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Rupa SA, Patwary MAM, Matin MM, Ghann WE, Uddin J, Kazi M. Interaction of mercury species with proteins: towards possible mechanism of mercurial toxicology. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:355-368. [PMID: 37397928 PMCID: PMC10311172 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of the binding of mercurials (organic and inorganic) and their subsequent transformations in biological systems is a matter of great debate as several different hypotheses have been proposed and none of them has been conclusively proven to explain the characteristics of Hg binding with the proteins. Thus, the chemical nature of Hg-protein binding through the possible transportation mechanism in living tissues is critically reviewed herein. Emphasis is given to the process of transportation, and binding of Hg species with selenol-containing biomolecules that are appealing for toxicological studies as well as the advancement of environmental and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William Emmanuel Ghann
- Center for Nanotechnology, Department of Natural Sciences, Coppin State University, Baltimore, MD 21216, USA
| | - Jamal Uddin
- Center for Nanotechnology, Department of Natural Sciences, Coppin State University, Baltimore, MD 21216, USA
| | - Mohsin Kazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. BOX-2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Han B, Lv Z, Han X, Li S, Han B, Yang Q, Wang X, Wu P, Li J, Deng N, Zhang Z. Harmful Effects of Inorganic Mercury Exposure on Kidney Cells: Mitochondrial Dynamics Disorder and Excessive Oxidative Stress. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1591-1597. [PMID: 34060062 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mercury is widely used in industry and has caused global environmental pollution. Inorganic mercury accumulates in the body causes damage to many organs, and the kidney is the most susceptible to the toxic effects of mercury. However, the underlying specific molecular mechanism of renal injury induced by inorganic mercury remains unclear at the cellular level. Therefore, in order to understand its molecular mechanism, we used in vitro method. We established experimental models by treating human embryonic kidney epithelial cell line (HEK-293 T) cells with HgCl2 (0, 1.25, 5, and 20 µmol/L). We found that HgCl2 can lead to a decrease in cell viability and oxidative stress of HEK-293 T, which may be mediated by upregulation mitochondrial fission. In addition, HgCl2 exposure resulted in the mitochondrial disorder of HEK-293 T cells, which was mediated by downregulating the expression of silent information regulator two ortholog 1 (Sirt1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) signaling pathway. In summary, our results suggest that HgCl2 induces HEK-293 T cell toxicity through promoting Sirt1/PGC-1α axis-mediated mitochondrial dynamics disorder and oxidative stress. Sirt1/PGC-1α may be an appealing pharmaceutical target curing HgCl2-induced kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqi Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhanjun Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xuemin Han
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention of Chifeng, Chifeng, 024000, China
| | - Siyu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Bing Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qingyue Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ning Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China.
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3
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Diverse Roles of Mitochondria in Renal Injury from Environmental Toxicants and Therapeutic Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084172. [PMID: 33920653 PMCID: PMC8073222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are well-known to function as the primary sites of ATP synthesis in most mammalian cells, including the renal proximal tubule. Other functions have also been associated with different mitochondrial activities, including the regulation of redox status and the initiation of mitophagy and apoptosis. Mechanisms for the membrane transport of glutathione (GSH) and various GSH-derived metabolites across the mitochondrial inner membrane of renal proximal tubular cells are critical determinants of these functions and may serve as pharmacological targets for potential therapeutic approaches. Specific interactions of reactive intermediates, derived from drug metabolism, with molecular components in mitochondria have been identified as early steps in diverse forms of chemically-induced nephrotoxicity. Applying this key observation, we developed a novel hypothesis regarding the identification of early, sensitive, and specific biomarkers of exposure to nephrotoxicants. The underlying concept is that upon exposure to a diverse array of environmental contaminants, as well as therapeutic drugs whose efficacy is limited by nephrotoxicity, renal mitochondria will release both high- and low-molecular-weight components into the urine or the extracellular medium in an in vitro model. The detection of these components may then serve as indicators of exposure before irreversible renal injury has occurred.
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Barnett LMA, Cummings BS. Nephrotoxicity and Renal Pathophysiology: A Contemporary Perspective. Toxicol Sci 2019; 164:379-390. [PMID: 29939355 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney consists of numerous cell types organized into the nephron, which is the basic functional unit of the kidney. Any stimuli that induce loss of these cells can induce kidney damage and renal failure. The cause of renal failure can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Extrinsic causes include cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, sepsis, and lung and liver failure. Intrinsic causes include glomerular nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, renal fibrosis, tubular cell death, and stones. The kidney plays a prominent role in mediating the toxicity of numerous drugs, environmental pollutants and natural substances. Drugs known to be nephrotoxic include several cancer therapeutics, drugs of abuse, antibiotics, and radiocontrast agents. Environmental pollutants known to target the kidney include cadmium, mercury, arsenic, lead, trichloroethylene, bromate, brominated-flame retardants, diglycolic acid, and ethylene glycol. Natural nephrotoxicants include aristolochic acids and mycotoxins such as ochratoxin, fumonisin B1, and citrinin. There are several common characteristics between mechanisms of renal failure induced by nephrotoxicants and extrinsic causes. This common ground exists primarily due to similarities in the molecular mechanisms mediating renal cell death. This review summarizes the current state of the field of nephrotoxicity. It emphasizes integrating our understanding of nephrotoxicity with pathological-induced renal failure. Such approaches are needed to address major questions in the field, which include the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of both acute and chronic renal failure, and the progression of acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian S Cummings
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program.,Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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5
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Orr SE, Joshee L, Barkin J, Bridges CC. Disposition of methylmercury over time in a 75% nephrectomized rat model. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:349-360. [PMID: 29498598 PMCID: PMC6088791 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1443859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly relevant clinical condition that is characterized by the permanent loss of functional nephrons. Individuals with CKD may exhibit impaired renal clearance, which may alter corporal handling of metabolites and xenobiotics. Methylmercury (MeHg) is an important environmental toxicant to which humans are exposed to on a regular basis. Given the prevalence of CKD and ubiquitous presence of MeHg in the environment, it is important to understand how mercuric ions are handled in patients with CKD. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to characterize the disposition of MeHg over time in a rat model of CKD (i.e., 75% nephrectomized (NPX) rats). Control and NPX rats were exposed intravenously (iv) to a non-nephrotoxic dose of MeHg (5 mg/kg) once daily for1, 2, or 3 d and the amount of MeHg in organs, blood, urine, and feces determined. The accumulation of MeHg in kidneys and blood of controls was significantly greater than that of NPX animals. In contrast, MeHg levels in brain and liver of controls were not markedly different from corresponding NPX rats. In all organs examined, accumulation of MeHg increased over the course of exposure, suggesting that urinary and fecal elimination are not sufficient to fully eliminate all mercuric ions. The current findings are important in that the disposition of mercuric ions in rats with normal renal function versus renal insufficiency following exposure to MeHg for a prolonged period differ and need to be taken into account with respect to therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Orr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Lucy Joshee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer Barkin
- Department of Community Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Christy C. Bridges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
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Zhang BB, Li WK, Hou WY, Luo Y, Shi JZ, Li C, Wei LX, Liu J. Zuotai and HgS differ from HgCl 2 and methyl mercury in Hg accumulation and toxicity in weanling and aged rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 331:76-84. [PMID: 28536007 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mercury sulfides are used in Ayurvedic medicines, Tibetan medicines, and Chinese medicines for thousands of years and are still used today. Cinnabar (α-HgS) and metacinnabar (β-HgS) are different from mercury chloride (HgCl2) and methylmercury (MeHg) in their disposition and toxicity. Whether such scenario applies to weanling and aged animals is not known. To address this question, weanling (21d) and aged (450d) rats were orally given Zuotai (54% β-HgS, 30mg/kg), HgS (α-HgS, 30mg/kg), HgCl2 (34.6mg/kg), or MeHg (MeHgCl, 3.2mg/kg) for 7days. Accumulation of Hg in kidney and liver, and the toxicity-sensitive gene expressions were examined. Animal body weight gain was decreased by HgCl2 and to a lesser extent by MeHg, but unaltered after Zuotai and HgS. HgCl2 and MeHg produced dramatic tissue Hg accumulation, increased kidney (kim-1 and Ngal) and liver (Ho-1) injury-sensitive gene expressions, but such changes are absent or mild after Zuotai and HgS. Aged rats were more susceptible than weanling rats to Hg toxicity. To examine roles of transporters in Hg accumulation, transporter gene expressions were examined. The expression of renal uptake transporters Oat1, Oct2, and Oatp4c1 and hepatic Oatp2 was decreased, while the expression of renal efflux transporter Mrp2, Mrp4 and Mdr1b was increased following HgCl2 and MeHg, but unaffected by Zuotai and HgS. Thus, Zuotai and HgS differ from HgCl2 and MeHg in producing tissue Hg accumulation and toxicity, and aged rats are more susceptible than weanling rats. Transporter expression could be adaptive means to reduce tissue Hg burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Zhang
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Wen-Kai Li
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Wei-Yu Hou
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Ya Luo
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jing-Zhen Shi
- Guiyang Traditional Medical College, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Cen Li
- Key Lab of Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Li-Xin Wei
- Key Lab of Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
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7
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Xu YJ, Wang Y, Lu YF, Xu SF, Wu Q, Liu J. Age-associated differences in transporter gene expression in kidneys of male rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:474-482. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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8
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Mercury sulfides are much less nephrotoxic than mercury chloride and methylmercury in mice. Toxicol Lett 2016; 262:153-160. [PMID: 27720909 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mercury sulfides (α-HgS, β-HgS) are frequently included in traditional medicines. Mercury is known for nephrotoxicity, their safety is of concern. To address this question, mice were orally administrated with Zuotai (54% β-HgS, 30mg/kg), α-HgS (HgS, 30mg/kg), HgCl2 (33.6mg/kg), or MeHgCl (3.1mg/kg) for 7days, and nephrotoxicity was examined. Animal body weights were decreased by HgCl2 and to a lesser extent by MeHg, but unaltered after Zuotai and HgS. HgCl2 and MeHg produced renal tubular vacuolation, interstitial inflammation and cell degeneration with protein cysts in the tubular lumen, while these pathological lesions were mild in Zuotai and HgS-treated mice. Electron microscopy showed that HgCl2 and MeHg produced spotted swelling endothelium reticulum, while these lesions were mild or absent in Zuotai and HgS-treated mice. Renal Hg contents reached 250-300ng/mg kidney in HgCl2 and MeHg groups as compared to 2-3ng/mg in Zuotai and HgS groups. The expression of kidney injury biomarkers, kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (Ngal), were increased after HgCl2 and MeHg, but unaltered after Zuotai and HgS. The expression of renal influx transporters Oat3 and Oatp4c1 was decreased, while the expression of renal efflux transporter such as Mrp2, Mrp4, and Mate2 was increased following HgCl2 and MeHg. These gene expressions were unchanged after Zuotai and HgS. In summary, both α-HgS and β-HgS are less nephrotoxic than HgCl2 and MeHg, indicating that chemical forms of mercury are a major determinant of mercury disposition and toxicity.
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9
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Kim KH, Kabir E, Jahan SA. A review on the distribution of Hg in the environment and its human health impacts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 306:376-385. [PMID: 26826963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mercury is a silent threat to the environment and human life. It has the potential to harm almost every organ and body system. Mercury compounds are classified in different chemical types such as elemental, inorganic, and organic forms. The most significant source of ingestion-related mercury exposure in humans and animals is the consumption of fish. Long-term exposure to mercury compounds from different sources (e.g., water, food, soil, and air) can lead to toxic effects on skin, cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary, gastrointestinal, and neurological systems. Mercury toxicity is found to pose more significant health hazards to certain occupational groups (e.g., goldminers and dental personnel). Because continuous exposure to mercury can be dangerous, it is desirable to re-evaluate the current reference (risk-free) values. This paper reviews the route of Hg exposure to humans, its human health impacts, the associated risk assessment, and treatment based on the recent findings from various studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Kim
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ehsanul Kabir
- Dept. of Farm, Power & Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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10
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Fongsupa S, Soodvilai S, Muanprasat C, Chatsudthipong V, Soodvilai S. Activation of liver X receptors inhibits cadmium-induced apoptosis of human renal proximal tubular cells. Toxicol Lett 2015; 236:145-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Vázquez M, Devesa V, Vélez D. Characterization of the intestinal absorption of inorganic mercury in Caco-2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 29:93-102. [PMID: 25283090 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main form of mercury exposure in the general population is through food. Intestinal absorption is therefore a key step in the penetration of mercury into the systemic circulation, and should be considered when evaluating exposure risk. Many studies have investigated the transport of mercury species in different cell lines, though the mechanisms underlying their intestinal absorption are not clear. This study evaluates the accumulation and transport of Hg(II), one of the mercury species ingested in food, using Caco-2 cells as intestinal epithelium model with the purpose of clarifying the mechanisms involved in its absorption. Hg(II) shows moderate absorption, and its transport fundamentally takes place via a carrier-mediated transcellular mechanism. The experiments indicate the participation of an energy-dependent transport mechanism. In addition, H(+)- and Na(+)-dependent transport is also observed. These data, together with those obtained from inhibition studies using specific substrates or inhibitors of different transporter families, suggest the participation of divalent cation and amino acid transporters, and even some organic anion transporters, in Hg(II) intestinal transport. An important cellular accumulation of up to 51% is observed - a situation which in view of the toxic nature of this species could affect intestinal mucosal function. This study contributes new information on the mechanisms of transport of Hg(II) at intestinal level, and which may be responsible for penetration of this mercurial form into the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vázquez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - V Devesa
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - D Vélez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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12
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Nanayakkara S, Senevirathna STMLD, Abeysekera T, Chandrajith R, Ratnatunga N, Gunarathne EDL, Yan J, Hitomi T, Muso E, Komiya T, Harada KH, Liu W, Kobayashi H, Okuda H, Sawatari H, Matsuda F, Yamada R, Watanabe T, Miyataka H, Himeno S, Koizumi A. An Integrative Study of the Genetic, Social and Environmental Determinants of Chronic Kidney Disease Characterized by Tubulointerstitial Damages in the North Central Region of Sri Lanka. J Occup Health 2014; 56:28-38. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.13-0172-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shanika Nanayakkara
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityJapan
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Faculty of DentistryThe University of SydneyAustralia
| | - STMLD Senevirathna
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityJapan
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Western SydneyAustralia
| | - Tilak Abeysekera
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PeradeniyaSri Lanka
| | - Rohana Chandrajith
- Department of Geology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of PeradeniyaSri Lanka
| | | | | | - Junxia Yan
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityJapan
| | - Toshiaki Hitomi
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityJapan
| | - Eri Muso
- Department of Nephrology and DialysisTazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano HospitalJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Komiya
- Department of Nephrology and DialysisTazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano HospitalJapan
| | - Kouji H. Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityJapan
| | - Wanyang Liu
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityJapan
| | - Hatasu Kobayashi
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityJapan
| | - Hiroko Okuda
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityJapan
| | | | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityJapan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityJapan
| | | | - Hideki Miyataka
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokushima Bunri UniversityJapan
| | - Seiichiro Himeno
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokushima Bunri UniversityJapan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityJapan
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13
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Samuni Y, Goldstein S, Dean OM, Berk M. The chemistry and biological activities of N-acetylcysteine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4117-29. [PMID: 23618697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been in clinical practice for several decades. It has been used as a mucolytic agent and for the treatment of numerous disorders including paracetamol intoxication, doxorubicin cardiotoxicity, ischemia-reperfusion cardiac injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, bronchitis, chemotherapy-induced toxicity, HIV/AIDS, heavy metal toxicity and psychiatric disorders. SCOPE OF REVIEW The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic and clinical applications of NAC are complex and still unclear. The present review is focused on the chemistry of NAC and its interactions and functions at the organ, tissue and cellular levels in an attempt to bridge the gap between its recognized biological activities and chemistry. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The antioxidative activity of NAC as of other thiols can be attributed to its fast reactions with OH, NO2, CO3(-) and thiyl radicals as well as to restitution of impaired targets in vital cellular components. NAC reacts relatively slowly with superoxide, hydrogen-peroxide and peroxynitrite, which cast some doubt on the importance of these reactions under physiological conditions. The uniqueness of NAC is most probably due to efficient reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins thus altering their structures and disrupting their ligand bonding, competition with larger reducing molecules in sterically less accessible spaces, and serving as a precursor of cysteine for GSH synthesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The outlined reactions only partially explain the diverse biological effects of NAC, and further studies are required for determining its ability to cross the cell membrane and the blood-brain barrier as well as elucidating its reactions with components of cell signaling pathways.
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Nazıroğlu M, Yoldaş N, Uzgur EN, Kayan M. Role of contrast media on oxidative stress, Ca(2+) signaling and apoptosis in kidney. J Membr Biol 2012; 246:91-100. [PMID: 23132012 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-012-9512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Contrast media (CM)-induced nephropathy is a common cause of iatrogenic acute renal failure. The aim of the present review was to discuss the mechanisms and risk factors of CM, to summarize the controlled studies evaluating measures for prevention and to conclude with evidence-based strategies for prevention. A review of the relevant literature and results from recent clinical studies as well as critical analyses of published systematic reviews used MEDLINE and the Science Citation Index. The cytotoxicity induced by CM leads to apoptosis and death of endothelial and tubular cells and may be initiated by cell membrane damage together with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation. Cell damage may be aggravated by factors such as tissue hypoxia, properties of individual CM such as ionic strength, high osmolarity and/or viscosity. Clinical studies indeed support this possibility, suggesting a protective effect of ROS scavenging with the administration of N-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid erdosteine, glutathione and bicarbonate infusion. The interaction between extracellular Ca(2+), which plays a central role in intercellular contacts and production of ROS, and the in vitro toxicity of CM was also reviewed. The current review addresses the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of CM in the kidney as well as current and potential novel treatment modalities for the prevention of neutrophil activation and CM-induced kidney degeneration in patients. ROS production through CM-induced renal hypoxia may exert direct tubular and vascular endothelial injury. Preventive strategies via antioxidant supplementation include inhibition of ROS generation or scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Nazıroğlu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Dekanlık Binası, 32260 Isparta, Turkey.
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15
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Biomarkers of adverse response to mercury: histopathology versus thioredoxin reductase activity. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:359879. [PMID: 22888199 PMCID: PMC3408678 DOI: 10.1155/2012/359879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to mercury is normally assessed by measuring its accumulation in hair, blood or urine. Currently, the biomarkers of effect that have been proposed for mercurials, such as coproporphyrines or oxidative stress markers, are not sensitive enough and lack specificity. Selenium and selenoproteins are important targets for mercury and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in particular was shown to be very sensitive to mercury compounds both in vitro and in vivo. In this study we looked into the relation between the inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity and histopathological changes caused by exposure to mercurials. Juvenile zeabra-seabreams were exposed to Hg2+ or MeHg for 28 days and histopathological changes were analyzed in the liver and kidney as well as TrxR activity. Both mercurials caused histopathological changes in liver and kidney, albeit Hg2+ caused more extensive and severe lesions. Likewise, both mercurials decreased TrxR activity, being Hg2+ a stronger inhibitor. Co-exposure to Hg2+ and Se fully prevented TrxR inhibition in the liver and reduced the severity of lesions in the organ. These results show that upon exposure to mercurials, histopathological alterations correlate with the level of TrxR activity and point to the potential use of this enzyme as a biomarker of mercury toxicity.
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Abstract
Abstract
The tripeptide glutathione (GSH), comprised of the amino acids l-cysteine, glycine, and l-glutamate, is found in all cells of aerobic organisms and plays numerous, critical roles as an antioxidant and nucleophile in regulating cellular homeostasis and drug metabolism. GSH is synthesized exclusively in the cytoplasm of most cells by two ATP-dependent reactions. Despite this compartmentation, GSH is found in other subcellular compartments, including mitochondria. As the GSH molecule has a net negative charge at physiological pH, it cannot cross cellular membranes by diffusion. Rather, GSH is a substrate for a variety of anion and amino acid transporters. Two organic anion carriers in the inner membrane of renal mitochondria, the dicarboxylate carrier (DIC; Slc25a10) and the 2-oxoglutarate carrier (OGC; Slc25a11), are responsible for most of the transport of GSH from cytoplasm into mitochondrial matrix. Genetic manipulation of DIC and/or OGC expression in renal cell lines demonstrated the ability to produce sustained increases in mitochondrial GSH content, which then protected these cells from cytotoxicity due to several oxidants and mitochondrial toxicants. Several diseases and pathological states are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, suggesting that the mitochondrial GSH pool may be a therapeutic target. One such disease that is of particular concern for public health is diabetic nephropathy. Another chronic, pathological state that is associated with bioenergetic and redox changes is compensatory renal hypertrophy that results from reductions in functional renal mass. This review summarizes pathways of mitochondrial GSH transport and discusses studies on its manipulation in toxicological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence H. Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Fax: +01-313-577-6739; Tel: +01-313-577-0475
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Barygina VV, Aref’eva AS, Zatsepina OV. The role of mercury in the processes of vital activity of the human and mammalian organisms. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363210130037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rödiger M, Zhang X, Ugele B, Gersdorff N, Wright SH, Burckhardt G, Bahn A. Organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) and renal transport of the metal chelator 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:141-6. [PMID: 20237588 DOI: 10.1139/y09-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations involving intact rabbit renal proximal tubules indicated that organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) may be involved in the transport of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Therefore, we evaluated the interaction of OAT3 with DMPS to determine the effect of OAT3 on basolateral DMPS uptake. We used stably transfected HEK293 cells expressing human and rabbit orthologs of the exchanger OAT1 and OAT3. Using 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-CF) as a substrate, the IC50 determinations for reduced DMPS (DMPSH) revealed a stronger interaction with OAT1 than with OAT3 (rbOAT1, 123.3 +/- 13.7; hOAT1, 85.1 +/- 8.8; rbOAT3, 171.7 +/- 22.3; and hOAT3, 172.2 +/- 36.4 micromol/L). However, inhibition of 6-CF uptake by the oxidized form of DMPS (DMPSS), the main form of DMPS in the blood, showed a greater affinity for OAT3 (rbOAT1, 237.4 +/- 23; hOAT1, 104.6 +/- 13.1; rbOAT3, 52.4 +/- 7.6; and hOAT3, 31.6 +/- 6.6 micromol/L). To determine whether DMPSH and DMPSS are substrates for OAT3, we performed efflux studies with [14C]glutarate and inwardly directed gradients of glutarate. The inhibitors trans-stimulated the efflux of [14C]glutarate, suggesting that OAT3 may be able to transport both forms of DMPS. On the basis of the substantial interaction of OAT3 with DMPSS, we conclude that OAT3 represents the dominant basolateral player in renal detoxification processes resulting from use of DMPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rödiger
- Zentrum für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abt. Vegetative Physiologie, Humboldtallee 23, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
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Benipal B, Lash LH. Influence of renal compensatory hypertrophy on mitochondrial energetics and redox status. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 81:295-303. [PMID: 20959115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A reduction in functional renal mass is common in numerous renal diseases and aging. The remaining functional renal tissue undergoes compensatory growth primarily due to hypertrophy. This is associated with a series of physiological, morphological and biochemical changes similar to those observed after uninephrectomy. Previous work showed that compensatory renal cellular hypertrophy resulted in an increase in susceptibility to several drugs and environmental chemicals and appeared to be associated with oxidative stress. Compensatory renal cellular hypertrophy was also associated with increases in mitochondrial metabolic activity, uptake of glutathione (GSH) across renal plasma and mitochondrial inner membranes, and intracellular GSH concentrations. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that the morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in the hypertrophied kidney are associated with marked alterations in renal cellular energetics, redox status and renal function in vivo. In this study, we used a uninephrectomized (NPX) rat model to induce compensatory renal growth. Our results show alterations in renal physiological parameters consistent with modest renal injury, altered renal cellular energetics, upregulation of certain renal plasma membrane transporters, including some that have been observed to transport GSH, and evidence of increased oxidative stress in mitochondria from the remnant kidney of NPX rats. These studies provide additional insight into the molecular changes that occur in compensatory renal hypertrophy and should help in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for patients with reduced renal mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bavneet Benipal
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
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Zhou Y, You XY, Fang Y, Li JY, Liu K, Yao C. A thiophen-thiooxorhodamine conjugate fluorescent probe for detecting mercury in aqueous media and living cells. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4819-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang R, Yang X, Li J, Wu J, Peng WX, Dong XQ, Zhou SF, Yu XQ. Upregulation of rat renal cortical organic anion transporter (OAT1 and OAT3) expression in response to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Am J Nephrol 2008; 28:772-83. [PMID: 18441523 DOI: 10.1159/000129073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Renal organic anion transporters (OAT1 and OAT3) localized in the basolateral membrane mediate the uptake of organic anions from the blood into proximal tubules. This study aimed to examine the effects of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) on the expression of cortical renal OAT1 and OAT3 and the functional impact. METHODS Male rats underwent a right nephrectomy and clamping of the left renal pedicle for 50 min or sham operation, followed by reperfusion for 1, 2, 4 and 6 days. The expression of OAT1 and OAT3 was detected by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity was also estimated. RESULTS The renal clearance of para-aminohippurate was significantly decreased on day 1 in IRI rats compared with sham-operated rats and returned to normal when the tubular injury recovered. There were significant increases in the mRNA and protein levels of OAT1 and OAT3 in renal cortex homogenates and basolateral membranes on day 1 after IRI, while on days 2 and 4 after IRI, the renal expression of OAT1 and OAT3 decreased gradually but was still significantly higher than that of the sham-operated rats. The Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity in renal cortex homogenates decreased significantly on day 1 after IRI but gradually increased on days 2, 4 and 6. CONCLUSIONS Renal para-aminohippurate clearance was depressed in response to IRI; however, the expressions of renal cortex OAT1 and OAT3 were significantly elevated in the early stage of IRI which may have substantial impact on renal excretion of some drugs and toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Aremu DA, Madejczyk MS, Ballatori N. N-acetylcysteine as a potential antidote and biomonitoring agent of methylmercury exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:26-31. [PMID: 18197295 PMCID: PMC2199271 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many people, by means of consumption of seafood or other anthropogenic sources, are exposed to levels of methylmercury (MeHg) that are generally considered to be quite low, but that may nevertheless produce irreversible brain damage, particularly in unborn babies. The only way to prevent or ameliorate MeHg toxicity is to enhance its elimination from the body. OBJECTIVES Using N-acetylcysteine (NAC), we aimed to devise a monitoring protocol for early detection of acute exposure or relatively low MeHg levels in a rodent model, and to test whether NAC reduces MeHg levels in the developing embryo. RESULTS NAC produced a transient, dose-dependent acceleration of urinary MeHg excretion in rats of both sexes. Approximately 5% of various MeHg doses was excreted in urine 2 hr after injection of 1 mmol/kg NAC. In pregnant rats, NAC markedly reduced the body burden of MeHg, particularly in target tissues such as brain, placenta, and fetus. In contrast, NAC had no significant effect on urinary MeHg excretion in preweanling rats. CONCLUSIONS Because NAC causes a transient increase in urinary excretion of MeHg that is proportional to the body burden, it is promising as a biomonitoring agent for MeHg in adult animals. In view of this and because NAC is effective at enhancing MeHg excretion when given either orally or intravenously, can decrease brain and fetal levels of MeHg, has minimal side effects, and is widely available in clinical settings, NAC should be evaluated as a potential antidote and biomonitoring agent in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nazzareno Ballatori
- Address correspondence to N. Ballatori, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, 575 Elmwood Ave., Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Telephone: (585) 275-0262. Fax: (585) 256-2591. E-mail:
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Abstract
Today the most widespread human exposures to mercury are to mercury vapor emitted from amalgam tooth fillings, to ethylmercury as a preservative in vaccines, and to methylmercury in edible tissues of fish. This review will focus on the mechanisms of transport of these three species of mercury. All three species are freely moveable throughout the body. Inhaled vapor in view of its physical properties as an uncharged atomic gas is believed to be transported by passive diffusion. Methylmercury and ethylmercury also move freely in the body. Methylmercury, and presumably its closely related chemical cousin ethylmercury, cross cell membranes as complexes with small molecular weight thiol compounds, entering the cell in part as a cysteine complex on the large neutral amino acid carriers and exiting the cell in part as a complex with reduced glutathione on endogenous carriers. The implications of these mechanisms with regard to biological monitoring are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Clarkson
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA.
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