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Wang F, Liu X, Huang F, Zhou Y, Wang X, Song Z, Wang S, Wang X, Shi D, Ruan G, Ji X, Zhang E, Tan Z, Ye Y, Wang C, Zhu J, Wang W. Gut microbiota-derived gamma-aminobutyric acid from metformin treatment reduces hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibiting ferroptosis. eLife 2024; 12:RP89045. [PMID: 38488837 PMCID: PMC10942780 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a common and inevitable factor leading to poor prognosis in various liver diseases, making the outcomes of current treatments in clinic unsatisfactory. Metformin has been demonstrated to be beneficial to alleviate HIRI in recent studies, however, the underpinning mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we found metformin mitigates HIRI-induced ferroptosis through reshaped gut microbiota in mice, which was confirmed by the results of fecal microbiota transplantation treatment but showed the elimination of the beneficial effects when gut bacteria were depleted using antibiotics. Detailedly, through 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing, we identified that the metformin-reshaped microbiota was characterized by the increase of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) producing bacteria. This increase was further confirmed by the elevation of GABA synthesis key enzymes, glutamic acid decarboxylase and putrescine aminotransferase, in gut microbes of metformin-treated mice and healthy volunteers. Furthermore, the benefit of GABA against HIRI-induced ferroptosis was demonstrated in GABA-treated mice. Collectively, our data indicate that metformin can mitigate HIRI-induced ferroptosis by reshaped gut microbiota, with GABA identified as a key metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyan Wang
- Institute of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Xiujie Liu
- Institute of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, The University of Nottingham NingboNingboChina
- Suzhou Inhal Pharma Co., Ltd.SuzhouChina
| | - Furong Huang
- Institute of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Yan Zhou
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Institute of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Zhengyang Song
- Institute of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Sisi Wang
- Institute of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Institute of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Dibang Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Gaoyi Ruan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Xiawei Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Eryao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Zenglin Tan
- Institute of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Yuqing Ye
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, The University of Nottingham NingboNingboChina
- Suzhou Inhal Pharma Co., Ltd.SuzhouChina
| | - Chuang Wang
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jesse Zhu
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, The University of Nottingham NingboNingboChina
- Suzhou Inhal Pharma Co., Ltd.SuzhouChina
| | - Wantie Wang
- Institute of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
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2
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Kobayashi I, Forcelli PA. The effects of a dual orexin receptor antagonist on fear extinction memory and sleep in mice: Implications for exposure therapy. Behav Brain Res 2024; 458:114741. [PMID: 37931704 PMCID: PMC10841840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Extinction of conditioned fear is considered a fundamental process in the recovery from posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety disorders. Sleep, especially rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, has been implicated in promoting extinction memory. The orexin system contributes to the regulation of sleep and wakefulness and emotional behaviors. In rodents, administrations of an orexin receptor antagonist following fear extinction training enhanced consolidation of extinction memory. Although orexin antagonists increase sleep, including REM sleep, the possible contribution of sleep to the effects of orexin antagonists on extinction memory has not been examined. Therefore, this study examined the effects of suvorexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist, on extinction memory and sleep and their associations in mice. C57BL/6 mice underwent sleep recording for 24 h before and after contextual fear conditioning with footshocks and extinction learning during the early light phase or early dark phase. Mice were systemically injected with either 25 mg/kg of suvorexant or vehicle immediately after the extinction session. We found that suvorexant neither altered sleep nor improved extinction memory recall compared with vehicle. The higher percentages of REM sleep during the post-extinction dark phase were associated with lower extinction memory recall and greater freezing responses to the fear context. Results also indicate that animals did not reach complete extinction of fear with the fear extinction training protocol used in this study. These findings suggest that promoting REM sleep may not enhance fear extinction memory when extinction of fear is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihori Kobayashi
- Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St. NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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3
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Poulie CM, Chan CB, Parka A, Lettorp M, Vos J, Raaschou A, Pottie E, Bundgaard MS, Sørensen LME, Cecchi CR, Märcher-Rørsted E, Bach A, Herth MM, Decker A, Jensen AA, Elfving B, Kretschmann AC, Stove CP, Kohlmeier KA, Cornett C, Janfelt C, Kornum BR, Kristensen JL. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Pellotine: A Hypnotic Lophophora Alkaloid. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1492-1507. [PMID: 37854625 PMCID: PMC10580395 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Quality of life is often reduced in patients with sleep-wake disorders. Insomnia is commonly treated with benzodiazepines, despite their well-known side effects. Pellotine (1), a Lophophora alkaloid, has been reported to have short-acting sleep-inducing properties in humans. In this study, we set out to evaluate various in vitro and in vivo properties of 1. We demonstrate that 1 undergoes slow metabolism; e.g. in mouse liver microsomes 65% remained, and in human liver microsomes virtually no metabolism was observed after 4 h. In mouse liver microsomes, two phase I metabolites were identified: 7-desmethylpellotine and pellotine-N-oxide. In mice, the two diastereomers of pellotine-O-glucuronide were additionally identified as phase II metabolites. Furthermore, we demonstrated by DESI-MSI that 1 readily enters the central nervous system of rodents. Furthermore, radioligand-displacement assays showed that 1 is selective for the serotonergic system and in particular the serotonin (5-HT)1D, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors, where it binds with affinities in the nanomolar range (117, 170, and 394 nM, respectively). Additionally, 1 was functionally characterized at 5-HT6 and 5-HT7, where it was found to be an agonist at the former (EC50 = 94 nM, Emax = 32%) and an inverse agonist at the latter (EC50 = 291 nM, Emax = -98.6). Finally, we demonstrated that 1 dose-dependently decreases locomotion in mice, inhibits REM sleep, and promotes sleep fragmentation. Thus, we suggest that pellotine itself, and not an active metabolite, is responsible for the hypnotic effects and that these effects are possibly mediated through modulation of serotonergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian
B. M. Poulie
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla B. Chan
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aleksandra Parka
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, C Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magnus Lettorp
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, C Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Josephine Vos
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, C Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amanda Raaschou
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, C Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eline Pottie
- Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg
460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mikkel S. Bundgaard
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louis M. E. Sørensen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia R. Cecchi
- Translational
Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus N Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil Märcher-Rørsted
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Bach
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias M. Herth
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine
& PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann Decker
- Center for
Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Anders A. Jensen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational
Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus N Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas C. Kretschmann
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, C Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christophe P. Stove
- Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg
460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristi A. Kohlmeier
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Cornett
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, C Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Janfelt
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, C Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte R. Kornum
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, C Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper L. Kristensen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Kaplan GB, Lakis GA, Zhoba H. Sleep-Wake and Arousal Dysfunctions in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder:Role of Orexin Systems. Brain Res Bull 2022; 186:106-122. [PMID: 35618150 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-related condition that produces distressing fear memory intrusions, avoidance behaviors, hyperarousal/startle, stress responses and insomnia. This review focuses on the importance of the orexin neural system as a novel mechanism related to the pathophysiology of PTSD. Orexinergic neurons originate in the lateral hypothalamus and project widely to key neurotransmitter system neurons, autonomic neurons, the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, and fear-related neural circuits. After trauma or stress, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) transmits sensory information to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and in turn to the hypothalamus and other subcortical and brainstem regions to promote fear and threat. Orexin receptors have a prominent role in this circuit as fear conditioned orexin receptor knockout mice show decreased fear expression while dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) inhibit fear acquisition and expression. Orexin activation of an infralimbic-amygdala circuit impedes fear extinction while DORA treatments enhance it. Increased orexin signaling to the amygdalocortical- hippocampal circuit promotes avoidance behaviors. Orexin has an important role in activating sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity and the HPA axis stress responses. Blockade of orexin receptors reduces fear-conditioned startle responses. In PTSD models, individuals demonstrate sleep disturbances such as increased sleep latency and more transitions to wakefulness. Increased orexin activity impairs sleep by promoting wakefulness and reducing total sleep time while DORA treatments enhance sleep onset and maintenance. The orexinergic neural system provides important mechanisms for understanding multiple PTSD behaviors and provides new medication targets to treat this often persistent and debilitating illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Kaplan
- Mental Health Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132 USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118 USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118 USA.
| | - Gabrielle A Lakis
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132 USA; Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215 USA
| | - Hryhoriy Zhoba
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132 USA
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5
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Abstract
The hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two neuropeptides produced exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus. They act on two specific receptors that are widely distributed across the brain and involved in a myriad of neurophysiological functions that include sleep, arousal, feeding, reward, fear, anxiety and cognition. Hcrt cell loss in humans leads to narcolepsy with cataplexy (narcolepsy type 1), a disorder characterized by intrusions of sleep into wakefulness, demonstrating that the Hcrt system is nonredundant and essential for sleep/wake stability. The causal link between Hcrts and arousal/wakefulness stabilisation has led to the development of a new class of drugs, Hcrt receptor antagonists to treat insomnia, based on the assumption that blocking orexin-induced arousal will facilitate sleep. This has been clinically validated: currently, two Hcrt receptor antagonists are approved to treat insomnia (suvorexant and lemborexant), with a New Drug Application recently submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration for a third drug (daridorexant). Other therapeutic applications under investigation include reduction of cravings in substance-use disorders and prevention of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, given the apparent bidirectional relationship between poor sleep and worsening of the disease. Circuit neuroscience findings suggest that the Hcrt system is a hub that integrates diverse inputs modulating arousal (e.g., circadian rhythms, metabolic status, positive and negative emotions) and conveys this information to multiple output regions. This neuronal architecture explains the wealth of physiological functions associated with Hcrts and highlights the potential of the Hcrt system as a therapeutic target for a number of disorders. We discuss present and future possible applications of drugs targeting the Hcrt system for the treatment of circuit-related neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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