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Shi Y, Yang Y, Li W, Zhao Z, Yan L, Wang W, Aschner M, Zhang J, Zheng G, Shen X. High blood lead level correlates with selective hippocampal subfield atrophy and neuropsychological impairments. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114945. [PMID: 37105093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead contamination is a major public health concern. Previous studies have demonstrated that lead exposure could affect the hippocampus, which is a complex and heterogeneous structure composed of 12 subregions. Here, we explored volumetric and functional changes in hippocampal subfields and neuropsychological alterations after lead exposure. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study at a smelting company between September 2020 and December 2021. Blood lead level was recorded, and neuropsychological functions were assessed by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). The hippocampus was segmented into 12 subfields in each hemisphere in magnetic resonance images (MRIs). Then, the effect of altered hippocampal subfield volumes on brain functions were studied by seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis. Finally, the relationships between the lead level with hippocampal subfield volumes and neuropsychological functions were investigated. Baseline characteristics, hippocampal subfield volumes, and FC analysis were compared between lead-exposed (≥ 300 μg/L) and the control group (≤ 100 μg/L). RESULTS In 76 participants, lead level positively correlated with SDS(r = 0.422) and negatively correlated with MoCA(r = -0.414), MMSE(r = -0.251), Concentration(r = -0.331), Recall(r = -0.319), Orientation(r = -0.298) and Executive Function/Visuospatial abilities(r = -0.231). Lead group (26 participants) had lower MoCA and MMSE and higher SDS than control group (23 participants). A significantly decreased volume in the left CA4 and GC-ML-DG subfields was found in the lead group compared with the control group. The left GC-ML-DG of the lead group showed a decreased FC with the bilateral postcentral gyrus. The left CA4(r = -0.409) and left GC-ML-DG (r = -0.383) volumes negatively correlated with lead level. The FC between left GC-ML-DG and left postcentral gyrus positively correlated with MoCA(r = 0.318), MMSE(r = 0.379) and Recall(r = 0.311). The FC between left GC-ML-DG and right postcentral gyrus positively correlated with MoCA(r = 0.326), Executive Function/Visuospatial abilities(r = 0.307) and Concentration(r = 0.297). CONCLUSION High blood lead level was associated with neuropsychological alterations, hippocampal structural and functional changes. The left GC-ML-DG and CA4 atrophy might serve as predictive imaging markers for neurological damage associated with high lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 of West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 of West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Zaihua Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 of West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Linfeng Yan
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 of West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 of West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xuefeng Shen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 of West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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Petroff RL, Grant KS, Burbacher TM. The Role of Nonhuman Primates in Neurotoxicology Research: Preclinical Models and Experimental Methods. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e698. [PMID: 36912610 PMCID: PMC10084743 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Although noteworthy progress has been made in developing alternatives to animal testing, nonhuman primates still play a critical role in advancing biomedical research and will likely do so for many years. Core similarities between monkeys and humans in genetics, physiology, reproduction, development, and behavior make them excellent models for translational studies relevant to human health. This unit is designed to specifically address the role of nonhuman primates in neurotoxicology research and outlines the specialized assessments that can be used to measure exposure-related changes at the structural, chemical, cellular, molecular, and functional levels. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L Petroff
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences (DEOHS), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kimberly S Grant
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences (DEOHS), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas M Burbacher
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences (DEOHS), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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A Historical Review of Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061283. [PMID: 35745855 PMCID: PMC9229021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
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Marshall AT, McConnell R, Lanphear BP, Thompson WK, Herting MM, Sowell ER. Risk of lead exposure, subcortical brain structure, and cognition in a large cohort of 9- to 10-year-old children. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258469. [PMID: 34648580 PMCID: PMC8516269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead, a toxic metal, affects cognitive development at the lowest measurable concentrations found in children, but little is known about its direct impact on brain development. Recently, we reported widespread decreases in cortical surface area and volume with increased risks of lead exposure, primarily in children of low-income families. METHODS AND FINDINGS We examined associations of neighborhood-level risk of lead exposure with cognitive test performance and subcortical brain volumes. We also examined whether subcortical structure mediated associations between lead risk and cognitive performance. Our analyses employed a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the observational Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The multi-center ABCD Study used school-based enrollment to recruit a demographically diverse cohort of almost 11,900 9- and 10-year-old children from an initial 22 study sites. The analyzed sample included data from 8,524 typically developing child participants and their parents or caregivers. The primary outcomes and measures were subcortical brain structure, cognitive performance using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox, and geocoded risk of lead exposure. Children who lived in neighborhoods with greater risks of environmental lead exposure exhibited smaller volumes of the mid-anterior (partial correlation coefficient [rp] = -0.040), central (rp = -0.038), and mid-posterior corpus callosum (rp = -0.035). Smaller volumes of these three callosal regions were associated with poorer performance on cognitive tests measuring language and processing speed. The association of lead exposure risk with cognitive performance was partially mediated through callosal volume, particularly the mid-posterior corpus callosum. In contrast, neighborhood-level indicators of disadvantage were not associated with smaller volumes of these brain structures. CONCLUSIONS Environmental factors related to the risk of lead exposure may be associated with certain aspects of cognitive functioning via diminished subcortical brain structure, including the anterior splenium (i.e., mid-posterior corpus callosum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Marshall
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce P. Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Department of Biostatistics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Megan M. Herting
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Sowell
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xie J, Wettschurack K, Yuan C. Review: In vitro Cell Platform for Understanding Developmental Toxicity. Front Genet 2020; 11:623117. [PMID: 33424939 PMCID: PMC7785584 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.623117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental toxicity and its affiliation to long-term health, particularly neurodegenerative disease (ND) has attracted significant attentions in recent years. There is, however, a significant gap in current models to track longitudinal changes arising from developmental toxicity. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived neuronal culture has allowed for more complex and functionally active in vitro neuronal models. Coupled with recent progress in the detection of ND biomarkers, we are equipped with promising new tools to understand neurotoxicity arising from developmental exposure. This review provides a brief overview of current progress in neuronal culture derived from iPSC and in ND markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Xie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kyle Wettschurack
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chongli Yuan
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Mansouri MT, Muñoz-Fambuena I, Cauli O. Cognitive impairment associated with chronic lead exposure in adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npbr.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Correlation of brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging of spontaneously lead poisoned bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) with histological lesions: A pilot study. Res Vet Sci 2016; 105:236-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wang Y, Wang S, Cui W, He J, Wang Z, Yang X. Olive leaf extract inhibits lead poisoning-induced brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2021-9. [PMID: 25206510 PMCID: PMC4146066 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.22.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive leaves have an antioxidant capacity, and olive leaf extract can protect the blood, spleen and hippocampus in lead-poisoned mice. However, little is known about the effects of olive leaf extract on lead-induced brain injury. This study was designed to determine whether olive leaf extract can inhibit lead-induced brain injury, and whether this effect is associated with antioxidant capacity. First, we established a mouse model of lead poisoning by continuous intragastric administration of lead acetate for 30 days. Two hours after successful model establishment, lead-poisoned mice were given olive leaf extract at doses of 250, 500 or 1 000 mg/kg daily by intragastric administration for 50 days. Under the transmission electron microscope, olive leaf extract attenuated neuronal and capillary injury and reduced damage to organelles and the matrix around the capillaries in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex in the lead-poisoned mice. Olive leaf extract at a dose of 1 000 mg/kg had the greatest protective effect. Spectrophotometry showed that olive leaf extract significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase, while it reduced malondialdehyde content, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining revealed that olive leaf extract dose-dependently decreased Bax protein expression in the cerebral cortex of lead-poisoned mice. Our findings indicate that olive leaf extract can inhibit lead-induced brain injury by increasing antioxidant capacity and reducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Longnan Teachers College, Chengxian 742500, Gansu Province, China
| | - Shengqing Wang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Longnan Teachers College, Chengxian 742500, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wenhui Cui
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Longnan Teachers College, Chengxian 742500, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jiujun He
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Longnan Teachers College, Chengxian 742500, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhenfu Wang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Longnan Teachers College, Chengxian 742500, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiaolu Yang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Longnan Teachers College, Chengxian 742500, Gansu Province, China
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Mansouri MT, Cauli O. Motor alterations induced by chronic lead exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 27:307-313. [PMID: 21783958 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) as other environmental neurotoxicants substances has the capability to interfere with many biochemical events present in cells throughout the body and it can produce a wide spectrum of alterations in many organs and systems. Among that alterations induced by Pb exposure in adults and children those involving motor system dysfunction represent a common public health problem. The review summarizes the sources of lead exposures in both occupational and residential environments and motor deficits induced by chronic Pb exposure taking in account the last literature in the field. We wish to focus on the current state of knowledge concerning the long-lasting neurological effects of Pb in motor functions and to correlate the neurological deficits induced by Pb exposure in animal models with those reported in humans. The great interest in whether exposure to Pb can cause long-term, progressive declines in central nervous system (CNS) function have revealed that Pb exposure is involved in chronic CNS diseases such Parkinson's and poor motor coordination in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taghi Mansouri
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Ahwaz Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS), Ahwaz, Iran; Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avda Autopista del Saler, 16, 46013, Valencia, Spain
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Jiang YM, Long LL, Zhu XY, Zheng H, Fu X, Ou SY, Wei DL, Zhou HL, Zheng W. Evidence for altered hippocampal volume and brain metabolites in workers occupationally exposed to lead: a study by magnetic resonance imaging and (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Toxicol Lett 2008; 181:118-25. [PMID: 18692119 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 07/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposure to lead (Pb) remains to be a major public health issue. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to use non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) techniques to investigate whether chronic exposure to Pb in an occupational setting altered brain structure and function of Pb-exposed workers. The Pb-exposed group consisted of 15 workers recruited from either a Pb-smelting factory or a Pb-battery manufacturer. The control group had 19 healthy volunteers who had no history of Pb exposure in working environment or at home. The average airborne Pb concentrations in fume and dust were 0.43 and 0.44 mg/m(3), respectively, in the smeltery, and 0.10 and 1.06 mg/m(3), respectively, in the Pb battery workshop. The average blood Pb concentrations (BPb) in Pb-exposed and control workers were 63.5 and 8.7 microg/dL, respectively. The MRI examination showed that brain hippocampal volume among Pb-exposed workers was significantly diminished in comparison to age-matched control subjects (p < 0.01), although the extent of this reduction was relatively small (5-6% of the control values). Linear regression analyses revealed significant inverse associations between BPb and the decreased hippocampal volume on both sides of brain hemisphere. Among five brain metabolites investigated by MRS, i.e., N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), inosine (mI), glutamate/glutamine (Glx) and lipids (Lip), a significant decrease in NAA/Cr ratio (7% of controls, p < 0.05) and a remarkable increase in Lip/Cr ratio (40%, p < 0.01) were observed in the brains of Pb-exposed workers as compared to controls. Furthermore, the increased Lip/Cr ratio was significantly associated with BPb (r = 0.46, p < 0.01). Taken together, this study suggests that occupational exposure to Pb may cause subtle structural and functional alteration in human brains. The MRI and MRS brain imaging techniques can be used as the non-invasive means to evaluate Pb-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ming Jiang
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Parikh NA, Lasky RE, Kennedy KA, Moya FR, Hochhauser L, Romo S, Tyson JE. Postnatal dexamethasone therapy and cerebral tissue volumes in extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2007; 119:265-72. [PMID: 17272615 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our goal was to relate postnatal dexamethasone therapy in extremely low birth weight infants (birth weight of < or = 1000 g) to their total and regional brain volumes, as measured by volumetric MRI performed at term-equivalent age. METHODS Among 53 extremely low birth weight infants discharged between June 1 and December 31, 2003, 41 had high-quality MRI studies; 30 of those infants had not received postnatal steroid treatment and 11 had received dexamethasone, all after postnatal age of 28 days, for a mean duration of 6.8 days and a mean cumulative dose of 2.8 mg/kg. Anatomic brain MRI scans obtained at 39.5 weeks (mean) postmenstrual age were segmented by using semiautomated and manual, pretested, scoring algorithms to generate three-dimensional cerebral component volumes. Volumes were adjusted according to postmenstrual age at MRI. RESULTS After controlling for postmenstrual age at MRI, we observed a 10.2% smaller total cerebral tissue volume in the dexamethasone-treated group, compared with the untreated group. Cortical tissue volume was 8.7% smaller in the treated infants, compared with untreated infants. Regional volume analysis revealed a 20.6% smaller cerebellum and a 19.9% reduction in subcortical gray matter in the dexamethasone-treated infants, compared with untreated infants. In a series of regression analyses, the reductions in total cerebral tissue, subcortical gray matter, and cerebellar volumes associated with dexamethasone administration remained significant after controlling not only for postmenstrual age but also for bronchopulmonary dysplasia and birth weight. CONCLUSIONS We identified smaller total and regional cerebral tissue volumes in extremely low birth weight infants treated with relatively conservative regimens of dexamethasone. These volume deficits may be the structural antecedents of neuromotor and cognitive abnormalities reported after postnatal dexamethasone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal A Parikh
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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