing the replicability of PGC-derived susceptibility variants. Schizophrenia PRS at the P-value threshold (PT) of 0.1 explained 0.2% in the variance of disease status in this Han-Taiwanese samples, and the score itself had a P-value 0.05 for the association test with the disorder. Each patient underwent neurocognitive evaluation on sustained attention using the continuous performance test and executive function using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. We applied a structural equation model to construct the neurocognitive latent variable estimated from multiple measured indices in these 2 tests, and then tested the association between the PRS and the neurocognitive latent variable. Higher schizophrenia PRS generated at the PT of 0.1 was significantly associated with poorer neurocognitive performance with explained variance 0.5%. Our findings indicated that schizophrenia susceptibility variants modify the neurocognitive performance in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - P-C Hsiao
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - L-L Yeh
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C-M Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-C Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T-J Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - M H Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-L Chien
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-T Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S D Chandler
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry; & Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Neuroscience and Physiology, Medical Genetics Research Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - N Laird
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Neale
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S J Glatt
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Neuroscience and Physiology, Medical Genetics Research Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - M T Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry; & Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - H-G Hwu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - W J Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genetic Epidemiology Core Laboratory, Division of Genomic Medicine, Research Center for Medical Excellence, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Chen CW, Sun CW. Combination of Electroencephalography and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Evaluation of Mental Concentration during the Mental Focus Task for Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Sci Rep 2017; 7:338. [PMID: 28336927 PMCID: PMC5428406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging tool for measuring evoked functional changes in brain oxygenation. Electroencephalography (EEG) can be used to evaluate the functionality of cortical connections and obtain information on regional cortical activity. Coregistration of EEG–NIRS is a recent technique that has been applied for measuring changes in electrical and hemodynamic activity in the human brain. EEG–NIRS coregistration facilitates the avoidance of misleading interpretations of NIRS, particularly in the diagnosis of neurological disorders. In this study, we investigated an approach for enhancing accuracy of NIRS by using EEG to monitor physiological activity during a mental focus task. Using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for the subjects mental focus task, we identified two trend types in the EEG and NIRS signals of normal subjects. These data can assist in understanding brain activation statuses and enable determining subjects’ degree of mental concentration. If the data can be standardized for the diagnosis of neurological disorders, they can provide a new index to improve traditional methods (e.g., questionnaires) to assist clinical doctors in diagnosing cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Wei Chen
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Lab, Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Sun
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Lab, Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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15
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Aydın E, Cansu Ülgen M, Tabo A, Devrim Balaban Ö, Yeşilyurt S, Yumrukçal H. Executive function and genetic loading in nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Res 2017; 248:105-110. [PMID: 28038438 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions meet the "endophenotype candidate" criteria in neuropsychological measures for schizophrenic patients. To determine which area of executive functioning has the greatest value in differentiating the so called "candidate endophenotype" of schizophrenia through comparing the effect sizes of four commonly used executive function tests. A Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, a Stroop Test, a Trail Making Test and a Verbal Fluency Test were used to evaluate executive function in two study groups: healthy relatives of schizophrenia patients from simplex and multiplex families and a healthy control group. In all four tests, study groups performed poorly in contrast to the control group. In the B time, A error and B error results of the Trail Making Test, the multiplex group performed poorly compared to the simplex group; control group did better than both study groups. Our findings support that the presence of a schizophrenia patient in a family predicts worse performance on executive function tests in a group of healthy relatives of that individual. The results of our study suggest that the Trail Making Test in particular may signify a stronger endophenotypic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Aydın
- Institution and Department, Bakırköy Research & Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery/Psychiatry Services, Turkey.
| | - Mine Cansu Ülgen
- Institution and Department, Gaziantep Ersin Arslan Hospital/Psychiatry Services, Turkey
| | - Abdülkadir Tabo
- Institution and Department, Bakırköy Research & Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery/Psychiatry Services, Turkey
| | - Özlem Devrim Balaban
- Institution and Department, Bakırköy Research & Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery/Psychiatry Services, Turkey
| | - Sema Yeşilyurt
- Institution and Department, Bakırköy Research & Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery/Psychiatry Services, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Yumrukçal
- Institution and Department, Bakırköy Research & Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery/Psychiatry Services, Turkey
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16
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Guan F, Lin H, Chen G, Li L, Chen T, Liu X, Han J, Li T. Evaluation of association of common variants in HTR1A and HTR5A with schizophrenia and executive function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38048. [PMID: 27897266 PMCID: PMC5126681 DOI: 10.1038/srep38048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-HT1A receptor (HTR1A) and the 5-HT5A receptor (HTR5A) are key 5-HT receptors with distinct inhibitory functions. Studies have been conducted to investigate the association of a few HTR1A polymorphisms with schizophrenia, producing conflicting results, and the relationship between HTR5A and schizophrenia has not yet been well investigated. We aimed to examine the association of HTR1A and HTR5A with schizophrenia and executive function. The study included a discovery stage with 1,115 patients and 2,289 controls and a replication stage with 2,128 patients and 3,865 controls. A total of 30 common SNPs in HTR1A and HTR5A were genotyped in the discovery stage, and significantly associated SNPs were genotyped in the replication stage. We identified that two SNPs (rs878567 in HTR1A and rs1800883 in HTR5A) were significantly associated with schizophrenia in both datasets, and similar results were observed in imputation and haplotype association analyses. Moreover, we found that SNP rs1800883 significantly interacted with executive function when processing the perseverative error of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in patients. Our results provide further supportive evidence of the effect of HTR1A and HTR5A on the etiology of schizophrenia and suggest that the selected genetic variations in HTR5A may be involved in impaired executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Guan
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, School of Medicine &Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of National Ministry of Health for Forensic Sciences, School of Medicine &Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huali Lin
- Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Ministry of Health for Forensic Sciences, School of Medicine &Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of National Ministry of Health for Forensic Sciences, School of Medicine &Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, School of Medicine &Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of National Ministry of Health for Forensic Sciences, School of Medicine &Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinshe Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Ministry of Health for Forensic Sciences, School of Medicine &Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine &Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiuqiang Han
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of National Ministry of Health for Forensic Sciences, School of Medicine &Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine &Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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17
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A Correlative Classification Study of Schizophrenic Patients with Results of Clinical Evaluation and Structural Magnetic Resonance Images. Behav Neurol 2016; 2016:7849526. [PMID: 27843197 PMCID: PMC5098109 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7849526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia suffer from symptoms such as hallucination and delusion. There are currently a number of publications that discuss the treatment, diagnosis, prognosis, and damage in schizophrenia. This study utilized joint independent component analysis to process the images of GMV and WMV and incorporated the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) and the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) to examine the correlation of obtained brain characteristics. We also used PANSS score to classify schizophrenic patients into acute and subacute cases, to analyze the brain structure differences. Finally, we used brain structure images and the error rate of the WCST as eigenvalues in support vector machine learning and classification. The results of this study showed that the frontal and temporal lobes of a normal brain are more apparent than those of a schizophrenia brain. The highest level of classification recognition reached 91.575%, indicating that the WCST error rate and characteristic changes in brain structure volume can be used to effectively distinguish schizophrenia and normal brains. Similarly, this result confirmed that the WCST and brain structure volume are correlated with the differences between schizophrenia and normal participants.
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18
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Liang S, Deng W, Wang Q, Ma X, Li M, Brown MRG, Hu X, Li X, Greenshaw AJ, Li T. Performance of Verbal Fluency as an Endophenotype in Patients with Familial versus Sporadic Schizophrenia and Their Parents. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32597. [PMID: 27581658 PMCID: PMC5007652 DOI: 10.1038/srep32597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
What’s the neurocognitive deficit as an endophenotype to familial schizophrenia? Here, we investigate the neurocognitive endophenotype in first-episode patients with familial schizophrenia (FS) and sporadic schizophrenia (SS), and their parents. 98 FS patients and their 105 parents; 190 SS patients and their 207 parents; 195 controls matched with patients, and 190 controls matched with the patients’ parents, were assessed with the short version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised in China (WAIS-RC), the immediate and delayed logical memory tests from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised in China (WMS-RC), the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), the Trail Making Test Parts A and B-Modified (TMA, TMB-M), and the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST-M). The results showed that with age, gender, and education as covariates, after controlling for false discovery rates, the FS group and their parent group performed worse than the SS group and their parent group on VFT. No significant differences were found for other neurocognitive tests between the FS and SS patient groups, and their respective parent groups. Our findings suggest the patients with familial and sporadic schizophrenia and their respective parent groups may have a different genetic predisposition in relation to a cognitive endophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugai Liang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,West China Brain Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,West China Brain Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Mingli Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Matthew R G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2B3, Canada
| | - Xun Hu
- Huaxi Biobank, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2B3, Canada
| | - Andrew J Greenshaw
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2B3, Canada
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,West China Brain Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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19
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Bennett MR, Hatton S, Hermens DF, Lagopoulos J. Behavior, neuropsychology and fMRI. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 145-146:1-25. [PMID: 27393370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscientists in the late 20th century began the task of identifying the part(s) of the brain concerned with normal behavior as manifest in the psychological capacities as affective powers, reasoning, behaving purposively and the pursuit of goals, following introduction of the 'functional magnetic resonance imaging' (fMRI) method for identifying brain activity. For this research program to be successful two questions require satisfactory answers. First, as the fMRI method can currently only be used on stationary subjects, to what extent can neuropsychological tests applicable to such stationary subjects be correlated with normal behavior. Second, to what extent can correlations between the various neuropsychological tests on the one hand, and sites of brain activity determined with fMRI on the other, be regarded as established. The extent to which these questions have yet received satisfactory answers is reviewed, and suggestions made both for improving correlations of neuropsychological tests with behavior as well as with the results of fMRI-based observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell R Bennett
- Brain & Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Sean Hatton
- Brain & Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Brain & Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Brain & Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience - Thompson Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia.
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Hill SK, Reilly JL, Ragozzino ME, Rubin LH, Bishop JR, Gur RC, Gershon ES, Tamminga CA, Pearlson GD, Keshavan MS, Keefe RSE, Sweeney JA. Regressing to Prior Response Preference After Set Switching Implicates Striatal Dysfunction Across Psychotic Disorders: Findings From the B-SNIP Study. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:940-50. [PMID: 25194139 PMCID: PMC4466172 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Difficulty switching behavioral response sets is established in psychotic disorders. In rodent models, prefrontal lesions cause difficulty initially switching to new response sets (perseverative errors) while striatal lesions cause difficulty suppressing responses to previous choice preferences (regressive errors). Studies of psychotic disorders have not previously assessed these 2 error types. Bipolar and Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) participants included probands with schizophrenia (N = 212), psychotic bipolar (N = 192), and schizoaffective disorder (N = 131), their first-degree relatives (N = 267,226,165 respectively), and healthy controls (N = 258). Participants completed the Penn Conditional Exclusion Test (PCET) to assess cognitive set switching and the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) to assess generalized neuropsychological dysfunction. All proband groups displayed elevated rates of perseverative and regressive errors compared to controls. After correcting for generalized cognitive deficits to identify specific deficits in set shifting and maintenance, there were no significant group differences for perseverative errors, while the increased rate of regressive errors remained significant. Level of regressive errors was similar across proband groups with minimal correlations with antipsychotic medication dose, clinical ratings, and demographic characteristics. Relatives of schizophrenia patients showed increased rates of regressive errors, but familiality of this trait was significant only in bipolar pedigrees. Regressive errors were partially independent of generalized cognitive deficits, suggesting a potentially informative and specific cognitive deficit across psychotic disorders. Preclinical data indicate that this deficit could be related to altered function in a neural system that may include the dorsal striatum or other elements of frontostriatal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kristian Hill
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL
| | - James L. Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Jeffrey R. Bishop
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine;,The Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Carol A. Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX
| | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University;,Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, CT
| | | | | | - John A. Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX
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21
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Chien YL, Liu CM, Shan JC, Lee HJ, Hsieh MH, Hwu HG, Chiou LC. Elevated plasma orexin A levels in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia associated with fewer negative and disorganized symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 53:1-9. [PMID: 25560205 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orexin A and B, a pair of hypothalamic neuropeptides also named hypocretin 1 and 2, play a role in the regulation of arousal, appetite, reward, attention, and cognition. Animal studies showed that antipsychotics can activate orexin neurons in a manner correlated with their weight gain liability. However, little is known about the role of orexin in patients with schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the correlation of plasma orexin level with clinical symptom profile, neurocognitive functioning and weight gain liability of the antipsychotics taken in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS We measured plasma levels of orexin A in 127 patients with schizophrenia and 34 healthy controls by radioimmunoassay. In patients, we assessed clinical symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and executive function by the Wisconsin Card Sorting test (WCST), and examined their associations with plasma orexin A level. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia had a significantly higher mean orexin A level than healthy controls (60.7±37.9 vs. 38.8±15.5pg/ml). Patients were divided into two subgroups based on their orexin A levels that were distributed in two clusters divided by 80pg/ml. Patients in the high-orexin subgroup had significantly fewer negative and disorganized symptoms, and tended to have fewer perseverative errors, more failure to maintain set yet comparable category achieved on the WCST than the normal-orexin subgroup. There was no significant difference in orexin A levels among patients taking antipsychotics with different weight gain liabilities. CONCLUSION Higher level of orexin A seems to be related to favorable clinical symptom profiles of schizophrenia, but the causal relationship needs further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chien
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Chi Shan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming H Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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22
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Lavoie MA, Plana I, Jackson PL, Godmaire-Duhaime F, Bédard Lacroix J, Achim AM. Performance in multiple domains of social cognition in parents of patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:118-24. [PMID: 25216560 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Social cognition refers to a set of cognitive abilities that allow us to perceive and interpret social stimuli. Social cognition is affected in schizophrenia and impairments have also been documented in unaffected relatives, suggesting that social cognition may be related to a genetic vulnerability to the disease. This study aims to investigate potential impairments in four domains of social cognition (mentalizing, emotion recognition, social knowledge and empathy) in the same group of relatives in order to gather a more complete picture of social cognition difficulties in this population. The Batterie Intégrée de Cognition Sociale (BICS) (mentalizing, emotion recognition, and social knowledge) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) (empathy) were administered to 31 parents of patients with a psychotic disorder and 38 healthy controls. Parents of patients performed significantly worse than controls on the mentalizing test but significantly better on the social knowledge test. No significant between-group differences were observed for emotion recognition and empathy. This study is the first to evaluate four social cognition domains in this population. The results precise which social cognition processes may be impaired or preserved in unaffected relatives of patients and lead us to propose an hypothesis about a mechanism that could underlie the mentalizing difficulties observed in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Audrey Lavoie
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec city, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche de l׳Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Quebec city, Québec, Canada; Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et réintégration sociale, Quebec city, Québec, Canada
| | - India Plana
- Centre de recherche de l׳Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Quebec city, Québec, Canada; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec city, Québec, Canada
| | - Philip L Jackson
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec city, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche de l׳Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Quebec city, Québec, Canada; Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et réintégration sociale, Quebec city, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Amélie M Achim
- Centre de recherche de l׳Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Quebec city, Québec, Canada; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec city, Québec, Canada.
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Harrell PT, Mancha BEE, Martins SS, Mauro PM, Kuo JH, Scherer M, Bolla KI, Latimer WW. Cognitive performance profiles by latent classes of drug use. Am J Addict 2014; 23:431-9. [PMID: 24628774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2014.12124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The relationship between substance use and cognitive deficits is complex and requires innovative methods to enhance understanding. The present study is the first to use LCA to examine associations of drug use patterns with cognitive performance. METHODS Cocaine/heroin users (N = 552) completed questionnaires, and cognitive measures. LCA identified classes based on past-month drug use and adjusted for probabilities of group membership when examining cognitive performance. Latent indicators were: alcohol (ALC), cigarettes (CIG), marijuana (MJ), crack smoking (CS), nasal heroin (NH), injection cocaine (IC), injection heroin (IH), and injection speedball (IS). Age and education were included as covariates in model creation. RESULTS Bootstrap likelihood ratio test (BLRT) supported a 5-class model. Prevalent indicators (estimated probability of over 50%) for each class are as follows: "Older Nasal Heroin/Crack Smokers" (ONH/CS, n = 166.9): ALC, CIG, NH, CS; "Older, Less Educated Polysubstance" (OLEP, n = 54.8): ALC, CIG, CS, IH, IC, and IS; "Younger Multi-Injectors" (MI, n = 128.7): ALC, CIG, MJ, IH, IC, and IS; "Less Educated Heroin Injectors" (LEHI, n = 87.4): CIG, IH; and "More Educated Nasal Heroin" users (MENH, n = ALC, CIG, NH. In general, all classes performed worse than established norms and older, less educated classes performed worse, with the exception that MENH demonstrated worse cognitive flexibility than YMI. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated novel applications of a methodology for examining complicated relationships between polysubstance use and cognitive performance. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Education and/or nasal heroin use are associated with reduced cognitive flexibility in this sample of inner city drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Truman Harrell
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
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Lin YT, Liu CM, Chiu MJ, Liu CC, Chien YL, Hwang TJ, Jaw FS, Shan JC, Hsieh MH, Hwu HG. Differentiation of schizophrenia patients from healthy subjects by mismatch negativity and neuropsychological tests. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34454. [PMID: 22496807 PMCID: PMC3320618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder with diverse presentations. The current and the proposed DSM-V diagnostic system remains phenomenologically based, despite the fact that several neurobiological and neuropsychological markers have been identified. A multivariate approach has better diagnostic utility than a single marker method. In this study, the mismatch negativity (MMN) deficit of schizophrenia was first replicated in a Han Chinese population, and then the MMN was combined with several neuropsychological measurements to differentiate schizophrenia patients from healthy subjects. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 120 schizophrenia patients and 76 healthy controls were recruited. Each subject received examinations for duration MMN, Continuous Performance Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Third Edition (WAIS-III). The MMN was compared between cases and controls, and important covariates were investigated. Schizophrenia patients had significantly reduced MMN amplitudes, and MMN decreased with increasing age in both patient and control groups. None of the neuropsychological indices correlated with MMN. Predictive multivariate logistic regression models using the MMN and neuropsychological measurements as predictors were developed. Four predictors, including MMN at electrode FCz and three scores from the WAIS-III (Arithmetic, Block Design, and Performance IQ) were retained in the final predictive model. The model performed well in differentiating patients from healthy subjects (percentage of concordant pairs: 90.5%). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE MMN deficits were found in Han Chinese schizophrenia patients. The multivariate approach combining biomarkers from different modalities such as electrophysiology and neuropsychology had a better diagnostic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Dou-Liou City, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chung Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Chien
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Jeng Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Shan Jaw
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Chi Shan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming H. Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Dou-Liou City, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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A genome-wide linkage scan for distinct subsets of schizophrenia characterized by age at onset and neurocognitive deficits. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24103. [PMID: 21897869 PMCID: PMC3163684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As schizophrenia is genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous, targeting genetically informative phenotypes may help identify greater linkage signals. The aim of the study is to evaluate the genetic linkage evidence for schizophrenia in subsets of families with earlier age at onset or greater neurocognitive deficits. METHODS Patients with schizophrenia (n = 1,207) and their first-degree relatives (n = 1,035) from 557 families with schizophrenia were recruited from six data collection field research centers throughout Taiwan. Subjects completed a face-to-face semi-structured interview, the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and were genotyped with 386 microsatellite markers across the genome. RESULTS A maximum nonparametric logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 4.17 at 2q22.1 was found in 295 families ranked by increasing age at onset, which had significant increases in the maximum LOD score compared with those obtained in initial linkage analyses using all available families. Based on this subset, a further subsetting by false alarm rate on the undegraded and degraded CPT obtained further increase in the nested subset-based LOD on 2q22.1, with a score of 7.36 in 228 families and 7.71 in 243 families, respectively. CONCLUSION We found possible evidence of linkage on chromosome 2q22.1 in families of schizophrenia patients with more CPT false alarm rates nested within the families with younger age at onset. These results highlight the importance of incorporating genetically informative phenotypes in unraveling the complex genetics of schizophrenia.
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