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Cao P, Gan J, Wu S, Hu Y, Xia B, Li X, Zeng H, Cheng B, Yu H, Li F, Si L, Huang J. Molecular mechanisms of hepatoprotective effect of tectorigenin against ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury: Role of FXR and Nrf2 pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113914. [PMID: 37348807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver injury is caused by toxic action or allergic reaction, resulting in abnormality of bile formation and excretion. Few effective therapies have become available for the treatment of cholestasis. Herein, we found that tectorigenin (TG), a natural isoflavone, showed definite protective effects on alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestatic liver injury, significantly reversing the abnormality of plasma alanine/aspartate aminotransferase, total/direct bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase, as well as hepatic reactive oxygen species, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Importantly, the targeted metabolomic determination found that BA homeostasis could be well maintained in TG-treated cholestatic mice, especially the levels of glycocholic acid, tauromuricholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurolithocholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid. Overall, primary/secondary and amidated/unamidated bile acid (BA) levels were significantly altered upon ANIT stimulation but could be restored by TG intervention to certain extents. In addition, TG boosted the expression of farnesoid x receptor (FXR), which in turn upregulated multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) and bile salt export pump (BSEP) to accelerate the excretion of BA. Meanwhile, TG enhanced the expression of Nrf2 and its upstream genes PI3K/Akt and downstream target genes HO-1, NQO1, GCLC and GCLM to strengthen the antioxidant capacity. Taken together, TG plays a vital role in maintaining BA homeostasis and ameliorating cholestatic liver injury through regulating FXR-mediated BA efflux and Nrf2-mediated antioxidative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Jun Gan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sanlan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hongan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bingyu Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huifan Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Fei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Luqin Si
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Jiangeng Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Yu H, Liu C, Zhang F, Wang J, Han J, Zhou X, Wen Y, Shen T. Efficacy of Zhuyu Pill Intervention in a Cholestasis Rat Model: Mutual Effects on Fecal Metabolism and Microbial Diversity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:695035. [PMID: 34539394 PMCID: PMC8443775 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.695035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a clinical condition resulting from impaired bile flow. Currently, patients with cholestasis face several barriers in seeking diagnosis and treatment. Zhuyu Pill (ZYP) is an ancient classic formula of the Coptis-Evodia herb couples (CEHC), and has been used for cholestasis treatment in the clinic, however, its underlying biological activity in cholestasis remain to be clarified. In this study, an α-naphthyl-isothiocyanate (ANIT, 50 mg/kg)-induced rat model of cholestasis was treated with ZYP. Serum biochemical indices and histopathological evaluation was performed, together with the metabolomics analyses of feces and 16S rDNA sequencing of the fecal microbiota. We evaluated the anti-cholestatic activity of ZYP and investigated the mechanisms underlying its correlation with fecal microbiota and fecal metabolite regulation. The relationships between biochemical indices and changes in gene expression associated with liver injury, levels fecal metabolites, and composition of fecal microbiota were analyzed. The results showed that both high (1.2 g/kg) and low (0.6 g/kg) doses of ZYP could effectively improve biochemical parameters in the blood of cholestasis-induced rat models; the intervention effect of high dose ZYP was superior to that that of lower dose ZYP. Based on a metabolomics test of fecal samples, significantly altered metabolites in the ANIT and ZYP treatment group were identified. In total, 734 metabolites were differentially expressed, and whose biological functions were mainly associated with amino acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and bile secretion. In addition, sequencing of the 16S rDNA unit in fecal samples revealed that the ZYP could improve the fecal microbiota dysbiosis that ANIT had induced. Therefore, we conclude that ANIT altering of blood biochemical and metabolic profiles and of fecal microbiota could effectively be alleviated with ZYP treatment. This study contributes to the “TCM wisdom” applied in clinical diagnosis and treatment of cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianfei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, South of Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Han
- Department of Reader Service and Culture Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueqiang Wen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Shen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Li Y, Yu H, Xu Z, Shi S, Wang D, Shi X, Wang Y, Zeng B, Deng H, Deng X, Zhong X. Melatonin ameliorates ANIT‑induced cholestasis by activating Nrf2 through a PI3K/Akt‑dependent pathway in rats. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:1185-1193. [PMID: 30569102 PMCID: PMC6323259 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a devastating liver condition which is increasing in prevalence worldwide; however, its underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. It was hypothesised that melatonin may alleviate the hepatic injury associated with cholestasis due to its established antioxidant effects. Therefore, the effect and potential anticholestatic properties of melatonin were investigated in rats with α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury, a common animal model that mimics the cholestasis-associated liver injury in humans. The rats received intraperitoneal injection of ANIT with or without subsequent treatment with melatonin, and were sacrificed 24 h later. The serum biochemistry parameters of the liver were measured using conventional laboratory assays, and the liver tissue was subjected to conventional histological examination, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and western blotting. The levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, total bile acids, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase and glutathione were restored in rats treated with melatonin. Histological examination provided further evidence supporting the protective effect of melatonin against ANIT-induced cholestasis. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of glutamate cysteine ligase, phosphorylated Akt and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 were restored in rats treated with melatonin. These findings indicate that melatonin is a natural agent that appears to be promising for the treatment of cholestasis, and that the anticholestatic effects of melatonin involve the alleviation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhou Li
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Han Yu
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Zongying Xu
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Shi
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Dingnan Wang
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xinghua Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Baihui Zeng
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Deng
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiulan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xianggen Zhong
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Yu H, Li Y, Xu Z, Wang D, Shi S, Deng H, Zeng B, Zheng Z, Sun L, Deng X, Zhong X. Identification of potential biomarkers in cholestasis and the therapeutic effect of melatonin by metabolomics, multivariate data and pathway analyses. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2515-2526. [PMID: 30226547 PMCID: PMC6192756 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the anti‑cholestatic effect of melatonin (MT) against α‑naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT)‑induced liver injury in rats and screened for potential biomarkers of cholestasis. Rats were administered ANIT by intraperitoneal injection and then sacrificed 36 h later. Serum biochemical parameters were measured and liver tissue samples were subjected to histological analysis. Active components in the serum were identified by gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry, while biomarkers and biochemical pathways were identified by multivariate data analysis. The results revealed that the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, γ‑glutamyl transpeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase were reduced in rats with ANIT‑induced cholestasis that were treated with MT. The histological observations indicated that MT had a protective effect against ANIT‑induced hepatic tissue damage. Metabolomics analysis revealed that this effect was likely to be associated with the regulation of compounds related to MT synthesis and catabolism, and amino acid metabolism, including 5‑aminopentanoate, 5‑methoxytryptamine, L‑tryptophan, threonine, glutathione, L‑methionine, and indolelactate. In addition, principal component analysis demonstrated that the levels of these metabolites differed significantly between the MT and control groups, providing further evidence that they may be responsible for the effects induced by MT. These results provide an insight into the mechanisms underlying cholestasis development and highlight potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yu
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhou Li
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Zongying Xu
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Dingnan Wang
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Shi
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Deng
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Baihui Zeng
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Zhili Zheng
- Pharmacology Departments, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Lili Sun
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiulan Deng
- Pharmacology Departments, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xianggen Zhong
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Abstract
Cholestasis is a clinical disorder defined as an impairment of bile flow, and that leads to toxic bile acid (BA) accumulation in hepatocytes. Here, we investigated the hepatoprotective effect of Yinchenhaotang (YCHT), a well-known formulae for the treatment of jaundice and liver disorders, against the cholestasis using the α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis in male Wistar rats. ANIT feeding induced significant cholestasis with substantially increased intrahepatic retention of hydrophobic BAs. The dynamic changes of serum and liver BAs indicated that YCHT was able to attenuate ANIT-induced BA perturbation, which is consistent with the histopathological findings that YCHT significantly decreased the liver damage. YCHT treatment substantially reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL) and direct bilirubin (DBIL) with minimal bile duct damage in the ANIT treated rats. Elevated mRNA expression of liver IL-6, IL-17A, IL-17F, TGF-β1, α-SMA, TGR5, NTCP, OATP1a1, and ileum ASBT and decreased liver IL-10, FXR, CAR, VDR, BSEP, MRP2, MRP3, MRP4 was also observed in ANIT-induced cholestasis but were attenuated or normalized by YCHT. Our results demonstrated that the BA profiles were significantly altered with ANIT intervention and YCHT possesses the hepatoprotective potential against cholestatic liver injury induced by hepatotoxin such as ANIT.
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Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extract from the Seeds of Orychophragmus violaceus against Liver Injury in Mice and HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061197. [PMID: 28617329 PMCID: PMC5486020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orychophragmus violaceus (O. violaceus) is a kind of edible wild herb in north China and its seeds have medical potential, however, the effect of O. violaceus seeds on liver injury and the mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of O. violaceus seeds on liver injury and further explore the molecular mechanism of the beneficial effects using aqueous extract from the seeds of O. violaceus (AEOV). Mice were orally administrated with saline, AEOV, and biphenyldicarboxylate for 4 days, and were then injected subcutaneously with 0.1% carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) dissolved in corn oil. Sixteen hours later, mice were sacrificed and blood samples were collected. Then, the serum was separated and used for biochemical assay. Livers were excised and were routinely processed for histological examinations. Enzyme activities and protein levels in liver homogenates were detected using commercial kits or by western blot analysis. Additionally, the hepatoprotective effect of AEOV in vitro was evaluated using epigoitrin, the major alkaloid compound isolated from AEOV. We found that AEOV attenuated liver injury induced by CCl4 as evidenced by decreased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aminotransferase (AST) in serum, improvement of liver histopathological changes, and substantial attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation via regulation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathways. These effects of AEOV were comparable to that of biphenyldicarboxylate which was commonly used as a hepatoprotective reference. Moreover, pretreatment of HepG2 cells with epigoitrin improved cell viability, decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, attenuated the NFκB pathway, and elevated the Nrf2 pathway after exposure to H2O2. These results suggest that AEOV could effectively prevent CCl4-induced liver injury in mice via regulating the Nrf2 and NFκB pathways, and reveal the cytoprotective effects of epigoitrin against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells.
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Joshi N, Kopec AK, Cline-Fedewa H, Luyendyk JP. Lymphocytes contribute to biliary injury and fibrosis in experimental xenobiotic-induced cholestasis. Toxicology 2016; 377:73-80. [PMID: 28049044 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of chronic bile duct injury and fibrosis in patients with autoimmune cholestatic liver diseases is complex, and likely involves immune cells such as lymphocytes. However, most models of biliary fibrosis are not autoimmune in nature. Biliary fibrosis can be induced experimentally by prolonged exposure of mice to the bile duct toxicant alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). We determined whether lymphocytes contributed to ANIT-mediated biliary hyperplasia and fibrosis in mice. Hepatic accumulation of T-lymphocytes and increased serum levels of anti-nuclear-autoantibodies were evident in wild-type mice exposed to ANIT (0.05% ANIT in chow). This occurred alongside bile duct hyperplasia and biliary fibrosis. To assess the role of lymphocytes in ANIT-induced biliary fibrosis, we utilized RAG1-/- mice, which lack T- and B-lymphocytes. ANIT-induced bile duct injury, indicated by increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity, was reduced in ANIT-exposed RAG1-/- mice compared to ANIT-exposed wild-type mice. Despite this reduction in biliary injury, ANIT-induced bile duct hyperplasia was similar in wild-type and RAG1-/- mice. However, hepatic induction of profibrogenic genes including COL1A1, ITGβ6 and TGFβ2 was markedly attenuated in ANIT-exposed RAG1-/- mice compared to ANIT-exposed wild-type mice. Peribiliary collagen deposition was also reduced in ANIT-exposed RAG1-/- mice. The results indicate that lymphocytes exacerbate bile duct injury and fibrosis in ANIT-exposed mice without impacting bile duct hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Anna K Kopec
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Holly Cline-Fedewa
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James P Luyendyk
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Joshi N, Ray JL, Kopec AK, Luyendyk JP. Dose-dependent effects of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate disconnect biliary fibrosis from hepatocellular necrosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 31:1-7. [PMID: 27605088 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of rodents to the xenobiotic α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) is an established model of experimental intrahepatic bile duct injury. Administration of ANIT to mice causes neutrophil-mediated hepatocellular necrosis. Prolonged exposure of mice to ANIT also produces bile duct hyperplasia and liver fibrosis. However, the mechanistic connection between ANIT-induced hepatocellular necrosis and bile duct hyperplasia and fibrosis is not well characterized. We examined impact of two different doses of ANIT, by feeding chow containing ANIT (0.05%, 0.1%), on the severity of various liver pathologies in a model of chronic ANIT exposure. ANIT-elicited increases in liver inflammation and hepatocellular necrosis increased with dose. Remarkably, there was no connection between increased hepatocellular necrosis and bile duct hyperplasia and peribiliary fibrosis, as these pathologies increased similarly in mice exposed to either dose of ANIT. The results indicate that the severity of hepatocellular necrosis does not dictate the extent of bile duct hyperplasia/fibrosis in ANIT-exposed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jessica L Ray
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Anna K Kopec
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - James P Luyendyk
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Wang T, Zhou ZX, Sun LX, Li X, Xu ZM, Chen M, Zhao GL, Jiang ZZ, Zhang LY. Resveratrol effectively attenuates α-naphthyl-isothiocyanate-induced acute cholestasis and liver injury through choleretic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1527-36. [PMID: 25418378 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM α-Naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) is a well-characterized cholestatic agent for rats. The aim of this study was to examine whether resveratrol could attenuate ANIT-induced acute cholestasis and liver injury in rats. METHODS SD rats were treated with resveratrol (15 or 30 mg/kg, ip) or a positive control drug ursodeoxycholic acid (100 mg/kg, po) for 5 consecutive days followed by a single dose of ANIT (60 mg/kg, po). Bile flow, and serum biochemical markers and bile constituents were measured 48 h after ANIT administration. Hepatic levels of oxidative repair enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, catalase and MnSOD), myeloperoxidase activity, TNF-α, IL-6 and ATP content, as well as the expression of liver transporter genes and proteins were assayed. RESULTS ANIT exposure resulted in serious cholestasis and liver injury, as shown by marked neutrophil infiltration in liver, dramatically increased serum levels of ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, TBA, TBIL, IBIL and DBIL, and significantly decreased bile excretion and biliary output of GSH and HCO3(-). ANIT significantly increased TNF-α and IL-6 release and myeloperoxidase activity, decreased mitochondrial biogenesis in liver, but had little effect on hepatic oxidative repair enzymes and ATP content. Furthermore, ANIT significantly decreased the expression of Mrp2, FXR and Cyp7a1, markedly increased Mrp3 expression in liver. Pretreatment with resveratrol attenuated ANIT-induced acute cholestasis and liver injury, and other pathological changes. Pretreatment with ursodeoxycholic acid was less effective. CONCLUSION Resveratrol effectively attenuates ANIT-induced acute cholestasis and liver injury in rats, possibly through suppression of neutrophil infiltration, as well as upregulation of expression of hepatic transporters and enzymes, thus decreasing accumulation of bile acids.
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Lainakis NG, Papalois A, Agrogiannis G, Antonopoulos CN, Michail P, Bastounis E, Patsouris E, Felekouras E. Development of an Animal Model of Fibrous Cholangitis in Pigs. J INVEST SURG 2014; 27:95-101. [DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2013.839010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kong B, Csanaky IL, Aleksunes LM, Patni M, Chen Q, Ma X, Jaeschke H, Weir S, Broward M, Klaassen CD, Guo GL. Gender-specific reduction of hepatic Mrp2 expression by high-fat diet protects female mice from ANIT toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:189-95. [PMID: 22521610 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) to rodents affects the expression of genes involved in drug transport. However, gender-specific effects of HFD on drug transport are not known. The multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2, Abcc2) is a transporter highly expressed in the hepatocyte canalicular membrane and is important for biliary excretion of glutathione-conjugated chemicals. The current study showed that hepatic Mrp2 expression was reduced by HFD feeding only in female, but not male, C57BL/6J mice. In order to determine whether down-regulation of Mrp2 in female mice altered chemical disposition and toxicity, the biliary excretion and hepatotoxicity of the Mrp2 substrate, α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT), were assessed in male and female mice fed control diet or HFD for 4weeks. ANIT-induced biliary injury is a commonly used model of experimental cholestasis and has been shown to be dependent upon Mrp2-mediated efflux of an ANIT glutathione conjugate that selectively injures biliary epithelial cells. Interestingly, HFD feeding significantly reduced early-phase biliary ANIT excretion in female mice and largely protected against ANIT-induced liver injury. In summary, the current study showed that, at least in mice, HFD feeding can differentially regulate Mrp2 expression and function and depending upon the chemical exposure may enhance or reduce susceptibility to toxicity. Taken together, these data provide a novel interaction between diet and gender in regulating hepatobiliary excretion and susceptibility to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Ohta Y, Kongo-Nishimura M, Hayashi T, Kitagawa A, Matsura T, Yamada K. Saikokeishito Extract Exerts a Therapeutic Effect on alpha-Naphthylisothiocyanate-Induced Liver Injury in Rats through Attenuation of Enhanced Neutrophil Infiltration and Oxidative Stress in the Liver Tissue. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 40:31-41. [PMID: 18437211 PMCID: PMC2291502 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.40.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether Saikokeishito extract (TJ-10), a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, exerts a therapeutic effect on alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury in rats through attenuation of enhanced neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress in the liver tissue. In rats treated once with ANIT (75 mg/kg, i.p.), liver injury with cholestasis occurred 24 h after treatment and progressed at 48 h. When ANIT-treated rats orally received TJ-10 (0.26, 1.3 or 2.6 g/kg) at 24 h after the treatment, progressive liver injury with cholestasis was significantly attenuated at 48 h after the treatment at the dose of 1.3 or 2.6 g/kg. At 24 h after ANIT treatment, increases in hepatic lipid peroxide and reduced glutathione contents and myeloperoxidase activity occurred with decreases in hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities. At 48 h after ANIT treatment, these changes except for reduced glutathione were enhanced with decreases in catalase, Se-glutathione peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. TJ-10 (1.3 or 2.6 g/kg) post-administered to ANIT-treated rats attenuated these changes found at 48 h after the treatment significantly. These results indicate that TJ-10 exerts a therapeutic effect on ANIT-induced liver injury in rats possibly through attenuation of enhanced neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress in the liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiji Ohta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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Faiola B, Peterson RA, Kimbrough CL, Jordan HL, Cullen JM. Acute ANIT toxicity in male IL-10 knockout and wild-type mice. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:745-55. [PMID: 20616378 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310374970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response is known to modify hepatocellular injury induced by toxicants. To assess the role of IL-10, a component of the innate immune response, in toxicant-induced injury of biliary epithelium, wild-type (WT) and IL-10 knockout mice (KO) were given a single toxic dose (50 mg/kg) of alpha-napthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) and assessed at twenty-four-hour intervals for four days following treatment. Clinical signs of toxicity were greater in WT mice. Unexpectedly, over the course of the study, there was a consistent tendency for ANIT-treated IL-10 KO mice to have less hepatocellular injury than WT mice. However, changes in the biliary epithelium differed in that there was more histologic evidence of inflammation and necrosis on days 2 and 3, respectively, in ANIT-treated IL-10 KO mice compared with WT mice. Proliferation of biliary epithelium and hepatocytes was greater and/or occurred earlier in the ANIT-treated IL-10 KO mice compared with the ANIT-treated WT mice, suggesting a greater reparative response was needed for recovery after toxicant injury in the IL-10 KO mice. Overall, our data suggest that IL-10 KO mice have less hepatocellular injury than WT mice following a toxic dose of ANIT and that biliary epithelial injury is accentuated in the KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Faiola
- RTI International, Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Cullen JM, Falls JG, Brown HR, Yoon LW, Cariello NF, Faiola B, Kimbrough CL, Jordan HL, Miller RT. Time course gene expression using laser capture microscopy-extracted bile ducts, but not hepatic parenchyma, reveals acute alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate toxicity. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:715-29. [PMID: 20551477 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310373774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute toxic responses to a 50-mg/kg oral dose of 1-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) were evaluated by microarray analysis of laser capture-microdissected rat biliary epithelium or hepatic parenchyma obtained 2 and 6 hours postdose. Distinct differences in gene expression patterns between biliary epithelium and hepatic parenchyma were noted at the 2-hour postdose time point, where 375 genes were altered in biliary epithelium but only 38 genes were altered in hepatic parenchyma. Endoplasmic reticulum stress genes were uniquely expressed in biliary epithelial cells at 2 hours postdose. By 6 hours postdose, 620 genes were altered in biliary epithelium, but only 32 genes were altered in hepatic parenchyma. In biliary epithelium, expression of genes involved in the unfolded protein response had decreased compared with the 2-hour time point, while expression of genes involved in protein degradation such as proteasome-ubquination pathways and cell death pathways had increased. At this same time, hepatic parenchymal gene expression changed little. Within 6 hours following oral exposure to ANIT, prior to morphologic changes, specific biliary epithelial gene expression changes, indicative of a vigorous unfolded protein response with protein destruction and cell death pathway activation were noted, in contrast to minor changes in the hepatic parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Michael Cullen
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
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Cao HX, Sun H, Jiang XG, Lu HT, Zhang GM, Wang XJ, Sun WJ, Wu ZM, Wang P, Liu L, Zhou J. Comparative study on the protective effects of Yinchenhao Decoction against liver injury induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate and carbon tetrachloride. Chin J Integr Med 2009; 15:204-9. [PMID: 19568713 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-009-0204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To optimize the animal model of liver injury that can properly represent the pathological characteristics of dampness-heat jaundice syndrome of traditional Chinese medicine. METHODS The liver injury in the model rat was induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4) ) respectively, and the effects of Yinchenhao Decoction (, YCHD), a proved effective Chinese medical formula for treating the dampness-heat jaundice syndrome in clinic, on the two liver injury models were evaluated by analyzing the serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malondialchehyche (MDA), total bilirubin (T-BIL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) as well as the ratio of liver weight to body weight. The experimental data were analyzed by principal component analytical method of pattern recognition. RESULTS The ratio of liver weight to body weight was significantly elevated in the ANIT and CCl(4) groups when compared with that in the normal control (P<0.01). The contents of ALT and T-BIL were significantly higher in the ANIT group than in the normal control (P<0.05,P<0.01), and the levels of AST, ALT and ALP were significantly elevated in CCl(4) group relative to those in the normal control P<0.01). In the YCHD group, the increase in AST, ALT and ALP levels was significantly reduced (P<0.05, P<0.01), but with no significant increase in serum T-BIL. In the CCl(4) intoxicated group, the MDA content was significantly increased and SOD, GSH-PX activities decreased significantly compared with those in the normal control group, respectively (P<0.01). The increase in MDA induced by CCl(4) was significantly reduced by YCHD P<0.05). CONCLUSION YCHD showed significant effects on preventing liver injury progression induced by CCl(4), and the closest or most suitable animal model for damp-heat jaundice syndrome may be the one induced by CCl(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-xin Cao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
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Luyendyk JP, Cantor GH, Kirchhofer D, Mackman N, Copple BL, Wang R. Tissue factor-dependent coagulation contributes to alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestatic liver injury in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G840-9. [PMID: 19179621 PMCID: PMC2670671 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90639.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Separation of concentrated bile acids from hepatic parenchymal cells is a key function of the bile duct epithelial cells (BDECs) that form intrahepatic bile ducts. Using coimmunostaining, we found that tissue factor (TF), the principal activator of coagulation, colocalized with cytokeratin 19, a marker of BDECs in the adult mouse liver. BDEC injury induced by xenobiotics such as alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) causes cholestasis, inflammation, and hepatocellular injury. We tested the hypothesis that acute ANIT-induced cholestatic hepatitis is associated with TF-dependent activation of coagulation and determined the role of TF in ANIT hepatotoxicity. Treatment of mice with ANIT (60 mg/kg) caused multifocal hepatic necrosis and significantly increased serum biomarkers of cholestasis and hepatic parenchymal cell injury. ANIT treatment also significantly increased liver TF expression and activity. ANIT-induced activation of the coagulation cascade was shown by increased plasma thrombin-antithrombin levels and significant deposition of fibrin within the necrotic foci. ANIT-induced coagulation and liver injury were reduced in low-TF mice, which express 1% of normal TF levels. The results indicate that ANIT-induced liver injury is accompanied by TF-dependent activation of the coagulation cascade and that TF contributes to the progression of injury during acute cholestatic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Luyendyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey; Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California; and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Glenn H. Cantor
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey; Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California; and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey; Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California; and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey; Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California; and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bryan L. Copple
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey; Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California; and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ruipeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey; Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California; and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Ramaiah SK, Jaeschke H. Hepatic Neutrophil Infiltration in the Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 17:431-40. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990701407702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Ding Y, Zhao L, Mei H, Zhang SL, Huang ZH, Duan YY, Ye P. Exploration of Emodin to treat alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestatic hepatitis via anti-inflammatory pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 590:377-86. [PMID: 18590720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Emodin, 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone, is an anthraquinone derivative from the roots of Rheum officinale Baill that has been used to treat many diseases in digestive system for thousands of years. This study is to disclose the mechanism of Emodin to treat cholestatic hepatitis via anti-inflammatory pathway. Rats were divided into Emodin, ursodeoxycholic acid, Dexamethasone, model and blank control groups with treatment of respective agent after administration of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate. At 24 h, 48 h and 72 h time points after administration, liver function, pathological changes of hepatic tissue, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and early growth response (Egr)-1, nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were detected. As a result, compared to the controls, Emodin had a notable effect on rat's living condition, pathological manifestation of hepatic tissue, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P<0.05), but had little effect on alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and total bile acid. With Emodin intervention, levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, MPO, MDA, CINC-1, MIP-2, ICAM-1 and translocation of NF-kappaB were remarkably decreased, and levels of NO and iNOS were markedly increased (P<0.05). Emodin had no effect on Egr-1. In conclusion, Emodin has a protective effect on hepatocytes and a restoring activity on cholestatic hepatitis by anti-inflammation. The effects are mainly due to antagonizing pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, inhibiting oxidative damage, improving hepatic microcirculation, reducing impairment signals, and controlling neutrophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical and Health Center for Women and Children, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430016, PR China
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Hardman R, Kullman S, Yuen B, Hinton DE. Non invasive high resolution in vivo imaging of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) induced hepatobiliary toxicity in STII medaka. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 86:20-37. [PMID: 18022256 PMCID: PMC2724681 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel transparent stock of medaka (Oryzias latipes; STII), homozygous recessive for all four pigments (iridophores, xanthophores, leucophores, melanophores), permits transcutaneous, high resolution (<1 microm) imaging of internal organs and tissues in living individuals. We applied this model to in vivo investigation of alpha -naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) induced hepatobiliary toxicity. Distinct phenotypic responses to ANIT involving all aspects of intrahepatic biliary passageways (IHBPs), particularly bile preductular epithelial cells (BPDECs), associated with transitional passageways between canaliculi and bile ductules, were observed. Alterations included: attenuation/dilation of bile canaliculi, bile preductular lesions, hydropic vacuolation of hepatocytes and BPDECs, mild BPDEC hypertrophy, and biliary epithelial cell (BEC) hyperplasia. Ex vivo histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies were employed to aid in interpretation of, and verify, in vivo findings. 3D reconstructions from in vivo investigations provided quantitative morphometric and volumetric evaluation of ANIT exposed and untreated livers. The findings presented show for the first time in vivo evaluation of toxicity in the STII medaka hepatobiliary system, and, in conjunction with prior in vivo work characterizing normalcy, advance our comparative understanding of this lower vertebrate hepatobiliary system and its response to toxic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Hardman
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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20
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Ramaiah SK, Jaeschke H. Role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of acute inflammatory liver injury. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 35:757-66. [PMID: 17943649 DOI: 10.1080/01926230701584163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) are essential in the defense against invading microorganisms, tissue trauma or any inciting inflammatory signals. Hepatic infiltration of neutrophils is an acute response to recent or ongoing liver injury, hepatic stress or unknown systemic inflammatory signals. Once neutrophils reach the liver, they can cause mild-to-severe tissue damage and consequent liver failure. For neutrophils to appear in the liver, neutrophils have to undergo systemic activation (priming) by inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, complement factors, immune complexes, opsonized particles and other biologically active molecules, e.g., platelet activating factor. Neutrophils accumulated in the hepatic microvasculature (sinusoids and postsinusoidal venules) can extravasate (transmigrate) into the hepatic parenchyma if they receive a signal from distressed cells. Transmigration can be mediated by a chemokine gradient established towards the hepatic parenchyma and generally involves orchestration by adhesion molecules on neutrophils (beta(2) integrins) and on endothelial cells (intracellular adhesion molecules, ICAM-1). After transmigration, neutrophils adhere to distressed hepatocytes through their beta(2) integrins and ICAM-1 expressed on hepatocytes. Neutrophil contact with hepatocytes mediate oxidative killing of hepatocytes by initiation of respiratory burst and neutrophil degranulation leading to hepatocellular oncotic necrosis. Neutrophil-mediated liver injury has been demonstrated in a variety of diseases and chemical/drug toxicities. Relevant examples are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi K Ramaiah
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA.
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Ramaiah SK, Rittling S. Role of osteopontin in regulating hepatic inflammatory responses and toxic liver injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.4.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ohta Y, Kongo-Nishimura M, Imai Y, Kitagawa A. Melatonin attenuates disruption of serum cholesterol status in rats with a single alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate treatment. J Pineal Res 2007; 42:159-65. [PMID: 17286748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2006.00397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to examine whether melatonin attenuates disruption of serum cholesterol status in rats treated once with alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). In the serum of rats treated with ANIT (75 mg/kg, i.p.), increases in total cholesterol, free cholesterol (F-Chol), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total bile acid concentrations and a decrease in the ratio of esterified cholesterol concentration to F-Chol concentration occurred 24 hr, but not 12 hr, after the treatment. In the liver of ANIT-treated rats, a decrease in cholesterol concentration and an increase in total bile acid concentration occurred 24 hr, after 12 hr, after the treatment. When melatonin (10 or 100 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to ANIT-treated rats at 12 hr after the treatment, all these changes found in the serum and liver at 24 hr after the treatment were significantly attenuated at the higher dose. Melatonin (100 mg/kg) administered to ANIT-untreated rats in the same manner increased the serum F-Chol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations significantly. These results indicate that orally administered melatonin attenuates the disruption of serum cholesterol status in rats treated once with ANIT possibly by maintaining cholesterol metabolism and transport in the serum and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiji Ohta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
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Amin K, Ip C, Sato B, Le T, Green CE, Tyson CA, Behrsing HP. Characterization of ANIT-induced toxicity using precision-cut rat and dog liver slices cultured in a dynamic organ roller system. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 34:776-84. [PMID: 17162535 DOI: 10.1080/01926230600918892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the toxicity of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT), a compound known to induce dose-dependent hepatobiliary toxicity in vivo, using the slice model. Liver slices (200 microm thick) from male Sprague-Dawley rats and male beagle dogs were cultured for 7 days while exposed to a range of ANIT concentrations (1- 100 microM for rat and 4-320 microM for dog). Tissues (and medium for dog) were evaluated using a panel of clinically relevant biomarkers for liver and histological endpoints to assess viability and proliferation. ANIT increased slice levels of enzyme biomarkers corresponding to biliary markers. At high concentrations (80-100 microM for rat, 320 microM for dog) a diminution of tissue enzyme levels was observed, corresponding to severe hepatobiliary injury. By days 5 and 7, biochemical markers in the medium of dog slices indicated an elevation of hepatocellular and biliary markers. Histologically for both species, minimal hepatocellular injury was noted, but proliferation of biliary epithelial cells (BEC) was observed using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunostaining. In rat slices, ANIT increased the expression of inducible nitrous oxide synthase (iNOS) within 12 hrs of exposure. In summary, additional experimentation using slice culture may further demonstrate its value in screening compounds that cause hepatobiliary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Amin
- SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Kodali P, Wu P, Lahiji PA, Brown EJ, Maher JJ. ANIT toxicity toward mouse hepatocytes in vivo is mediated primarily by neutrophils via CD18. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 291:G355-63. [PMID: 16614373 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00458.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) is a hepatotoxicant that causes acute cholestatic hepatitis with infiltration of neutrophils around bile ducts and necrotic hepatocytes. The objective of this study was to determine whether the beta2-integrin CD18, which plays an important role in leukocyte invasion and cytotoxicity, contributes to ANIT-induced hepatic inflammation and liver injury. Mice with varying levels of leukocyte CD18 expression were treated with ANIT and monitored for hepatic neutrophil influx and liver injury over 48 h. Mice that were partially deficient in CD18 (30% of normal levels) developed periportal inflammation and widespread hepatic necrosis after ANIT treatment in a pattern identical to that in wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, mice that completely lack CD18 (CD18 null) were resistant to ANIT toxicity. Forty-eight hours after ANIT, CD18-null mice displayed 60% lower serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and 75% less hepatic necrosis, as shown by morphometry, than WT mice. This was true despite evidence that ANIT still provoked hepatic neutrophil influx in CD18-null mice. WT mice could also be protected from ANIT-induced hepatocellular necrosis, by depleting the animals of neutrophils. Notably, neither CD18-null mice nor neutrophil-depleted WT mice exhibited any attenuation of bile duct injury or cholestasis due to ANIT. We conclude from these experiments that neutrophils invade ANIT-treated livers in a CD18-independent fashion but utilize CD18 to induce hepatocellular cytotoxicity. The results emphasize that neutrophil-mediated amplification of ANIT-induced liver injury is directed toward hepatocytes rather than cholangiocytes. In fact, the data indicate that the majority of ANIT toxicity toward hepatocytes in vivo is neutrophil driven.
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Ohta Y, Kongo-Nishimura M, Imai Y, Matsura T, Kitagawa A, Yamada K. α-Tocopherol protects against α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced hepatotoxicity in rats less effectively than melatonin. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 161:115-24. [PMID: 16626673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-Toc), which exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats was compared with that of melatonin because orally administered melatonin is known to protect against ANIT-induced hepatotoxicity in rats through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Rats intoxicated once with ANIT (75 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) showed liver cell damage and biliary cell damage with cholestasis at 24 h, but not 12 h, after intoxication. ANIT-intoxicated rats received alpha-Toc (100 or 250 mg/kg) or melatonin (100 mg/kg) orally at 12 h after intoxication. The alpha-Toc administration protected against liver cell damage in ANIT-intoxicated rats, while the melatonin administration protected against both liver cell damage and biliary cell damage with cholestasis. ANIT-intoxicated rats had increased hepatic lipid peroxide concentration and myeloperoxidase activity at 12 and 24 h after intoxication. ANIT-intoxicated rats also had increased serum alpha-Toc and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations at 12 and 24 h after intoxication and increased serum triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations at 24h. The administration of alpha-Toc to ANIT-intoxicated rats increased the hepatic alpha-Toc concentration with further increase in the serum alpha-Toc concentration and attenuated the increased hepatic lipid peroxide concentration and myeloperoxidase activity and serum NEFA concentration at 24 h after intoxication. The melatonin administration did not affect the hepatic alpha-Toc concentration but attenuated the increased hepatic lipid peroxide concentration and myeloperoxidase activity and serum alpha-Toc, NEFA, triglyceride, and total cholesterol concentrations at 24 h after ANIT intoxication. These results indicate that orally administered alpha-Toc protects against ANIT-induced hepatotoxicity in rats possibly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions less effectively than orally administered melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiji Ohta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
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Novobrantseva TI, Majeau GR, Amatucci A, Kogan S, Brenner I, Casola S, Shlomchik MJ, Koteliansky V, Hochman PS, Ibraghimov A. Attenuated liver fibrosis in the absence of B cells. J Clin Invest 2006; 115:3072-82. [PMID: 16276416 PMCID: PMC1265860 DOI: 10.1172/jci24798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of mononuclear cells in the adult mouse liver revealed that B cells represent as much as half of the intrahepatic lymphocyte population. Intrahepatic B cells (IHB cells) are phenotypically similar to splenic B2 cells but express lower levels of CD23 and CD21 and higher levels of CD5. IHB cells proliferate as well as splenic B cells in response to anti-IgM and LPS stimulation in vitro. VDJ gene rearrangements in IHB cells contain insertions of N,P region nucleotides characteristic of B cells maturing in the adult bone marrow rather than in the fetal liver. To evaluate whether B cells can have an impact on liver pathology, we compared CCl4-induced fibrosis development in B cell-deficient and wild-type mice. CCl4 caused similar acute liver injury in mutant and wild-type mice. However, following 6 weeks of CCl4 treatment, histochemical analyses showed markedly reduced collagen deposition in B cell-deficient as compared with wild-type mice. By analyzing mice that have normal numbers of B cells but lack either T cells or immunoglobulin in the serum, we established that B cells have an impact on fibrosis in an antibody- and T cell-independent manner.
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Kim ND, Moon JO, Slitt AL, Copple BL. Early growth response factor-1 is critical for cholestatic liver injury. Toxicol Sci 2006; 90:586-95. [PMID: 16423862 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte injury during cholestasis depends in part on the release of proinflammatory mediators that cause neutrophils to accumulate in the liver and become activated to damage hepatocytes. The mechanism by which cholestasis stimulates production of proinflammatory mediators in the liver is not completely understood. The studies presented here tested the hypothesis that the transcription factor early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1) is required for inflammation to occur in the liver during cholestasis. The results of these studies show that Egr-1 was rapidly upregulated, primarily in hepatocytes, in mice subjected to bile duct ligation, an animal model of cholestasis. To determine whether Egr-1 was required for inflammation and hepatocyte injury during cholestasis, bile duct ligation was performed in wild-type and Egr-1 knockout mice. Hepatocyte injury, neutrophil accumulation, and upregulation of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the liver were significantly reduced in Egr-1 knockouts. By contrast, levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and collagen (i.e., a biomarker of liver fibrosis) were not different between wild-types and Egr-1 knockouts subjected to bile duct ligation. Because hepatocytes are exposed to elevated concentrations of bile acids during cholestasis, it was determined that bile acids upregulate Egr-1 in primary mouse hepatocytes. Deoxycholic acid dose-dependently increased Egr-1 protein in hepatocytes. Results from these studies suggest a scenario in which elevated concentrations of bile acids during cholestasis increase expression of Egr-1 in hepatocytes. Egr-1 then upregulates proinflammatory mediators that cause neutrophils to accumulate in the liver and become activated to damage hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Deuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Liu J, He YY, Chignell CF, Clark J, Myers P, Saavedra JE, Waalkes MP. Limited protective role of V-PYRRO/NO against cholestasis produced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:144-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Xu J, Lee G, Wang H, Vierling JM, Maher JJ. Limited role for CXC chemokines in the pathogenesis of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced liver injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 287:G734-41. [PMID: 15130876 PMCID: PMC3622103 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00300.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) is a hepatotoxin that causes severe neutrophilic inflammation around portal tracts and bile ducts. The chemotactic signals that provoke this inflammatory response are unknown. In this study, we addressed the possibility that ANIT upregulates CXC chemokines in the liver and that these compounds mediate hepatic inflammation and tissue injury after ANIT treatment. Mice treated with a single dose of ANIT (50 mg/kg) exhibited rapid hepatic induction of the CXC chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). MIP-2 derived primarily from hepatocytes, with no apparent contribution by biliary cells. In ANIT-treated mice, the induction of MIP-2 coincided with an influx of neutrophils to portal zones; this hepatic neutrophil recruitment was suppressed by 50% in mice that lack the receptor for MIP-2 (CXCR2(-/-)). Interestingly, despite their markedly reduced degree of hepatic inflammation, CXCR2(-/-) mice displayed just as much hepatocellular injury and cholestasis after ANIT treatment as wild-type mice. Moreover, after long-term exposure, ANIT CXCR2(-/-) mice developed liver fibrosis that was indistinguishable from that in wild-type mice. In summary, our data show that CXC chemokines are responsible for some of the hepatic inflammation that occurs in response to ANIT but that these compounds are not essential to the pathogenesis of either acute or chronic ANIT hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junquan Xu
- Liver Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94110, USA
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Hu K, Morris ME. Determination of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate and metabolites alpha-naphthylamine and alpha-naphthylisocyanate in rat plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 788:17-28. [PMID: 12668067 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)01004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the determination of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (1-NITC) and two metabolites alpha-naphthylamine (1-NA) and alpha-naphthylisocyanate (1-NIC) in rat plasma and urine has been developed. The chromatographic analysis was carried out using reversed-phase isocratic elution with a Partisphere C(18) 5-microm column, a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (ACN-H(2)O 70:30, v/v), and detection by ultraviolet (UV) absorption at 305 nm. The lower limits of quantitation (LLQ) in rat plasma, urine, and ACN were 10, 30, and 10 ng/ml for 1-NITC; 30, 100, and 30 ng/ml for 1-NA; and 30 ng/ml in ACN for 1-NIC. At low (10 ng/ml), medium (500 ng/ml), and high (5000 ng/ml) concentrations of quality control samples (QCs), the range of within-day and between-day accuracies were 95-106 and 97-103% for 1-NITC in plasma, respectively. Stability studies showed that 1-NITC was stable at all tested temperatures in ACN, and at -20 and -80 degrees C in plasma, urine, and ACN precipitated plasma and urine, but degraded at room temperature and 4 degrees C. 1-NA was stable in all of the tested matrices at all temperatures. 1-NIC was unstable in plasma, urine, and ACN precipitated plasma and urine, but stable in ACN. The degradation product of 1-NITC and 1-NIC in universal buffer was confirmed to be 1-NA. 1-NITC and 1-NA were detected and quantified in rat plasma and urine, following the administration of a 25 mg/kg i.v. dose of 1-NITC to a female Sprague-Dawley rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 517 Hochstetter Hall, State University of New York at Buffalo, Amherst 14260, USA
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31
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Ohta Y, Kongo M, Kishikawa T. Preventive effect of melatonin on the progression of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced acute liver injury in rats. J Pineal Res 2003; 34:185-93. [PMID: 12614478 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-079x.2003.00027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The preventive effect of melatonin on the progression of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced acute liver injury with cholestasis was examined in rats treated once with the hepatotoxin [75 mg/kg body weight (BW), i.p.]. In rats treated with ANIT alone, liver injury with cholestasis occurred 24 hr after treatment and progressed at 48 hr, judging from the serum levels of hepatobiliary marker enzymes and components. Melatonin (10 or 100 mg/kg BW) was orally administered to the ANIT-treated rats, 24 hr after the hepatotoxin treatment at which time hepatic injury had already developed. The administered indoleamine prevented the progression of liver cell damage rather than biliary cell damage more effectively at the higher dose than at the lower dose. In rats treated with ANIT alone, the serum and hepatic concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, an index of lipid peroxidation, and the hepatic activity of myeloperoxidase, an index of tissue neutrophil infiltration, increased 24 hr after treatment and further increased at 48 hr. In the liver of rats treated with ANIT alone, Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase activity decreased 24 hr after treatment and was further reduced at 48 hr, although there was no change in Mn-superoxide dismutase activity. Catalase and Se-glutathione peroxidase activities also decreased at 48 hr, while reduced glutathione concentrations remained increased at 24 and 48 hr. The melatonin administered to the ANIT-treated rats attenuated the increases in serum and hepatic concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and the decreases in hepatic activities of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and Se-glutathione peroxidase found at 48 hr after the hepatotoxin treatment more effectively at the higher dose than at the lower dose; on the other hand, melatonin treatment had no effect on the increases in hepatic myeloperoxidase activity and reduced glutathione concentration found at 48 h. These results indicate that orally administered melatonin at pharmacological doses prevents the progression of ANIT-induced acute liver injury, mainly liver cell damage, in rats, and suggest that the administered melatonin exerts these preventive effects through its direct and indirect antioxidant actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiji Ohta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan.
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Calvo JR, Reiter RJ, García JJ, Ortiz GG, Tan DX, Karbownik M. Characterization of the protective effects of melatonin and related indoles against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced liver injury in rats. J Cell Biochem 2001; 80:461-70. [PMID: 11169730 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4644(20010315)80:4<461::aid-jcb1000>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The protective effect of melatonin, 6-hydroxymelatonin and N-acetylserotonin against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury was investigated and compared in rats injected once with the hepatotoxicant (75 mg/kg body weight). In rats injected with ANIT alone, liver injury with cholestasis developed within 24 h, as indicated by both serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) and aspartic acid aminotransferase (SGOT) activities and serum total bilirubin concentration. The administration of melatonin or 6-hydroxymelatonin (10 mg/kg body weight) to ANIT-injected rats reduced significantly the serum levels of both SGPT and SGOT and the serum total bilirubin concentration. For all hepatic biochemical markers, melatonin was more effective that 6-hydroxymelatonin. By comparison, the administration of N-acetylserotonin (10 mg/kg body weight) to ANIT-injected rats did not reduce the serum levels of either hepatic enzymes or the serum total bilirubin concentration. In ANIT-injected rats, hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) was significantly higher than in control animals and this increase was significantly reduced by either melatonin, 6-hydroxymelatonin or N-acetylserotonin. Furthermore, ANIT treatment caused a significant reduction in liver microsomal membrane fluidity and this reduction was completely reversed by the three indoles. The liver from ANIT-injected rats showed several histopathological alterations; above all there was an acute infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and an increase in the number of apparent apoptotic hepatocytes. The concurrent administration of melatonin reduced the severity of all morphological alterations, specially the neutrophil infiltration and the number of presumed apoptotic cells. On the contrary, the administration of 6-hydroxymelatonin or N-acetylserotonin did not provide any protective effect in terms of the histopathological alterations. These results indicate that melatonin protects against ANIT-induced liver injury with cholestasis in rats, and suggests that this protective effect is likely due to its antioxidant properties and above all to its capacity to inhibit liver neutrophil infiltration, a critical factor in the pathogenesis of ANIT-induced liver injury. 6-hydroxymelatonin, although able to provide partial protection against the ANIT-induced hepatic injury, probably through its antioxidant properties by mechanisms that are unclear, was unable to reduce neutrophil infiltration. Finally, N-acetylserotonin in the experimental conditions of this study, only exhibited some antioxidant protection but had no protective effect against ANIT-induced hepatic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Calvo
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Chisholm JW, Paterniti JR, Dolphin PJ. Accumulation of cholestatic lipoproteins in ANIT-treated human apolipoprotein A-I transgenic rats is diminished through dose-dependent apolipoprotein A-I activation of LCAT. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1487:145-54. [PMID: 11018467 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Administration of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) to rats induces changes to plasma lipids consistent with cholestasis. We have previously shown (J. Lipid Res. 37 (1996) 1086) that animals treated with ANIT accumulate large amounts of free cholesterol (FC) and phospholipid (PL)-rich cholestatic lipoproteins in the LDL density range by 48 h. This lipid was cleared by 120 h through apparent movement into HDL with concomitant cholesteryl ester (CE) production. It was hypothesised that the clearance was mediated through the movement of the PL and FC into apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) containing lipoproteins followed by LCAT esterification to form CE. To test this hypothesis, rats overexpressing various amounts of human apo A-I (TgR[HuAI] rats) were treated with ANIT (100 mg/kg) and the effect of plasma apo A-I concentration on plasma lipids and lipoprotein distribution was examined. In untreated TgR[HuAI] rats, human apo A-I levels were strongly correlated to plasma PL (r(2)=0. 94), FC (r(2)=0.93) and CE (r(2)=0.90), whereas in ANIT-treated TgR[HuAI] rats, human apo A-I levels were most strongly correlated to CE levels (r(2)=0.80) and an increased CE/FC ratio (r(2)=0.62) and the movement of cholestatic lipid in the LDL to HDL. Since LCAT activity was not affected by ANIT treatment, these results demonstrate that the ability of LCAT to esterify the plasma FC present in cholestatic liver disease is limited by in vivo apo A-I activation of the cholestatic lipid and not by the catalytic capacity of LCAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Chisholm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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