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Chen T, Dai X, Dai J, Ding C, Zhang Z, Lin Z, Hu J, Lu M, Wang Z, Qi Y, Zhang L, Pan R, Zhao Z, Lu L, Liao W, Lu X. AFP promotes HCC progression by suppressing the HuR-mediated Fas/FADD apoptotic pathway. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:822. [PMID: 33009373 PMCID: PMC7532541 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is reactivated in a majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and associated with poor patient outcomes. Although increasing evidence has shown that AFP can regulate HCC cell growth, the precise functions of AFP in hepatocarcinogenesis and the associated underlying mechanism remain incompletely understood. In this study, we demostrated that depleting AFP significantly suppressed diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver tumor progression in an AFP gene-deficient mouse model. Similarly, knocking down AFP expression inhibited human HCC cell proliferation and tumor growth by inducing apoptosis. AFP expression level was inversely associated with the apoptotic rate in mouse and human HCC specimens. Investigation of potential cross-talk between AFP and apoptotic signaling revealed that AFP exerted its growth-promoting effect by suppressing the Fas/FADD-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Mechanistically, AFP bound to the RNA-binding protein HuR, increasing the accumulation of HuR in the cytoplasm and subsequent inhibition of Fas mRNA translation. In addition, we found that inhibiting AFP enhanced the cytotoxicity of therapeutics to AFP-positive HCC cells by activating HuR-mediated Fas/FADD apoptotic signaling. Conclusion: Our study defined the pro-oncogenic role of AFP in HCC progression and uncovered a novel antiapoptotic mechanism connecting AFP to HuR-mediated Fas translation. Our findings suggest that AFP is involved in the pathogenesis and chemosensitivity of HCC and that blockade of AFP may be a promising strategy to treat advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianke Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Dai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Juji Dai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaodong Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mei Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhanyu Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yalei Qi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rulu Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhu Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liting Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wanqin Liao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xincheng Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China.
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Overexpression of Hepatocyte Chemerin-156 Lowers Tumor Burden in a Murine Model of Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010252. [PMID: 31905933 PMCID: PMC6982125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor inhibitory potential of the highly active chemerin-156 isoform was described in orthotopic models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The majority of HCC arises in the fibrotic liver, which was not reproduced in these studies. Here, a potential therapeutic activity of chemerin-156 was evaluated in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer, which mimics fibrosis-associated HCC. Mice were infected with adeno-associated virus (AAV) six months after DEN injection to overexpress chemerin-156 in the liver, and animals injected with non-recombinant-AAV served as controls. Three months later, the animals were killed. Both groups were comparable with regard to liver steatosis and fibrosis. Of note, the number of very small tumors was reduced by chemerin-156. Anyhow, the expression of inflammatory and profibrotic genes was similar in larger tumors of control and chemerin-156-AAV-infected animals. Although genes with a role in lipid metabolism, like 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzym-A--reductase, were overexpressed in tumors of animals with high chemerin-156, total hepatic cholesterol, diacylglycerol and triglyceride levels, and distribution of individual lipid species were normal. Chemerin-156-AAV-infected mice had elevated hepatic and systemic chemerin. Ex vivo activation of the chemerin receptor chemokine-like receptor 1 increased in parallel with serum chemerin, illustrating the biological activity of the recombinant protein. In the tumors, chemerin-155 was the most abundant variant. Chemerin-156 was not detected in tumors of the controls and was hardly found in chemerin-156-AAV infected animals. In conclusion, the present study showed that chemerin-156 overexpression caused a decline in the number of small lesions but did not prevent the growth of pre-existing neoplasms.
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Minimum datasets to establish a CAR-mediated mode of action for rodent liver tumors. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 96:106-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gavriilidis P, Poutahidis T, Giakoustidis A, Makedou K, Angelopoulou K, Hardas A, Andreani P, Zacharioudaki A, Saridis G, Gargavanis A, Louri E, Antoniadis N, Karampela E, Psychalakis N, Michalopoulos A, Papalois A, Iliadis S, Mudan S, Azoulay D, Giakoustidis D. Targeting hepatocarcinogenesis model in C56BL6 mice with pan-aurora kinase inhibitor Danusertib. J Cancer 2018; 9:914-922. [PMID: 29581770 PMCID: PMC5868156 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To elucidate the expression of Aurora kinases (AURK) and the anticancer effects of pan-aurora kinase inhibitor Danusertib in hepatocarcinogenesis model in C56Bl6 mice. Methods: Thirty mice C56Bl6 were randomly divided into Group A or control, Group B animals who underwent experimental hepatocarcinogenesis with diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and Group C animals with DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenenesis that treated with pan-aurora kinase inhibitor Danusertib. Primary antibodies for immunochistochemistry (IHC) included rabbit antibodies against Ki-67, DKK1, INCENP, cleaved caspase-3, NF-κB p65, c-Jun, β-catenin. Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (C-MET/HGFR) and Bcl-2 antagonist of cell death (BAD) serum levels were determined using a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. Results: Inhibition of AURK reduced the number of DEN-induced liver tumours. Apoptosis and proliferation was very low in both DEN-induced and anti- AURK groups respectively. The hepatocellular adenoma cells of DEN-treated mice uniformly had ample nuclear INCENP whereas in anti- AURK markedly decreased. Expression of β-catenin, NF-kB and c-Jun did not differ in liver tumors of both AURK -depleted and non-depleted mice. Conclusions: Depletion of AURK reduced the number of DEN-induced hepatic tumours. However, their size did not differ significantly between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschalis Gavriilidis
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Liver Transplant surgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 1NU, UK.,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
| | | | - Kali Makedou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
| | - Katerina Angelopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
| | - Alexander Hardas
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
| | - Paola Andreani
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris-Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | | | - George Saridis
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
| | - Athanasios Gargavanis
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Louri
- Academic Department of Surgery, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nikolaos Antoniadis
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Antonios Michalopoulos
- Propaedeutic Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Stavros Iliadis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
| | - Satvinder Mudan
- Academic Department of Surgery, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Daniel Azoulay
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris-Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Dimitrios Giakoustidis
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Sklavos A, Poutahidis T, Giakoustidis A, Makedou K, Angelopoulou K, Hardas A, Andreani P, Zacharioudaki A, Saridis G, Goulopoulos T, Tsarea K, Karamperi M, Papadopoulos V, Papanikolaou V, Papalois A, Iliadis S, Mudan S, Azoulay D, Giakoustidis D. Effects of Wnt-1 blockade in DEN-induced hepatocellular adenomas of mice. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1211-1219. [PMID: 29399175 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may contribute to the development and growth of HCC. Consequently, elements of this pathway have begun to emerge as potential targets for improving outcomes of anti-HCC. Thus, the present study sought to examine the effects of Wnt-1 blockade using the classical diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced chemical carcinogenesis mouse model of HCC. The depletion of Wnt-1 using neutralizing antisera was done for ten consecutive days at the age of 9 months and mice were examined for the following 20 days. At that time, DEN-treated mice had multiple variably-sized hepatic cell adenomas. Anti-Wnt-1 was particularly potent in suppressing the expression of critical elements of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, such as β-catenin and Frizzled-1 receptor, however, not Dickkopf-related protein 1. This effect co-existed with the suppression of Cyclin D1, FOXM1, NF-κΒ and c-Jun commensurate with proliferation and apoptosis blockade in hepatocellular adenomas, and reduced Bcl-2 and c-Met in the serum of mice. Nonetheless, tumor size and multiplicity were found to be unaffected, suggesting that apoptosis may be equally important to proliferation in the context of counteracting DEN induced hepatocellular adenomas of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Sklavos
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | | | - Kali Makedou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Katerina Angelopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Alexander Hardas
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Paola Andreani
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris-Université Paris-Est, Créteil 94000, France
| | | | - George Saridis
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Thomas Goulopoulos
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Tsarea
- Experimental and Research Center ELPEN Pharmaceuticals, Athens 19009, Greece
| | - Maria Karamperi
- Experimental and Research Center ELPEN Pharmaceuticals, Athens 19009, Greece
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Propedeutic Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Vassilios Papanikolaou
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Apostolos Papalois
- Experimental and Research Center ELPEN Pharmaceuticals, Athens 19009, Greece
| | - Stavros Iliadis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Satvinder Mudan
- Academic Department of Surgery, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Daniel Azoulay
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris-Université Paris-Est, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Dimitrios Giakoustidis
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
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Ho HY, Lin YT, Lin G, Wu PR, Cheng ML. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) deficiency dysregulates mitochondrial retrograde signaling and impedes proliferation. Redox Biol 2017; 12:916-928. [PMID: 28478381 PMCID: PMC5426036 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the physiological roles of NADH and NADPH homeostasis in cancer, we studied the effect of NNT knockdown on physiology of SK-Hep1 cells. NNT knockdown cells show limited abilities to maintain NAD+ and NADPH levels and have reduced proliferation and tumorigenicity. There is an increased dependence of energy production on oxidative phosphorylation. Studies with stable isotope tracers have revealed that under the new steady-state metabolic condition, the fluxes of TCA and glycolysis decrease while that of reductive carboxylation increases. Increased [α-ketoglutarate]/[succinate] ratio in NNT-deficient cells results in decrease in HIF-1α level and expression of HIF-1α regulated genes. Reduction in NADPH level leads to repression of HDAC1 activity and an increase in p53 acetylation. These findings suggest that NNT is essential to homeostasis of NADH and NADPH pools, anomalies of which affect HIF-1α- and HDAC1-dependent pathways, and hence retrograde response of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yao Ho
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Clinical Phenome Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Gigin Lin
- Clinical Phenome Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Imaging Core Laboratory, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, 33302, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Clinical Phenome Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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7
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Riegler T, Nejabat M, Eichner J, Stiebellehner M, Subosits S, Bilban M, Zell A, Huber WW, Schulte-Hermann R, Grasl-Kraupp B. Proinflammatory mesenchymal effects of the non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogen phenobarbital: a novel mechanism of antiapoptosis and tumor promotion. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1521-30. [PMID: 26378027 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many environmental pollutants and drugs, including steroid hormones, hypolipidemics and antiepileptics, are non-genotoxic carcinogens (NGC) in rodent liver. The mechanism of action and the risk for human health are still insufficiently known. Here, we study the effects of phenobarbital (PB), a widely used model NGC, on hepatic epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk and the impact on hepatic apoptosis. Mesenchymal cells (MC) and hepatocytes (HC) were isolated from control and PB-treated rat livers. PB induced extensive changes in gene expression in MC and much less in HC as shown by transcriptomics with oligoarrays. In MC only, transcript levels of numerous proinflammatory cytokines were elevated. Correspondingly, ELISA on the supernatant of MC from PB-treated rats revealed enhanced release of various cytokines. In cultured HC, this supernatant caused (i) nuclear translocation and activation of nuclear factor-κB (shown by immunoblots of nuclear extracts and reporter gene assays), (ii) elevated expression of proinflammatory genes and (iii) protection from the proapoptotic action of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFß1). PB treatment in vivo or in vitro elevated the production and release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from MC, which was identified as mainly responsible for the inhibition of apoptosis in HC. In conclusion, our findings reveal profound proinflammatory effects of PB on hepatic mesenchyme and mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. The resulting release of cytokines acts antiapoptotic in HC, an effect crucial for tumor promotion and carcinogenesis by NGC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johannes Eichner
- Center of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany and
| | | | | | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Core Facility Genomics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Zell
- Center of Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany and
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Caballero VJ, Mendieta JR, Lombardo D, Saceda M, Ferragut JA, Conde RD, Giudici AM. Liver damage and caspase-dependent apoptosis is related to protein malnutrition in mice: effect of methionine. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:126-35. [PMID: 25575574 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether the effects on the mouse liver caused by three periods of feeding a protein-free diet for 5 days followed by a normal complete diet for 5 days (3PFD-CD) are prevented by a constant methionine supply (3PFD+Met-CD). The expressions of carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII), fatty acid synthase (FAS), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) were assessed by proteomics and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions. The liver redox status was examined by measuring the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as protein carbonylation. Because oxidative stress can result in apoptosis, the activity and content of caspase-3, as well as the x-linked inhibitor of the apoptosis protein (XIAP) and mitochondrial caspase-independent apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) contents were assessed. In addition, the liver histomorphology was examined. Compared to the controls fed a normal complete diet throughout, feeding with 3PFD-CD increased the FAS content, decreased the CAIII content, decreased both the SOD and CAT activities, and increased protein carbonylation. It also activated caspase-3, decreased the XIAP content, decreased the AIF content, increased the number of GSTP1-positive foci and caspase-3-positive cells, and caused fatty livers. Conversely, the changes were lessened to varying degrees in mice fed 3PFD+Met-CD. The present results indicate that a regular Met supply lessens the biochemical changes, damage, and caspase-dependent apoptosis provoked by recurrent dietary amino acid deprivation in the mouse liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica J Caballero
- Biological Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata - CONICET, CC 1245, CP 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Julieta R Mendieta
- Biological Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata - CONICET, CC 1245, CP 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniel Lombardo
- Institute of Research and Technology in Animal Reproduction (INITRA), Faculty of Veterinary Science. University of Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miguel Saceda
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University Miguel Hernandez, Building Torregaitán, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - José Antonio Ferragut
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University Miguel Hernandez, Building Torregaitán, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Rubén D Conde
- Biological Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata - CONICET, CC 1245, CP 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana M Giudici
- Biological Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata - CONICET, CC 1245, CP 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Thumvijit T, Taya S, Punvittayagul C, Peerapornpisal Y, Wongpoomchai R. Cancer chemopreventive effect of Spirogyra neglecta (Hassall) Kützing on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:1611-6. [PMID: 24641376 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.4.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirogyra neglecta, a freshwater green alga, is a local food in the northern and northeastern parts of Thailand. This investigation explored the anticarcinogenicity of S neglecta and its possible cancer chemopreventive mechanisms in rats divided into 14 groups. Groups 1 and 10 served as positive and negative control groups, respectively. Groups 1-9 were intraperitoneally injected with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) once a week for 3 weeks. Groups 10-14 received normal saline instead. One week after the last DEN injection, groups 2-5 were administered for 9 consecutive weeks various doses of S neglecta extract (SNE) and dried S neglecta (SND), mixed with basal diet. Groups 6-9 and 11-14 similarly were administered various doses of SNE and SND starting from the first week of the experiment. Administration of SNE and SND was not associated with formation of glutathione-S- transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci in rat liver. SNE and SND during initiation phase significantly reduced the number of GST-P positive foci in rats injected with DEN. The number of GST-P also diminished in groups treated with SNE and SND after injection with DEN, except for the low dose extract group. SNE showed stronger anticarcinogenic potency than SND. Furthermore, SNE also decreased the number of Ki-67 positive cells. However, the numbers of TUNEL-positive cells in the liver of the SNE-treated groups were not statistically different from the controls. The GST activity in 50 mg/kg bw of SNE and 1% of SND groups was significantly increased as compared to the positive control. In conclusion, Spirogyra neglecta (Hassall) Kutzing showed cancer chemopreventive properties at the early stages of diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Possible inhibitory mechanisms include enhancement of the activities of some detoxifying enzymes and/or suppression of precancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarika Thumvijit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand E-mail :
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Superoxide deficiency attenuates promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis by cytotoxicity in NADPH oxidase knockout mice. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1383-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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LeBaron MJ, Gollapudi BB, Terry C, Billington R, Rasoulpour RJ. Human relevance framework for rodent liver tumors induced by the insecticide sulfoxaflor. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44 Suppl 2:15-24. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.910751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Geter DR, Bhat VS, Gollapudi BB, Sura R, Hester SD. Dose-Response Modeling of Early Molecular and Cellular Key Events in the CAR-Mediated Hepatocarcinogenesis Pathway. Toxicol Sci 2014; 138:425-45. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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13
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Elcombe CR, Peffer RC, Wolf DC, Bailey J, Bars R, Bell D, Cattley RC, Ferguson SS, Geter D, Goetz A, Goodman JI, Hester S, Jacobs A, Omiecinski CJ, Schoeny R, Xie W, Lake BG. Mode of action and human relevance analysis for nuclear receptor-mediated liver toxicity: A case study with phenobarbital as a model constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activator. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 44:64-82. [PMID: 24180433 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.835786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) are important nuclear receptors involved in the regulation of cellular responses from exposure to many xenobiotics and various physiological processes. Phenobarbital (PB) is a non-genotoxic indirect CAR activator, which induces cytochrome P450 (CYP) and other xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and is known to produce liver foci/tumors in mice and rats. From literature data, a mode of action (MOA) for PB-induced rodent liver tumor formation was developed. A MOA for PXR activators was not established owing to a lack of suitable data. The key events in the PB-induced liver tumor MOA comprise activation of CAR followed by altered gene expression specific to CAR activation, increased cell proliferation, formation of altered hepatic foci and ultimately the development of liver tumors. Associative events in the MOA include altered epigenetic changes, induction of hepatic CYP2B enzymes, liver hypertrophy and decreased apoptosis; with inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication being an associative event or modulating factor. The MOA was evaluated using the modified Bradford Hill criteria for causality and other possible MOAs were excluded. While PB produces liver tumors in rodents, important species differences were identified including a lack of cell proliferation in cultured human hepatocytes. The MOA for PB-induced rodent liver tumor formation was considered to be qualitatively not plausible for humans. This conclusion is supported by data from a number of epidemiological studies conducted in human populations chronically exposed to PB in which there is no clear evidence for increased liver tumor risk.
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Gupta P, Bansal MP, Koul A. Lycopene modulates initiation of N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis: studies on chromosomal abnormalities, membrane fluidity and antioxidant defense system. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:364-74. [PMID: 24144777 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage due to free radicals generated during nitrosamine metabolism has been suggested as one of the major cause for the initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis. Lycopene, is a well known antioxidant and have promising preventive potentials, however the mechanism of action remain hypothetical and unclear. To investigate the involvement of lycopene extracted from tomatoes (LycT) against oxidative stress induced deleterious effect of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) on cellular macromolecules, female Balb/c mice were divided in four groups: Control, NDEA (cumulative dose of 200mg NDEA/kg body weight injected intraperitoneally in 8 weeks), LycT (5mg/kg body weight given orally on alternate days, throughout the study) and LycT+NDEA (co-administration of LycT and NDEA). NDEA treatment commenced after 2 weeks of LycT administration. At the end of NDEA exposure i.e., at 10th week, enhanced activities of hepatic phase I enzymes, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO) was observed in NDEA group which may have contributed in chromosomal aberrations, enhanced micronucleated cell score, membrane fluidity and serum liver marker enzymes. A significant decrease in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant system could delineate the mechanism behind such NDEA insults. LycT pre-treatment to NDEA challenged group showed lower chromosomal abnormalities, micronucleated cells score, ROS, LPO levels and liver enzymes. Lycopene aids in normalizing the membrane fluidity and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione which could account for the reduced oxidative damage in LycT+NDEA group. It seemed that lycopene supplementation target multiple dys-regulated pathways during initiation of carcinogenesis. Thus, dietary supplementation with lycopene can serve as an alternate measure to intervene the initiation of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Gupta
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Osimitz TG, Droege W, Boobis AR, Lake BG. Evaluation of the utility of the lifetime mouse bioassay in the identification of cancer hazards for humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:550-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Choi HS, Song MK, Lee E, Ryu JC. The toxicogenomic study on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in human hepatoma cell line. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-013-7104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Qiu W, Wang X, Leibowitz B, Yang W, Zhang L, Yu J. PUMA-mediated apoptosis drives chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Hepatology 2011; 54:1249-58. [PMID: 21725994 PMCID: PMC3184207 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocyte death and proliferation contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma development after carcinogen exposure or chronic liver inflammation. However, the role and the molecular targets of hepatocyte death in relation to compensatory proliferation have not been fully characterized. In this study, we investigated the role of p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), a BH3-only protein important for both p53-dependent and -independent apoptosis, in a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver carcinogenesis model. PUMA deficiency significantly decreased the multiplicity and size of liver tumors. DEN treatment induced p53-independent PUMA expression, PUMA-dependent hepatocyte death, and compensatory proliferation. Furthermore, inhibition or deletion of c-jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) abrogated PUMA induction, hepatocyte death, and compensatory proliferation. CONCLUSION These results provide direct evidence that JNK1/PUMA-dependent apoptosis promotes chemical hepatocarcinogenesis through compensatory proliferation, and suggest apoptotic inducers as potential therapeutic targets in liver injury and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Brian Leibowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wancai Yang
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pathology, 840 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Correspondence: Jian Yu, Ph.D., Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion, Suite 2.26h, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. ; Phone: 412-623-7786; Fax: 412-623-7778
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Albracht SPJ, Meijer AJ, Rydström J. Mammalian NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I) and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) together regulate the mitochondrial production of H₂O₂--implications for their role in disease, especially cancer. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 43:541-64. [PMID: 21882037 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-011-9381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I) in the mitochondrial inner membrane catalyzes the oxidation of NADH in the matrix. Excess NADH reduces nine of the ten prosthetic groups of the enzyme in bovine-heart submitochondrial particles with a rate of at least 3,300 s⁻¹. This results in an overall NADH→O₂ rate of ca. 150 s⁻¹. It has long been known that the bovine enzyme also has a specific reaction site for NADPH. At neutral pH excess NADPH reduces only three to four of the prosthetic groups in Complex I with a rate of 40 s⁻¹ at 22 °C. The reducing equivalents remain essentially locked in the enzyme because the overall NADPH→O₂ rate (1.4 s⁻¹) is negligible. The physiological significance of the reaction with NADPH is still unclear. A number of recent developments has revived our thinking about this enigma. We hypothesize that Complex I and the Δp-driven nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) co-operate in an energy-dependent attenuation of the hydrogen-peroxide generation by Complex I. This co-operation is thought to be mediated by the NADPH/NADP⁺ ratio in the vicinity of the NADPH site of Complex I. It is proposed that the specific H₂O₂ production by Complex I, and the attenuation of it, is of importance for apoptosis, autophagy and the survival mechanism of a number of cancers. Verification of this hypothesis may contribute to a better understanding of the regulation of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P J Albracht
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, NL-1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Braeuning A, Heubach Y, Knorpp T, Kowalik MA, Templin M, Columbano A, Schwarz M. Gender-specific interplay of signaling through β-catenin and CAR in the regulation of xenobiotic-induced hepatocyte proliferation. Toxicol Sci 2011; 123:113-22. [PMID: 21705713 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant signaling through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a critical determinant in human and rodent liver carcinogenesis and generally accepted to be a potent driver of proliferation. Xenobiotic agonists of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) induce massive acute hyperplasia of mouse liver and facilitate the outgrowth of hepatocellular carcinomas with activated β-catenin. In the present study, the interplay of β-catenin-dependent and CAR-dependent signaling in the liver and its effect on hepatocyte proliferation were analyzed in transgenic mice with hepatocyte-specific knockout of Ctnnb1 (encoding β-catenin) following treatment with two CAR agonists, 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]-benzene (TCPOBOP) and phenobarbital. Hepatocyte-specific knockout of β-catenin inhibited CAR agonists-induced hepatocyte proliferation in male mice. By contrast, the proliferative effect of CAR agonists was strongly augmented in female β-catenin knockout animals. This was due to prolonged proliferation of the knockout hepatocytes. CAR-mediated hepatocyte proliferation was, at least in part, dependent on estrogen signaling and was associated with enhanced expression of FoxM1 and elevated activity of the PDK1/p90RSK pathway. In conclusion, our study shows that gender-specific factors determine whether β-catenin signaling plays a pro- or an antiproliferative role in the regulation of mouse hepatocyte proliferation induced by CAR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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Kushida M, Kamendulis LM, Peat TJ, Klaunig JE. Dose-related induction of hepatic preneoplastic lesions by diethylnitrosamine in C57BL/6 mice. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 39:776-86. [PMID: 21628716 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311409596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The C57BL/6 mouse strain (or derivation of this strain) is used as a background for many transgenic mouse models. This strain has a relatively low susceptibility to chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis compared with other commonly used experimental mouse strains. In the present study, the authors treated C57BL/6 mice with 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for 4 or 8 weeks by intraperitoneal injection to investigate the dose-response pattern of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesion formation in the liver. DEN induced preneoplastic lesions and cytokeratin 8/18-positive foci in a dose-dependent manner. In the 75 mg/kg for 8 weeks treatment group, hepatocellular adenoma, cholangioma and hemangioma, and cytokeratin 19-positive foci were also induced, but a significant decrease in body weight was observed. The suitable DEN treatment range for this strain was concluded to be from 75 mg/kg for 4 weeks (total amount = 300 mg/kg) to 50 mg/kg for 8 weeks (total amount = 400 mg/kg). These results should prove useful for future studies investigating hepatocarcinogenesis in both the background C57BL/6 strain and other transgenic mouse models derived from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Kushida
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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22
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Braeuning A, Schwarz M. Zonation of heme synthesis enzymes in mouse liver and their regulation by β-catenin and Ha-ras. Biol Chem 2010; 391:1305-13. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) hemoproteins play an important role in hepatic biotransformation. Recently, β-catenin and Ha-ras signaling have been identified as players controlling transcription of various CYP genes in mouse liver. The aim of the present study was to analyze the role of β-catenin and Ha-ras in the regulation of heme synthesis. Heme synthesis-related gene expression was analyzed in normal liver, in transgenic mice expressing activated β-catenin or Ha-ras, and in hepatomas. Regulation of the aminolevulinate dehydratase promoter was studied in vitro. Elevated expression of mRNAs and proteins involved in heme biosynthesis was linked to β-catenin activation in perivenous hepatocytes, in transgenic hepatocytes, and in hepatocellular tumors. Stimulation of the aminolevulinate dehydratase promoter by β-catenin was independent of the β-catenin/T-cell-specific transcription factor dimer. By contrast, activation of Ha-ras repressed heme synthesis-related gene expression. The present data suggest that β-catenin enhances the expression of both CYPs and heme synthesis-related genes, thus coordinating the availability of CYP apoprotein and its prosthetic group heme. The reciprocal regulation of heme synthesis by β-catenin and Ha-ras-dependent signaling supports our previous hypothesis that antagonistic action of these pathways plays a major role in the control of zonal gene expression in healthy mouse liver and aberrant expression patterns in hepatocellular tumors.
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Giera S, Braeuning A, Köhle C, Bursch W, Metzger U, Buchmann A, Schwarz M. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling activates and determines hepatic zonal expression of glutathione S-transferases in mouse liver. Toxicol Sci 2010; 115:22-33. [PMID: 20118494 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play an essential role in the elimination of xenobiotic-derived electrophilic metabolites and also catalyze certain steps in the conversion of endogenous molecules. Their expression is controlled by different transcription factors, such as the antioxidant-activated Nrf2 or the constitutive androstane receptor. Here, we show that the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is also involved in the transcriptional regulation of GSTs: GSTm2, GSTm3, and GSTm6 are overexpressed in mouse hepatomas with activating Ctnnb1 (encoding beta-catenin) mutations and in transgenic hepatocytes expressing activated beta-catenin. Inversely, GSTm expression is reduced in mice with hepatocyte-specific knock out of Ctnnb1. Activation of beta-catenin-dependent signaling stimulates GSTm expression in vitro. Activation of beta-catenin in mouse hepatoma cells activates GSTm3 promoter-driven reporter activity, independently of beta-catenin/T-cell factor sites, via a retinoid X receptor-binding site. By contrast, GSTm expression is inhibited upon Ras activation in mouse liver tumors and transgenic hepatocytes. Recent studies by different groups have shown that beta-catenin-dependent signaling is involved in the transcriptional control of "perivenous" expression of various cytochrome P450s in mouse liver, whereas Ras signaling was hypothesized to antagonize the perivenous hepatocyte phenotype. In synopsis with our present results, it now appears that the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway functions as a master regulator of the expression of both phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes in perivenous hepatocytes from mouse liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Giera
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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24
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Nuclear receptor SHP, a death receptor that targets mitochondria, induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:1341-56. [PMID: 20065042 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01076-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is an epigenetically regulated nuclear transcriptional repressor that suppresses the development of liver cancer by inhibiting cellular growth. Here we report a novel cytoplasmic function of SHP through its regulation of mitochondrial activity. SHP is a pivotal cell death receptor that targets mitochondria, where it binds with Bcl-2, disrupts Bcl-2/Bid interaction, and induces cytochrome c release. The apoptosis inducer AHPN {retinoid 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid} acts by regulating SHP gene expression and promotes the translocation of SHP from the nucleus to the mitochondria. Induction of apoptosis by SHP activation inhibits peritoneal pancreatic tumor growth. Our findings provide for the first time a mechanism by which SHP regulates cell survival, namely, by controlling mitochondrial function via modulating the activity of Bcl-2 through AHPN-mediated or AHPN-independent action. Thus, SHP regulates a mechanism by which apoptotic signals can mediate local control of mitochondrial function and apoptosis, which in turn may limit tumorigenesis.
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25
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Cytokeratin 8/18 as a new marker of mouse liver preneoplastic lesions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 242:47-55. [PMID: 19796649 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To search for a reliable biomarker of preneoplastic lesions arising early in mouse hepatocarcinogenesis the proteomes of microdissected basophilic foci, hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs), carcinomas (HCCs) and normal-appearing liver of B6C3F1 mice initiated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were analysed on anionic (Q10) surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) ProteinChip arrays. Significant overexpression of cytokeratin 8 (CK8; m/z 54, 565), cytokeratin 18 (CK18; m/z 47,538) proteins was found in basophilic foci as well as in HCAs and HCCs. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry demonstrated profound overexpression of CK8 and CK18 proteins (CK8/18) in all basophilic foci, mixed cell type foci, HCAs and HCCs in B6C3F1 and C57BL/6J mice initiated with DEN. A strong correlation between CK8/18-positive foci development and multiplicity of liver tumors in B6C3F1 and C57Bl/6J mice was further observed. Moreover, formation of CK8 and CK18 complexes due to CK8 phosphorylation at Ser73 and Ser431 was found to be strongly associated with neoplastic transformation of mice liver basophilic foci. Elevation of CK8/18 was strongly correlated with induction of cell proliferation in basophilic foci and tumors. In conclusion, our data imply that CK8/18 is a novel reliable marker of preneoplastic lesions arising during mouse hepatocarcinogenesis which might be used for prediction of tumor development and evaluation of environmental agents as well as drugs and food additives using mouse liver tests.
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Lake BG. Species differences in the hepatic effects of inducers of CYP2B and CYP4A subfamily forms: relationship to rodent liver tumour formation. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:582-96. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250903098184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Jones HB, Orton TC, Lake BG. Effect of chronic phenobarbitone administration on liver tumour formation in the C57BL/10J mouse. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1333-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Differential expression of genes associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis induced by okadaic acid during the transformation process of BALB/c 3T3 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 22:116-27. [PMID: 17935941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is a tumor promoter in two-stage carcinogenesis experiments. Nevertheless, the effects of OA on cell transformation, cell proliferation and apoptosis vary widely, and the molecular events underlying these effects of OA are not well understood. In the present study, we examined the promoting activity and the associated effects on cell growth and apoptosis mediated by OA in BALB/c 3T3 cells, and evaluated alterations of gene transcriptional expression by microarray analysis. The promoting activity of OA was estimated by a two-stage transformation assay, in which cells were treated first with a low dose of the initiator N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and then with OA for 14 days. It showed that OA, at concentrations of 7.8-31.3 ng/ml, enhanced the transformation of MNNG-treated cells. In the promotion phase, cells exposed to OA (7.8 ng/ml) grew slowly for the first 2 days and subsequently died. As determined by Hoechst 33342 fluorescent dye and Annexin-V/PI dual-colored flow cytometry, OA induced morphologically apoptotic cells and increased the percentage of early apoptotic cells. The gene expression profile induced by OA at five time points in the promotion phase was determined by use of a specific mouse toxicological microarray containing 1796 clones, and a total of 177 differentially expressed genes were identified. By gene ontology analysis, 31 of these were determined to be functionally involved with cell growth and/or maintenance. In this group, numerous genes associated with the cell proliferation and cell cycle progression were down-regulated at early and/or middle time points. Among these was a subset of genes associated with apoptosis, in which Bnip3, Cycs, Casp3 and Bag1 genes are involved in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Ier3, Mdm2 and Bnip3 genes may be p53 targets. Furthermore, real-time PCR confirmed the expression changes of five genes selected at random from the differentially expressed genes. We conclude that OA induces cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in the two-stage, MNNG-initiated transformation of BALB/c 3T3 cells. The results of gene expression profile analysis imply that multiple molecular pathways are involved in OA-induced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis. Mitochondrial and p53-associated apoptotic pathways also may contribute to OA-induced apoptosis.
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Kim I, Morimura K, Shah Y, Yang Q, Ward JM, Gonzalez FJ. Spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in farnesoid X receptor-null mice. Carcinogenesis 2006; 28:940-6. [PMID: 17183066 PMCID: PMC1858639 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgl249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) controls the synthesis and transport of bile acids (BAs). Mice lacking expression of FXR, designated Fxr-null, have elevated levels of serum and hepatic BAs and an increase in BA pool size. Surprisingly, at 12 months of age, male and female Fxr-null mice had a high incidence of degenerative hepatic lesions, altered cell foci and liver tumors including hepatocellular adenoma, carcinoma and hepatocholangiocellular carcinoma, the latter of which is rarely observed in mice. At 3 months, Fxr-null mice had increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta mRNA and elevated beta-catenin and its target gene c-myc. They also had increased cell proliferation as revealed by increased PCNA mRNA and BrdU incorporation. These studies reveal a potential role for FXR and BAs in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insook Kim
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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30
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Rydström J. Mitochondrial NADPH, transhydrogenase and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1757:721-6. [PMID: 16730324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ever since its discovery in 1953 by N. O. Kaplan and coworkers, the physiological role of the proton-translocating transhydrogenase has generally been assumed to be that of generating mitochondrial NADPH. Mitochondrial NADPH can be used in a number of important reactions/processes, e.g., biosynthesis, maintenance of GSH, apoptosis, aging etc. This assumed role has found some support in bacteria but not in higher eukaryotes, a situation which changed dramatically with two recent but separate findings, both using transhydrogenase knockouts, in the nematode C. elegans and the mouse strain C57BL/6J. The latter, which is due to a spontaneous deletion mutation in the Nnt gene, was serendipitously found during investigations of the diabetic properties of these mice. The implications of these findings for the overall role of transhydrogenase in cell metabolism and disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rydström
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Göteborg University, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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