1
|
Yang FN, Picchioni D, de Zwart JA, Wang Y, van Gelderen P, Duyn JH. Reproducible, data-driven characterization of sleep based on brain dynamics and transitions from whole-night fMRI. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.24.24306208. [PMID: 38903093 PMCID: PMC11188122 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.24306208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the function of sleep requires studying the dynamics of brain activity across whole-night sleep and their transitions. However, current gold standard polysomnography (PSG) has limited spatial resolution to track brain activity. Additionally, previous fMRI studies were too short to capture full sleep stages and their cycling. To study whole-brain dynamics and transitions across whole-night sleep, we used an unsupervised learning approach, the Hidden Markov model (HMM), on two-night, 16-hour fMRI recordings of 12 non-sleep-deprived participants who reached all PSG-based sleep stages. This method identified 21 recurring brain states and their transition probabilities, beyond PSG-defined sleep stages. The HMM trained on one night accurately predicted the other, demonstrating unprecedented reproducibility. We also found functionally relevant subdivisions within rapid eye movement (REM) and within non-REM 2 stages. This study provides new insights into brain dynamics and transitions during sleep, aiding our understanding of sleep disorders that impact sleep transitions.
Collapse
|
2
|
Andrillon T, Taillard J, Strauss M. Sleepiness and the transition from wakefulness to sleep. Neurophysiol Clin 2024; 54:102954. [PMID: 38460284 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2024.102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition from wakefulness to sleep is a progressive process that is reflected in the gradual loss of responsiveness, an alteration of cognitive functions, and a drastic shift in brain dynamics. These changes do not occur all at once. The sleep onset period (SOP) refers here to this period of transition between wakefulness and sleep. For example, although transitions of brain activity at sleep onset can occur within seconds in a given brain region, these changes occur at different time points across the brain, resulting in a SOP that can last several minutes. Likewise, the transition to sleep impacts cognitive and behavioral levels in a graded and staged fashion. It is often accompanied and preceded by a sensation of drowsiness and the subjective feeling of a need for sleep, also associated with specific physiological and behavioral signatures. To better characterize fluctuations in vigilance and the SOP, a multidimensional approach is thus warranted. Such a multidimensional approach could mitigate important limitations in the current classification of sleep, leading ultimately to better diagnoses and treatments of individuals with sleep and/or vigilance disorders. These insights could also be translated in real-life settings to either facilitate sleep onset in individuals with sleep difficulties or, on the contrary, prevent or control inappropriate sleep onsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andrillon
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Université, Inserm-CNRS, Paris 75013, France; Monash Centre for Consciousness & Contemplative Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jacques Taillard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, SANPSY, UMR 6033, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mélanie Strauss
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), CUB Hôpital Érasme, Services de Neurologie, Psychiatrie et Laboratoire du sommeil, Route de Lennik 808 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium; Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group (UR2NF), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Navarrete M, Greco V, Rakowska M, Bellesi M, Lewis PA. Auditory stimulation during REM sleep modulates REM electrophysiology and cognitive performance. Commun Biol 2024; 7:193. [PMID: 38365955 PMCID: PMC10873307 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
REM sleep is critical for memory, emotion, and cognition. Manipulating brain activity during REM could improve our understanding of its function and benefits. Earlier studies have suggested that auditory stimulation in REM might modulate REM time and reduce rapid eye movement density. Building on this, we studied the cognitive effects and electroencephalographic responses related to such stimulation. We used acoustic stimulation locked to eye movements during REM and compared two overnight conditions (stimulation and no-stimulation). We evaluated the impact of this stimulation on REM sleep duration and electrophysiology, as well as two REM-sensitive memory tasks: visual discrimination and mirror tracing. Our results show that this auditory stimulation in REM decreases the rapid eye movements that characterize REM sleep and improves performance on the visual task but is detrimental to the mirror tracing task. We also observed increased beta-band activity and decreased theta-band activity following stimulation. Interestingly, these spectral changes were associated with changes in behavioural performance. These results show that acoustic stimulation can modulate REM sleep and suggest that different memory processes underpin its divergent impacts on cognitive performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Navarrete
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
- Psychology and Biobehavioral Sciences Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Viviana Greco
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Martyna Rakowska
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michele Bellesi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, 62032, Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Penelope A Lewis
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Strauss M, Griffon L, Elbaz M, Arnulf I, Chennaoui M, Léger D. Altered reinforcement learning in Narcolepsy type I and other central disorders of hypersomnolence. Sleep Med 2024; 113:103-110. [PMID: 37995471 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments are described in central disorders of hypersomnolence (CDH), but studies remain very limited and largely focused on narcolepsy type 1 (NT1). The precise nature and origin of these cognitive impairments is poorly understood. Specifically, impaired decision making under ambiguity has been reported in NT1 and suggested to be caused by dysregulation of the direct projections of hypocretin neurons to the dopamine network. However, the decision-making tasks used previously embed different cognitive functions that are difficult to isolate. This study aims to test reinforcement learning in participants with NT1 and with other (non-hypocretin deficient) CDH in a task known to directly depend on the dopamine system. Participants with NT1 (N = 27), other CDH (N = 34, including narcolepsy type 2 and idiopathic hypersomnia, matched with NT1 participants for sleepiness severity), and healthy participants (N = 34) took part in the study. Results showed that all groups had normal and similar positive reinforcement learning, a pattern not suggestive of dopamine deficiency. However, both participants with NT1 and other CDH had decreased learning abilities to avoid losses. This decreased negative reinforcement learning in participants with CDH was associated with the alteration of vigilance. This study provides new insights into the nature of decision making impairment in people with CDH and suggests that these alterations could be minimized by restoring adequate vigilance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Strauss
- Université Paris Cité, VIFASOM ERC 7330, Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique, 75006, Paris, France; APHP Hôtel Dieu, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, 75004, Paris, France; Neuropsychology and Functional Imaging Research Group (UR2NF) at Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN) and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), CUB Hôpital Érasme, Service de Neurologie, Psychiatrie et Laboratoire du sommeil, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Lucie Griffon
- Université Paris Cité, VIFASOM ERC 7330, Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique, 75006, Paris, France; APHP Hôtel Dieu, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, 75004, Paris, France; Unité de Ventilation Non-invasive et du sommeil de l'enfant, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Elbaz
- Université Paris Cité, VIFASOM ERC 7330, Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique, 75006, Paris, France; APHP Hôtel Dieu, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, 75004, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- APHP-Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Fédération des Pathologies du Sommeil, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Narcolepsies and Rare Hypersomnias, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- Université Paris Cité, VIFASOM ERC 7330, Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique, 75006, Paris, France; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité Fatigue et vigilance, 91220, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Damien Léger
- Université Paris Cité, VIFASOM ERC 7330, Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique, 75006, Paris, France; APHP Hôtel Dieu, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, 75004, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Castillo PR. Clinical Neurobiology of Sleep and Wakefulness. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2023; 29:1016-1030. [PMID: 37590820 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article focuses on novel neuronal mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness and relates basic science developments with potential translational implications in circadian neurobiology, pharmacology, behavioral factors, and the recently integrated potential pathways of sleep-related motor inhibition. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS During the past decade, remarkable advances in the molecular biology of sleep and wakefulness have taken place, opening a promising path for the understanding of clinical sleep disorders. Newly gained insights include the role of astrocytes in sleep brain homeostasis through the glymphatic system, the promotion of memory consolidation during states of reduced cholinergic activity during slow wave sleep, and the differential functions of melatonin receptors involving regulation of both circadian rhythm and sleep initiation. Ongoing investigations exploring sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions are beginning to unlock pathophysiologic aspects of neurologic, psychiatric, and medical disorders. ESSENTIAL POINTS An understanding of sleep and circadian neurobiology provides coherent and biologically credible approaches to treatments, including the identification of potential targets for neuromodulation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Associations between objectively measured sleep parameters and cognition in healthy older adults: A meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2023; 67:101734. [PMID: 36577339 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have examined associations between sleep and cognition in older adults, but a majority of these depend on self-reports on sleep and utilize cognitive tests that assess overall cognitive function. The current meta-analysis involved 72 independent studies and sought to quantify associations between objectively measured sleep parameters and cognitive performance in healthy older adults. Both sleep macrostructure (e.g., sleep duration, continuity, and stages) and microstructure (e.g., slow wave activity and spindle activity) were evaluated. For macrostructure, lower restlessness at night was associated with better memory performance (r = 0.43, p = 0.02), while lower sleep onset latency was associated with better executive functioning (r = 0.28, p = 0.03). Greater relative amount of N2 and REM sleep, but not N3, positively correlated with cognitive performance. The association between microstructure and cognition in older adults was marginally significant. This relationship was moderated by age (z = 0.07, p < 0.01), education (z = 0.26, p = 0.03), and percentage of female participants (z = 0.01, p < 0.01). The current meta-analysis emphasizes the importance of considering objective sleep measures to understand the relationship between sleep and cognition in healthy older adults. These results also form a base from which researchers using wearable sleep technology and measuring behavior through computerized testing tools can evaluate their findings.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sleep spindles, stress and PTSD: The state of the science and future directions. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 23:100516. [PMID: 36861030 PMCID: PMC9969071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are a signature feature of non-REM (NREM) sleep, with demonstrated relationships to sleep maintenance and learning and memory. Because PTSD is characterized by disturbances in sleep maintenance and in stress learning and memory, there is now a growing interest in examining the role of sleep spindles in the neurobiology of PTSD. This review provides an overview of methods for measuring and detecting sleep spindles as they pertain to human PTSD and stress research, presents a critical review of early findings examining sleep spindles in PTSD and stress neurobiology, and proposes several directions for future research. In doing so, this review underscores the extensive heterogeneity in sleep spindle measurement and detection methods, the wide range of spindle features that may be and have been examined, the many persisting unknowns about the clinical and functional relevance of those features, and the problems considering PTSD as a homogeneous group in between-group comparisons. This review also highlights the progress that has been made in this field and underscores the strong rationale for ongoing work in this area.
Collapse
|
8
|
A failure of sleep-dependent consolidation of visuoperceptual procedural learning in young adults with ADHD. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:499. [PMID: 36460644 PMCID: PMC9718731 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
ADHD has been associated with cortico-striatal dysfunction that may lead to procedural memory abnormalities. Sleep plays a critical role in consolidating procedural memories, and sleep problems are an integral part of the psychopathology of ADHD. This raises the possibility that altered sleep processes characterizing those with ADHD could contribute to their skill-learning impairments. On this basis, the present study tested the hypothesis that young adults with ADHD have altered sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation. Participants with ADHD and neurotypicals were trained on a visual discrimination task that has been shown to benefit from sleep. Half of the participants were tested after a 12-h break that included nocturnal sleep (sleep condition), whereas the other half were tested after a 12-h daytime break that did not include sleep (wakefulness condition) to assess the specific contribution of sleep to improvement in task performance. Despite having a similar degree of initial learning, participants with ADHD did not improve in the visual discrimination task following a sleep interval compared to neurotypicals, while they were on par with neurotypicals during the wakefulness condition. These findings represent the first demonstration of a failure in sleep-dependent consolidation of procedural learning in young adults with ADHD. Such a failure is likely to disrupt automatic control routines that are normally provided by the non-declarative memory system, thereby increasing the load on attentional resources of individuals with ADHD.
Collapse
|
9
|
Singh D, Norman KA, Schapiro AC. A model of autonomous interactions between hippocampus and neocortex driving sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123432119. [PMID: 36279437 PMCID: PMC9636926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123432119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
How do we build up our knowledge of the world over time? Many theories of memory formation and consolidation have posited that the hippocampus stores new information, then "teaches" this information to the neocortex over time, especially during sleep. But it is unclear, mechanistically, how this actually works-How are these systems able to interact during periods with virtually no environmental input to accomplish useful learning and shifts in representation? We provide a framework for thinking about this question, with neural network model simulations serving as demonstrations. The model is composed of hippocampus and neocortical areas, which replay memories and interact with one another completely autonomously during simulated sleep. Oscillations are leveraged to support error-driven learning that leads to useful changes in memory representation and behavior. The model has a non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep stage, where dynamics between the hippocampus and neocortex are tightly coupled, with the hippocampus helping neocortex to reinstate high-fidelity versions of new attractors, and a REM sleep stage, where neocortex is able to more freely explore existing attractors. We find that alternating between NREM and REM sleep stages, which alternately focuses the model's replay on recent and remote information, facilitates graceful continual learning. We thus provide an account of how the hippocampus and neocortex can interact without any external input during sleep to drive useful new cortical learning and to protect old knowledge as new information is integrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhairyya Singh
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kenneth A. Norman
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Anna C. Schapiro
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hoedlmoser K, Peigneux P, Rauchs G. Recent advances in memory consolidation and information processing during sleep. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13607. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hoedlmoser
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), Laboratory for “Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research” University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF – Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit affiliated at CRCN – Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI – ULB Neuroscience Institute Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Géraldine Rauchs
- UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders”, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen‐Normandie Normandie Univ Caen France
| |
Collapse
|