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Schliemann S, Kleesz P, Elsner P. Protective creams fail to prevent solvent-induced cumulative skin irritation - results of a randomized double-blind study. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 69:363-71. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Kleesz
- Convenor of the working group ‘Skin protection’ in the Expert Committee ‘Personal Protective Equipment’, German Statutory Accident Insurance (DGUV); 53757 Sankt Augustin Germany
| | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Jena; 07743 Jena Germany
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Price JA, Rogers JV, Plahovinsak JL, Wendling MQS, Perry MR, Reid FM, Graham JS. Toxicogenomic analysis of chlorine vapor-induced porcine skin injury. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012; 31:323-31. [PMID: 22533443 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2012.679374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is an industrial chemical that can cause cutaneous burns. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of tissue damage and wound healing is important for the selection and development of an effective post-exposure treatment. This study investigated the effect of cutaneous chlorine vapor exposure using a weanling swine burn model and microarray analysis. Ventral abdominal sites were exposed to a mean calculated chlorine vapor concentration of 2.9 g/L for 30 min. Skin samples were harvested at 1.5 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h post-exposure and stored in RNAlater(®) until processing. Total RNA was isolated, processed, and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip(®) Porcine Genome Arrays. Differences in gene expression were observed with respect to sampling time. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis revealed seven common biological functions among the top ten functions of each time point, while canonical pathway analysis revealed 3 genes (IL-6, IL1A, and IL1B) were commonly shared among three significantly altered signaling pathways. The transcripts encoding all three genes were identified as common potential therapeutic targets for Phase II/III clinical trial, or FDA-approved drugs. The present study shows transcriptional profiling of cutaneous wounds induced by chlorine exposure identified potential targets for developing therapeutics against chlorine-induced skin injury.
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Rogers JV, Price JA, Wendling MQS, Perry MR, Reid FM, Kiser RC, Graham JS. An assessment of transcriptional changes in porcine skin exposed to bromine vapor. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2011; 25:252-62. [PMID: 21391292 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bromine is an industrial chemical that can cause severe cutaneous burns. This study was a preliminary investigation into the effect of cutaneous exposure to bromine vapor using a weanling swine burn model and microarray analysis. Ventral abdominal sites were exposed to a mean calculated bromine vapor concentration of 0.69 g L(-1) for 10 or 20 min. At 48 h postexposure, total RNA from skin samples was isolated, processed, and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip Porcine Genome Arrays. Expression analysis revealed that bromine vapor exposure for 10 or 20 min promoted similar transcriptional changes in the number of significantly modulated probe sets. A minimum of 83% of the probe sets was similar for both exposure times. Ingenuity pathways analysis revealed eight common biological functions among the top 10 functions of each experimental group, in which 30 genes were commonly shared among 19 significantly altered signaling pathways. Transcripts encoding heme oxygenase 1, interleukin-1β, interleukin 2 receptor gamma chain, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were identified as common potential therapeutic targets for Phase II/III clinical trial or FDA-approved drugs. The present study is an initial assessment of the transcriptional responses to cutaneous bromine vapor exposure identifying molecular networks and genes that could serve as targets for developing therapeutics for bromine-induced skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Rogers
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA.
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4
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Price JA, Rogers JV, Wendling MQS, Plahovinsak JL, Perry MR, Reid FM, Kiser RC, Graham JS. Temporal effects in porcine skin following bromine vapor exposure. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2011; 30:187-97. [PMID: 21231885 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2010.546003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bromine is an industrial chemical that causes severe cutaneous burns. When selecting or developing effective treatments for bromine burns, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of tissue damage and wound healing. This study investigated the effect of cutaneous bromine vapor exposure on gene expression using a weanling swine burn model by microarray analysis. Ventral abdominal sites were exposed to a mean calculated bromine vapor concentration of 0.51 g/L for 7 or 17 min. At 6 h, 48 h, and 7 days post-exposure, total RNA from skin samples was isolated, processed, and analyzed with Affymetrix GeneChip® Porcine Genome Arrays (N = 3 per experimental group). Differences in gene expression were observed with respect to exposure duration and sampling time. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) revealed four common biological functions (cancer, cellular movement, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, and tissue development) among the top ten functions of each experimental group, while canonical pathway analysis revealed 9 genes (ARG2, CCR1, HMOX1, ATF2, IL-8, TIMP1, ESR1, HSPAIL, and SELE) that were commonly shared among four significantly altered signaling pathways. Among these, the transcripts encoding HMOX1 and ESR1 were identified using IPA as common potential therapeutic targets for Phase II/III clinical trial or FDA-approved drugs. The present study describes the transcriptional responses to cutaneous bromine vapor exposure identifying molecular networks and genes that could serve as targets for developing therapeutics for bromine-induced skin injury.
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Clemmensen A, Andersen KE, Clemmensen O, Tan Q, Petersen TK, Kruse TA, Thomassen M. Genome-Wide Expression Analysis of Human In Vivo Irritated Epidermis: Differential Profiles Induced by Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Nonanoic Acid. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2201-10. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Martin SA, Tremblay RT, Brunson KF, Kendrick C, Fisher JW. Characterization of a nose-only inhalation exposure system for hydrocarbon mixtures and jet fuels. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:382-93. [PMID: 20109056 DOI: 10.3109/08958370903456645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A directed-flow nose-only inhalation exposure system was constructed to support development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for complex hydrocarbon mixtures, such as jet fuels. Due to the complex nature of the aerosol and vapor-phase hydrocarbon exposures, care was taken to investigate the chamber hydrocarbon stability, vapor and aerosol droplet compositions, and droplet size distribution. Two-generation systems for aerosolizing fuel and hydrocarbons were compared and characterized for use with either jet fuels or a simple mixture of eight hydrocarbons. Total hydrocarbon concentration was monitored via online gas chromatography (GC). Aerosol/vapor (A/V) ratios, and total and individual hydrocarbon concentrations, were determined using adsorbent tubes analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TDS-GC-MS). Droplet size distribution was assessed via seven-stage cascade impactor. Droplet mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) was between 1 and 3 mum, depending on the generator and mixture utilized. A/V hydrocarbon concentrations ranged from approximately 200 to 1300 mg/m(3), with between 20% and 80% aerosol content, depending on the mixture. The aerosolized hydrocarbon mixtures remained stable during the 4-h exposure periods, with coefficients of variation (CV) of less than 10% for the total hydrocarbon concentrations. There was greater variability in the measurement of individual hydrocarbons in the A-V phase. In conclusion, modern analytical chemistry instruments allow for improved descriptions of inhalation exposures of rodents to aerosolized fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheppard A Martin
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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Rogers JV, Price JA, McDougal JN. A review of transcriptomics in cutaneous chemical exposure. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2009; 28:157-70. [DOI: 10.3109/15569520903157145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Limón-Flores AY, Chacón-Salinas R, Ramos G, Ullrich SE. Mast cells mediate the immune suppression induced by dermal exposure to JP-8 jet fuel. Toxicol Sci 2009; 112:144-52. [PMID: 19726579 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Applying jet propulsion-8 (JP-8) jet fuel to the skin of mice induces immune suppression. Applying JP-8 to the skin of mice suppresses T-cell-mediated immune reactions including, contact hypersensitivity (CHS) delayed-type hypersensitivity and T-cell proliferation. Because dermal mast cells play an important immune regulatory role in vivo, we tested the hypothesis that mast cells mediate jet fuel-induced immune suppression. When we applied JP-8 to the skin of mast cell deficient mice CHS was not suppressed. Reconstituting mast cell deficient mice with wild-type bone marrow derived mast cells (mast cell "knock-in mice") restored JP-8-induced immune suppression. When, however, mast cells from prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2))-deficient mice were used, the ability of JP-8 to suppress CHS was not restored, indicating that mast cell-derived PGE(2) was activating immune suppression. Examining the density of mast cells in the skin and lymph nodes of JP-8-treated mice indicated that jet fuel treatment caused an initial increase in mast cell density in the skin, followed by increased numbers of mast cells in the subcutaneous space and then in draining lymph nodes. Applying JP-8 to the skin increased mast cell expression of CXCR4, and increased the expression of CXCL12 by draining lymph node cells. Because CXCL12 is a chemoattractant for CXCR4+ mast cells, we treated JP-8-treated mice with AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist. AMD3100 blocked the mobilization of mast cells to the draining lymph node and inhibited JP-8-induced immune suppression. Our findings demonstrate the importance of mast cells in mediating jet fuel-induced immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Y Limón-Flores
- Department of Immunology and The Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Rogers JV, McDougal JN, Price JA, Reid FM, Graham JS. Transcriptional responses associated with sulfur mustard and thermal burns in porcine skin. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2009; 27:135-60. [PMID: 18988085 DOI: 10.1080/15569520802092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In military and civilian environments, serious cutaneous damage can result from thermal burns or exposure to the blistering agent sulfur mustard [bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide; HD]. Similar therapies have historically been used to treat cutaneous thermal and HD injuries; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms of tissue damage and wound healing may differ between the types of burns. Using microarray analysis, this study assessed the transcriptional responses to cutaneous HD and thermal injury at 48 hours post-exposure to identify molecular networks and genes associated with each type of skin injury. Ventral abdominal sites on each of 4 weanling swine were exposed to 400 mul of undiluted HD or a heated brass rod (70 degrees C) for 8 minutes and 45-60 seconds, respectively. At 48 hours post-exposure, total RNA was isolated from excised skin samples and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip Porcine Genome Arrays (containing 20,201 genes). Both HD and thermal exposure promoted significant transcriptional changes where 290 and 267 transcripts were increased and 197 and 707 transcripts were decreased with HD and thermal exposure, respectively. HD- and thermal-injured skin expressed 149 increased and 148 decreased common transcripts. Comparison of the 10 most significantly changed biological functions for HD and thermal exposures identified 7 overlapping functional groups. Canonical pathways analysis revealed 15 separate signaling pathways containing transcripts associated with both HD and thermal exposure. Within these pathways, 5 transcripts (CXCR4, FGFR2, HMOX1, IL1R1, and TLR4) were identified as known targets for existing phase II/III clinical trial or Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. This study is the first to directly assess transcriptional changes in porcine skin subjected to HD or thermal injury over the same time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Rogers
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Columbus, Ohio 43201, USA.
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Zhou T, Chou J, Watkins PB, Kaufmann WK. Toxicogenomics: transcription profiling for toxicology assessment. EXS 2009; 99:325-66. [PMID: 19157067 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8336-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxicogenomics, the application of transcription profiling to toxicology, has been widely used for elucidating the molecular and cellular actions of chemicals and other environmental stressors on biological systems, predicting toxicity before any functional damages, and classification of known or new toxicants based on signatures of gene expression. The success of a toxicogenomics study depends upon close collaboration among experts in different fields, including a toxicologist or biologist, a bioinformatician, statistician, physician and, sometimes, mathematician. This review is focused on toxicogenomics studies, including transcription profiling technology, experimental design, significant gene extraction, toxicological results interpretation, potential pathway identification, database input and the applications of toxicogenomics in various fields of toxicological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- Center for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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11
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McDougal JN, Garrett CM. Gene expression and target tissue dose in the rat epidermis after brief JP-8 and JP-8 aromatic and aliphatic component exposures. Toxicol Sci 2007; 97:569-81. [PMID: 17337753 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposures of jet propulsion fuel 8 (JP-8) to human and laboratory animal skin have resulted in skin irritation. JP-8 is a mixture of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, which in some cases have also been shown to be irritating to the skin. In an attempt to determine if aromatic or aliphatic components could mimic the JP-8-induced gene expression response, we exposed rats to JP-8, undecane (UND), tetradecane (TET), trimethylbenzene (TMB), and dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) for 1 h and examined the epidermis to characterize the gene expression response. We also measured the concentrations of the JP-8 components in the epidermis with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after 1-h exposures to JP-8 and pure components to determine if differences in potency could be identified. Changes in gene expression, compared to sham treatment, were studied with microarray techniques and analyzed for changes in gene ontology categories. UND and TMB exposures caused the greatest number of changes in transcript levels compared to DMN and TET. When only the specific functional and signaling pathways that were changed by JP-8 were considered, these pathways were nearly all activated by the components, but to different extents. After pure component exposures, the epidermal concentrations of the components showed no significant differences, although the differences in magnitude of either total or pathway-specific gene expression differed by a factor of 10-fold. We conclude that no single component that we studied mimicked the gene expression resulting from the JP-8 exposure but that UND had the most similar responses. These data suggest that there are differences in potency between the four components studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N McDougal
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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