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Jiménez-Garza O, Guo L, Byun HM, Carrieri M, Bartolucci GB, Barrón-Vivanco BS, Baccarelli AA. Aberrant promoter methylation in genes related to hematopoietic malignancy in workers exposed to a VOC mixture. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 339:65-72. [PMID: 29217486 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may cause hematopoietic malignancy, either by single exposure to benzene or possibly due to a concomitant exposure to several VOCs. Since oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA repair pathways are closely involved in cancer development, the effect of VOC exposure on expression of proteins involved in these pathways has been studied, but epigenetic changes have not been well described. Here, DNA methylation status following occupational exposure to a VOC mixture was assessed by bisulfite sequencing of the promoter regions of seven genes involved in the mentioned pathways. Peripheral blood samples and individual-level VOC exposure data were obtained from healthy leather shoe factory workers (LS, n=40) and gas station attendants (GS, n=36), as well as a reference group of university employees (C, n=66). Exposure levels for acetone, ethylbenzene, methyl ethyl ketone, n-hexane, toluene and xylene were higher in LS (p<0.001); benzene and methyl acetate levels were higher in GS (p<0.001). TOP2A, SOD1, and TNF-α promoter methylation status was increased in LS (p<0.05). In LS, we also found significant correlations between GSTP1 promoter methylation and both iNOS (r=0.37, p=0.008) and COX-2 (r=-0.38, p=0.007) methylation. In exposed groups, ethylbenzene exposure levels showed a significant correlation with TOP2A methylation (β=0.33). Our results show early, toxic effects at the epigenetic level caused by occupational exposure to high levels of a VOC mixture. These subcellular modifications may represent the initial mechanism of toxicity leading to hematopoietic malignancy, possibly due to a synergistic, hematotoxic effect of VOC mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Jiménez-Garza
- Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, León, Campus. Blvd. Puente del Mienio 1001, Fracción del Predio San Carlos, C.P. 37670 León Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Liqiong Guo
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, Tianjin Medical University, No.22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hyang-Min Byun
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mariella Carrieri
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Science, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Bartolucci
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Science, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Briscia Socorro Barrón-Vivanco
- The Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Av de la Cultura Amado Nervo S/N, CP 36000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- The Laboratory of Human Environmental Epigenetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Chatterjee N, Eom HJ, Jung SH, Kim JS, Choi J. Toxic potentiality of bio-oils, from biomass pyrolysis, in cultured cells and Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:1409-1419. [PMID: 23766135 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bio-oils, which are multicomponent mixtures, were produced from two different biomass (rice straw (rice oil) and sawdust of oak tree (oak oil)) by using the slow pyrolysis process, and chemical compositional screening with GC-MS detected several hazardous compounds in both bio-oil samples. The two bio-oils vary in their chemical compositional nature and concentrations. To know the actual hazard potentialities of these bio-oils, toxicological assessments were carried out in a comparative approach by using in vitro (Jurkat T and HepG2 cell) as well as in vivo (Caenorhabditis elegans) systems. A dose-dependent increase in cytotoxicity, cell death (apoptosis), and genotoxicity were observed in cultured cell systems. Similarly, the in vivo system, C. elegans also displayed a dose-dependent decrease in survival. It was found that in comparison with rice oil, oak oil displayed higher toxicity to all models systems, and the susceptibility order of the model systems were Jurkat T > HepG2 > C. elegans. Pursuing the study further toward the underlying mechanism by exploiting the C. elegans mutants screening assay, the bio-oils seem to mediate toxicity through oxidative stress and impairment of immunity. Taken together, bio-oils compositions mainly depend on the feedstock used and the pyrolysis conditions which in turn modulate their toxic potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chatterjee
- School of Environmental Engineering and Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University of Seoul, 90 Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-743, Republic of Korea
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McDermott C, Heffron JJ. Toxicity of Industrially Relevant Chlorinated Organic Solvents In Vitro. Int J Toxicol 2013; 32:136-45. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581813482006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic effects of 4 industrially important chlorinated organic solvents, dichloromethane (DCM), 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene (PERC) in vitro, were investigated. Jurkat T cells were exposed to the solvents individually for 72 hours and changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, cell proliferation, intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]), and caspase-3 activity were measured. There was a concentration-dependent increase in the ROS formation and intracellular free [Ca2+] following exposure to each of the solvents. This was accompanied by a decrease in the cell proliferation. Solvent potency decreased in the following order: PERC > TCE > DCM > DCE. Caspase-3 activity was increased in a concentration-dependent manner by TCE and PERC but was not significantly altered by DCM or DCE. n-Acetyl-l-cysteine pretreatment showed that changes in the intracellular free [Ca2+] and caspase-3 activity were independent of ROS formation. However, increased ROS formation did play a causal role in the decreased cell proliferation observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine McDermott
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bond University, Robina, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biochemical Toxicology Laboratory, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - James J.A. Heffron
- Department of Biochemistry, Biochemical Toxicology Laboratory, University College Cork, Ireland
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Liu Y, Flynn TJ, Ferguson MS, Hoagland EM. Use of the Combination Index to determine interactions between plant-derived phenolic acids on hepatotoxicity endpoints in human and rat hepatoma cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:461-8. [PMID: 23380082 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial or adverse effects of isolated phytochemicals are not always concordant with effects of the botanical dietary supplements from which they were derived. This disparity could be due to interactions between the various phytochemicals present in the whole plant. The phenolic acids, rosmarinic acid (RA), caffeic acid (CA) and ferulic acid (FA) are widely present in foods and dietary supplements, and they are assumed to exert various beneficial biological effects. However, there is little data on the potential biological interactions of these three phenolic acids which commonly occur together and are linked metabolically. In the present study, liver toxicity of the three phenolic acids was assessed on the three compounds singly and in various binary and one ternary combinations. A series of in vitro endpoints relevant to liver toxicity were evaluated in both a human (HepG2/C3A) and rat (MH1C1) hepatocyte cell line. The Combination Index (CI) was calculated for each endpoint from both the concentration responses of the single compounds and the responses of the various binary and ternary mixtures. Both synergistic and antagonistic interactions were observed for some endpoints and some combinations of test agents. Interactions were most prevalent in measures of oxidative stress and cytochrome P450 activities in both cell types. There was only a 53% concordance between the rat and human cells which may be suggestive of species differences. The data suggest an approach for better characterizing the beneficial or adverse effects of complex botanical products through evaluation of interactions between individual phytochemical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Liu
- Division of Toxicology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Barragán-Martínez C, Speck-Hernández CA, Montoya-Ortiz G, Mantilla RD, Anaya JM, Rojas-Villarraga A. Organic solvents as risk factor for autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51506. [PMID: 23284705 PMCID: PMC3526640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and epigenetic factors interacting with the environment over time are the main causes of complex diseases such as autoimmune diseases (ADs). Among the environmental factors are organic solvents (OSs), which are chemical compounds used routinely in commercial industries. Since controversy exists over whether ADs are caused by OSs, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to assess the association between OSs and ADs. METHODS AND FINDINGS The systematic search was done in the PubMed, SCOPUS, SciELO and LILACS databases up to February 2012. Any type of study that used accepted classification criteria for ADs and had information about exposure to OSs was selected. Out of a total of 103 articles retrieved, 33 were finally included in the meta-analysis. The final odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained by the random effect model. A sensitivity analysis confirmed results were not sensitive to restrictions on the data included. Publication bias was trivial. Exposure to OSs was associated to systemic sclerosis, primary systemic vasculitis and multiple sclerosis individually and also to all the ADs evaluated and taken together as a single trait (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.25-1.92; p-value<0.001). CONCLUSION Exposure to OSs is a risk factor for developing ADs. As a corollary, individuals with non-modifiable risk factors (i.e., familial autoimmunity or carrying genetic factors) should avoid any exposure to OSs in order to avoid increasing their risk of ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Barragán-Martínez
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Cesar A. Speck-Hernández
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Gladis Montoya-Ortiz
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Rubén D. Mantilla
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Adriana Rojas-Villarraga
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
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Qin W, Xu Z, Lu Y, Zeng C, Zheng C, Wang S, Liu Z. Mixed organic solvents induce renal injury in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45873. [PMID: 23029287 PMCID: PMC3448683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the injury effects of organic solvents on kidney, an animal model of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats treated with mixed organic solvents via inhalation was generated and characterized. The mixed organic solvents consisted of gasoline, dimethylbenzene and formaldehyde (GDF) in the ratio of 2∶2:1, and were used at 12,000 PPM to treat the rats twice a day, each for 3 hours. Proteinuria appeared in the rats after exposure for 5–6 weeks. The incidences of proteinuria in male and female rats after exposure for 12 weeks were 43.8% (7/16) and 25% (4/16), respectively. Urinary N-Acetyl-β-(D)-Glucosaminidase (NAG) activity was increased significantly after exposure for 4 weeks. Histological examination revealed remarkable injuries in the proximal renal tubules, including tubular epithelial cell detachment, cloud swelling and vacuole formation in the proximal tubular cells, as well as proliferation of parietal epithelium and tubular reflux in glomeruli. Ultrastructural examination found that brush border and cytoplasm of tubular epithelial cell were dropped, that tubular epithelial cells were partially disintegrated, and that the mitochondria of tubular epithelial cells were degenerated and lost. In addition to tubular lesions, glomerular damages were also observed, including segmental foot process fusion and loss of foot process covering on glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Immunofluorescence staining indicated that the expression of nephrin and podocin were both decreased after exposure of GDF. In contrast, increased expression of desmin, a marker of podocyte injury, was found in some areas of a glomerulus. TUNEL staining showed that GDF induced apoptosis in tubular cells and glomerular cells. These studies demonstrate that GDF can induce both severe proximal tubular damage and podocyte injury in rats, and the tubular lesions appear earlier than that of glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Qin
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Stellavato A, Cammarota M, Miraglia N, Simonelli A, Giuliano M. An alternative gas-phase in vitro exposure system for toxicity testing: the interaction between nitrous oxide and A549 cells. Altern Lab Anim 2011; 39:449-59. [PMID: 22103938 DOI: 10.1177/026119291103900506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An original in vitro approach was adopted to expose cells to volatile agents. The anaesthetic nitrous oxide (N(2)O) was chosen as the model agent, and type II pneumocyte-like cells (A549 cells) were used as the target to represent the lungs. A time-lapse microscopy station was equipped with a manual gas mixer that allowed the generation of a mixture of N(2)O/air/CO(2) in the gas phase, to provide a uniform distribution of the volatile agent. The dissolution of N(2)O in the culture medium was monitored by gas chromatography-electron capture detection. Biochemical alterations, in terms of homocysteine accumulation, demonstrated that intracellular methionine synthase had been inactivated by N(2)O absorbed by the cells, a process that also occurs in vivo. Toll-like receptors, which are key molecules in inflammatory lung diseases, were also investigated at the molecular level. Our experiments indicated that biochemical and molecular alterations occurred in the cells, even under conditions where neither morphologic changes nor consistent alterations in cell proliferation were evident. This in vitro exposure system can be efficiently adopted for looking at the repeat-dose effects of volatile agents on respiratory tissues. Moreover, it could be of further benefit for identifying the wide range of specific cell targets, and for monitoring relevant endpoints in the cellular and molecular processes that occur during exposure to volatile compounds.
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Renshaw GMC, Kutek AK, Grant GD, Anoopkumar-Dukie S. Forecasting elasmobranch survival following exposure to severe stressors. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 162:101-12. [PMID: 21851860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current fishing practices and habitat degradation in most of the world's oceans pose significant threats to marine fish including elasmobranchs. The accurate prediction of survival probability for elasmobranchs subjected to prolonged immobilisation and diminished oxygen availability during capture and a vulnerable state post-release, is reliant on selecting a reliable set of biomarkers to profile as well as using them to design pre-release interventions which minimise elasmobranch death. The purpose of this review is: i) to make a case for the need to develop new biomarkers to use in conjunction with blood chemistry; ii) to briefly present the survival strategies used by other vertebrates subjected to diminished oxygen iii) to discuss new approaches to forecasting the effect that altered physiological and biochemical markers have on long-term survival with a particular emphasis on oxidative stress, the adenylate energy charge, heat shock protein expression and the capacity for repair, so that a more detailed profile of the qualities of elasmobranch survivorship can be constructed. In addition, the review will discuss the relevance of biomarkers to field samples as well as their incorporation into laboratory based research, aimed at providing physiological and biochemical data to inform conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M C Renshaw
- Hypoxia and Ischemia Research Unit, Heart Foundation Research Centre and the School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
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Induction of hsp70, hsp60, hsp83 and hsp26 and oxidative stress markers in benzene, toluene and xylene exposed Drosophila melanogaster: Role of ROS generation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 235:226-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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