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Nieckarz Z, Pawlak K, Baran A, Wieczorek J, Grzyb J, Plata P. The concentration of particulate matter in the barn air and its influence on the content of heavy metals in milk. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10626. [PMID: 37391588 PMCID: PMC10313682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals are one of the components of smog, which is mainly the product of burning fossil fuels in residential buildings. These elements, introduced into the body of cattle by inhalation, may enter the milk. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of particulate pollution in the atmospheric air on the concentration of particulate matter in the air of a dairy cattle barn and on the content of selected heavy metals in milk from cows present in the building. Measurements were taken between November and April (148 measurement days). The calculations carried out showed a high correlation (RS = + 0.95) between the concentrations of particulates measured outside and inside the barn, which is indicative of a significant impact of the atmospheric air on the particulate pollution level of the livestock building. The number of days in excess of the daily standard for PM10 inside was 51. The conducted analysis of the chemical composition of the milk collected under high particulate pollution (February) showed that the permitted lead level had been exceeded-21.93 µg/kg (norm 20.00 µg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenon Nieckarz
- Department of Experimental Computer Physics, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pawlak
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Aleja Adama Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Baran
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wieczorek
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Grzyb
- Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Patrycja Plata
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Aleja Adama Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
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E-cigarettes and their lone constituents induce cardiac arrhythmia and conduction defects in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6088. [PMID: 36284091 PMCID: PMC9596490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette use has surged, but the long-term health effects remain unknown. E-cigarette aerosols containing nicotine and acrolein, a combustion and e-cigarette byproduct, may impair cardiac electrophysiology through autonomic imbalance. Here we show in mouse electrocardiograms that acute inhalation of e-cigarette aerosols disturbs cardiac conduction, in part through parasympathetic modulation. We demonstrate that, similar to acrolein or combustible cigarette smoke, aerosols from e-cigarette solvents (vegetable glycerin and propylene glycol) induce bradycardia, bradyarrhythmias, and elevations in heart rate variability during inhalation exposure, with inverse post-exposure effects. These effects are slighter with tobacco- or menthol-flavored aerosols containing nicotine, and in female mice. Yet, menthol-flavored and PG aerosols also increase ventricular arrhythmias and augment early ventricular repolarization (J amplitude), while menthol uniquely alters atrial and atrioventricular conduction. Exposure to e-cigarette aerosols from vegetable glycerin and its byproduct, acrolein, diminish heart rate and early repolarization. The pro-arrhythmic effects of solvent aerosols on ventricular repolarization and heart rate variability depend partly on parasympathetic modulation, whereas ventricular arrhythmias positively associate with early repolarization dependent on the presence of nicotine. Our study indicates that chemical constituents of e-cigarettes could contribute to cardiac risk by provoking pro-arrhythmic changes and stimulating autonomic reflexes.
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Farraj AK, Martin BL, Schladweiler MC, Miller CN, Smoot J, Williams W, Fisher A, Oshiro W, Tennant A, Martin WK, Henriquez AR, Grindstaff R, Gavett SH, Gilmour MI, Kodavanti UP, Hazari MS, Dye JA. Mild allergic airways responses to an environmental mixture increase cardiovascular risk in rats. Toxicol Sci 2022; 191:106-122. [PMID: 36269214 PMCID: PMC9887678 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological findings link asthma to adverse cardiovascular responses. Yet, the precise cardiovascular impacts of asthma have been challenging to disentangle from the potential cardiovascular effects caused by asthma medication. The purpose of this study was to determine the impacts of allergic airways disease alone on cardiovascular function in an experimental model. Female Wistar rats were intranasally sensitized and then challenged once per week for 5 weeks with saline vehicle or a mixture of environmental allergens (ragweed, house dust mite, and Aspergillus fumigatus). Ventilatory and cardiovascular function, measured using double-chamber plethysmography and implantable blood pressure (BP) telemetry and cardiovascular ultrasound, respectively, were assessed before sensitization and after single and final allergen challenge. Responses to a single 0.5 ppm ozone exposure and to the cardiac arrhythmogenic agent aconitine were also assessed after final challenge. A single allergen challenge in sensitized rats increased tidal volume and specific airways resistance in response to provocation with methacholine and increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and keratinocyte chemoattract-growth-related oncogene characteristic of allergic airways responses. Lung responses after final allergen challenge in sensitized rats were diminished, although ozone exposure increased BALF IL-6, IL-13, IL-1 β, and interferon-γ and modified ventilatory responses only in the allergen group. Final allergen challenge also increased systolic and mean arterial BP, stroke volume, cardiac output, end-diastolic volume, sensitivity to aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmia, and cardiac gene expression with lesser effects after a single challenge. These findings demonstrate that allergic airways responses may increase cardiovascular risk in part by altering BP and myocardial function and by causing cardiac electrical instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Farraj
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Mail Code: B105-02, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. E-mail:
| | - Brandi L Martin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Colette N Miller
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Jacob Smoot
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Wanda Williams
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Anna Fisher
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Wendy Oshiro
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Alan Tennant
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - W Kyle Martin
- Curriculum of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Andres R Henriquez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Rachel Grindstaff
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Stephen H Gavett
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Mehdi S Hazari
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Janice A Dye
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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Attenuated Structural Transformation of Indaconitine during Sand Frying Process and Anti-Arrhythmic Effects of Its Transformed Products. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8606459. [PMID: 35222676 PMCID: PMC8872670 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8606459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The transformation pathways of diterpenoid alkaloids have been clarified clearly in the boiling and steaming process, but remain to be determined in the sand frying process. The aims of the study were to investigate the transformation pathways of indaconitine in the sand frying process, as well as examine the cardiotoxicity and anti-arrhythmic activity of indaconitine and its transformed products. The transformed product was separated by column chromatography, and the structure was identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HR-ESI-MS. The cardiotoxicity of indaconitine and its transformed products was clarified by observing the electrocardiogram (ECG) changes at the same dose. Furthermore, the anti-arrhythmic activity of the transformed products was investigated using an aconitine-induced rat arrhythmia model. Consequently, Δ15(16)-16-demethoxyindaconitine, a new diterpenoid alkaloid, was isolated from processed indaconitine. Intravenous injection of 0.06 mg/kg indaconitine induced arrhythmias in SD rats, while Δ15(16)-16-demethoxyindaconitine did not exhibit arrhythmias at the same dose. In the anti-arrhythmic assay, mithaconitine, obtained in the previous research, together with Δ15(16)-16-demethoxyindaconitine, could dose-dependently delay the onset time of ventricular premature beat (VPB) and reduce the incidence of ventricular tachycardia (VT), combined with the increasing arrhythmia inhibition rate, exhibiting strong anti-arrhythmic activities. These results indicated that two or more pathways exist in the sand frying process, and the transformed products exhibited lower cardiotoxicity and strong anti-arrhythmic activities, which had the possibility of being developed into anti-arrhythmic drugs.
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Martin BL, Thompson LC, Kim YH, King C, Snow S, Schladweiler M, Haykal-Coates N, George I, Gilmour MI, Kodavanti UP, Hazari MS, Farraj AK. Peat smoke inhalation alters blood pressure, baroreflex sensitivity, and cardiac arrhythmia risk in rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:748-763. [PMID: 33016233 PMCID: PMC7682804 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1826375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Wildland fires (WF) are linked to adverse health impacts related to poor air quality. The cardiovascular impacts of emissions from specific biomass sources are however unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the cardiovascular impacts of a single exposure to peat smoke, a key regional WF air pollution source, and relate these to baroreceptor sensitivity and inflammation. Three-month-old male Wistar-Kyoto rats, implanted with radiotelemeters for continuous monitoring of heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), were exposed once, for 1-hr, to filtered air or low (0.38 mg/m3 PM) or high (4.04 mg/m3) concentrations of peat smoke. Systemic markers of inflammation and sensitivity to aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmias, a measure of latent myocardial vulnerability, were assessed in separate cohorts of rats 24 hr after exposure. PM size (low peat = 0.4-0.5 microns vs. high peat = 0.8-1.2 microns) and proportion of organic carbon (low peat = 77% vs. high peat = 65%) varied with exposure level. Exposure to high peat and to a lesser extent low peat increased systolic and diastolic BP relative to filtered air. In contrast, only exposure to low peat elevated BRS and aconitine-induced arrhythmogenesis relative to filtered air and increased circulating levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, complement components C3 and C4, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and white blood cells. Taken together, exposure to peat smoke produced overt and latent cardiovascular consequences that were likely influenced by physicochemical characteristics of the smoke and associated adaptive homeostatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Ho Kim
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Charly King
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, RTP, NC
| | - Samantha Snow
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, RTP, NC
- ICF International, Durham, NC
| | | | | | - Ingrid George
- Air Methods & Characterization Division, US EPA, RTP, NC
| | - M. Ian Gilmour
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, RTP, NC
| | | | - Mehdi S. Hazari
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, RTP, NC
| | - Aimen K. Farraj
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, RTP, NC
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Ren JL, Dong H, Han Y, Yang L, Zhang AH, Sun H, Li Y, Yan G, Wang XJ. Network pharmacology combined with metabolomics approach to investigate the protective role and detoxification mechanism of Yunnan Baiyao formulation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 77:153266. [PMID: 32629383 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yunnan Baiyao (YNBY) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulae, which has the functions of hemostasis, activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, anti-inflammation, etc. Although the presence of Caowu (CW, Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix), the detoxification mechanism of YNBY is still unclear. PURPOSE In current study, network pharmacology, toxicological methods and metabolomics technique were applied to explore YNBY in attenuating toxicity of CW. METHODS Prediction of targets and pathways of CW were carried out by commonly used network pharmacological method. Simultaneously, SD rats were orally administrated with CW, processed CW (ZCW), YNBY, and YNBY which lack of CW (QCW) for 15 days. Tissue samples were observed with histopathology. Urine samples were analyzed with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to screen differential metabolites and related metabolic pathways associated with toxicity of CW. Furthermore, by comparing the changes of the metabolite contents, focused the attenuated metabolic pathway. Finally, the network pharmacological and experimental data were integrated to investigate detoxification mechanism of YNBY. RESULTS A total of 44 potential toxicity biomarkers were identified and 14 related pathways were involved in the toxicity of CW. Furthermore, 5 core toxicity biomarkers (2-keto-6-acetamidocaproate, γ-glutamylleucine, prostaglandin E3, 4-hydroxy-5-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)-valeric acid-3'-O-sulphate, and 3,4-dihydroxy- phenylglycol O-sulfate) were regulated to normal condition in YNBY group. Lysine degradation was locked as the core metabolic pathway of detoxification of YNBY. Integrating the predicted results of network pharmacology, ACHE, SLC6A3, SLC6A4 might be the target of protective role of other herbs in YNBY. CONCLUSION Network pharmacology combined with metabolomics exhibited a powerful mean to investigate the herbal toxicity and probed into the detoxification mechanism of formulae, which contributes to its safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Ren
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hui Dong
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Le Yang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ai-Hua Zhang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hui Sun
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yue Li
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guangli Yan
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xi-Jun Wang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China.
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Pawlak K, Nieckarz Z. The impact of smog on the concentration of particulate matter in the antelope house in the Silesian zoological garden. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9191. [PMID: 32523811 PMCID: PMC7261478 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent negligence in the field of environmental protection in Poland as well as strong dependance of the energy sector on the fossil fuels have led to serious pollution of the air with particulate matter, which at high concentrations is capable of penetrating into the buildings. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of particulate airborne pollution on the concentration of particulate matter inside the antelope house in the Silesian Zoological Garden located within the Upper Silesia in Poland. The research was conducted from February to May in 2018. The records taken in the research period show that the concentration of PM10 exceeded the level of 50 µg/m3 outside the building during 26 days and 11 days when it comes to the concentration of particulate matter inside the antelope house. The quantity of particulate matter in the antelope house is strongly correlated with the concentration of the particles in the air. Despite fitting existing ventilation system with a filter that reduces the dust level by 60% during the highest level of smog, particulate matter concentration in the antelope house exceeded acceptable limit for PM10 more than twofold. Particle size-fraction analysis revealed that as much as 85% of the particles detected in the studied compartment constitute PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Pawlak
- Agricultural University of Cracow, Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Science; Cracow, Poland
| | - Zenon Nieckarz
- Physical Education Academy in Cracow, Department of Muscle Physiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Cracow, Poland.,Jagiellonian University Cracow, Experimental Computer Physics Department, Institute of Physics, Cracow, Poland
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Adams RA, Potter S, Bérubé K, Higgins TP, Jones TP, Evans SA. Prolonged systemic inflammation and damage to the vascular endothelium following intratracheal instillation of air pollution nanoparticles in rats. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2019; 72:1-10. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-180377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Adams
- Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen Potter
- Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kelly Bérubé
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Timothy P. Jones
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Shelley-Ann Evans
- Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Conklin DJ, Schick S, Blaha MJ, Carll A, DeFilippis A, Ganz P, Hall ME, Hamburg N, O'Toole T, Reynolds L, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A. Cardiovascular injury induced by tobacco products: assessment of risk factors and biomarkers of harm. A Tobacco Centers of Regulatory Science compilation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H801-H827. [PMID: 30707616 PMCID: PMC6483019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00591.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although substantial evidence shows that smoking is positively and robustly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), the CVD risk associated with the use of new and emerging tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes, hookah, and heat-not-burn products, remains unclear. This uncertainty stems from lack of knowledge on how the use of these products affects cardiovascular health. Cardiovascular injury associated with the use of new tobacco products could be evaluated by measuring changes in biomarkers of cardiovascular harm that are sensitive to the use of combustible cigarettes. Such cardiovascular injury could be indexed at several levels. Preclinical changes contributing to the pathogenesis of disease could be monitored by measuring changes in systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, organ-specific dysfunctions could be gauged by measuring endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation), platelet aggregation, and arterial stiffness, and organ-specific injury could be evaluated by measuring endothelial microparticles and platelet-leukocyte aggregates. Classical risk factors, such as blood pressure, circulating lipoproteins, and insulin resistance, provide robust estimates of risk, and subclinical disease progression could be followed by measuring coronary artery Ca2+ and carotid intima-media thickness. Given that several of these biomarkers are well-established predictors of major cardiovascular events, the association of these biomarkers with the use of new and emerging tobacco products could be indicative of both individual and population-level CVD risk associated with the use of these products. Differential effects of tobacco products (conventional vs. new and emerging products) on different indexes of cardiovascular injury could also provide insights into mechanisms by which they induce cardiovascular harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Conklin
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suzaynn Schick
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California
| | - Michael J Blaha
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alex Carll
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Andrew DeFilippis
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Peter Ganz
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California
| | - Michael E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Naomi Hamburg
- Department of Medicine/Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tim O'Toole
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Lindsay Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
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The Acute Effects of Age and Particulate Matter Exposure on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Mice. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2019; 18:507-519. [PMID: 29774517 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-018-9461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) is associated with increased cardiac morbidity and mortality with the elderly considered to be the most susceptible. The purpose of this study was to determine if exposure to PM would cause a greater impact on heart regulation in older DBA/2 (D2) male mice as determined by changes in heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). D2 mice at the ages of 4, 12, and 19 months were instilled with 100 µg of PM or saline by aspiration. Before and after the aspiration, 3-min echocardiogram (ECG) samples for HR and HRV were recorded at 15-min intervals for 3 h along with corresponding measurements of homeostasis, such as temperature, metabolism, and ventilation. PM exposure resulted in an increase in HRV, declines in HR, and altered measures of homeostasis for a subset of the 12-mo mice. The PM aspiration did not affect cardiac or homeostasis parameters in the 4- or 19-mo mice. Our results suggest that a select group of middle-age mice are more susceptible to alterations in their heart rhythm after PM exposure and highlight that there are acute age-related differences in heart rhythm following PM exposure.
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Tong H, Krug JD, Krantz QT, King C, Hargrove MM, Gilmour MI, Gavett SH. Inhalation of Simulated Smog Atmospheres Affects Cardiac Function in Mice. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2019; 18:569-578. [PMID: 29943085 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-018-9469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The health effects of individual criteria air pollutants have been well investigated. However, little is known about the health effects of air pollutant mixtures that more realistically represent environmental exposures. The present study was designed to evaluate the cardiac effects of inhaled simulated smog atmospheres (SA) generated from the photochemistry of either gasoline and isoprene (SA-G) or isoprene (SA-Is) in mice. Four-month-old female mice were exposed for 4 h to filtered air (FA), SA-G, or SA-Is. Immediately and 20 h after exposure, cardiac responses were assessed with a Langendorff preparation using a protocol consisting of 20 min of global ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Cardiac function was measured by index of left-ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and cardiac contractility (dP/dt) before ischemia. Pre-ischemic LVDP was lower in mice immediately after SA-Is exposure (52.2 ± 5.7 cm H2O compared to 83.9 ± 7.4 cm H2O after FA exposure; p = 0.008) and 20 h after SA-G exposure (54.0 ± 12.7 cm H2O compared to 79.3 ± 7.4 cm H2O after FA exposure; p = 0.047). Pre-ischemic left ventricular contraction dP/dtmax was lower in mice immediately after SA-Is exposure (2025 ± 169 cm H2O/sec compared to 3044 ± 219 cm H2O/sec after FA exposure; p < 0.05) and 20 h after SA-G exposure (1864 ± 328 cm H2O/sec compared to 2650 ± 258 cm H2O/sec after FA exposure; p = 0.05). In addition, SA-G reduced the coronary artery flow rate 20 h after exposure compared to the FA control. This study demonstrates that acute SA-G and SA-Is exposures decrease LVDP and cardiac contractility in mice, indicating that photochemically-altered atmospheres affect the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Tong
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Krug
- Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Q Todd Krantz
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Charly King
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Marie M Hargrove
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Stephen H Gavett
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
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Martin BL, Thompson LC, Kim Y, Williams W, Snow SJ, Schladweiler MC, Phillips P, King C, Richards J, Haykal-Coates N, Higuchi M, Ian Gilmour M, Kodavanti UP, Hazari MS, Farraj AK. Acute peat smoke inhalation sensitizes rats to the postprandial cardiometabolic effects of a high fat oral load. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:378-391. [PMID: 29940449 PMCID: PMC7003129 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Wildland fire emissions cause adverse cardiopulmonary outcomes, yet controlled exposure studies to characterize health impacts of specific biomass sources have been complicated by the often latent effects of air pollution. The aim of this study was to determine if postprandial responses after a high fat challenge, long used clinically to predict cardiovascular risk, would unmask latent cardiometabolic responses in rats exposed to peat smoke, a key wildland fire air pollution source. Male Wistar Kyoto rats were exposed once (1 h) to filtered air (FA), or low (0.36 mg/m3 particulate matter) or high concentrations (3.30 mg/m3) of peat smoke, generated by burning peat from an Irish bog. Rats were then fasted overnight, and then administered an oral gavage of a HF suspension (60 kcal% from fat), mimicking a HF meal, 24 h post-exposure. In one cohort, cardiac and superior mesenteric artery function were assessed using high frequency ultrasound 2 h post gavage. In a second cohort, circulating lipids and hormones, pulmonary and systemic inflammatory markers, and circulating monocyte phenotype using flow cytometry were assessed before or 2 or 6 h after gavage. HF gavage alone elicited increases in circulating lipids characteristic of postprandial responses to a HF meal. Few effects were evident after peat exposure in un-gavaged rats. By contrast, exposure to low or high peat caused several changes relative to FA-exposed rats 2 and 6 h post HF gavage including increased heart isovolumic relaxation time, decreased serum glucose and insulin, increased CD11 b/c-expressing blood monocytes, increased serum total cholesterol, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and alpha-2 macroglobulin (p = 0.063), decreased serum corticosterone, and increased lung gamma-glutamyl transferase. In summary, these findings demonstrate that a HF challenge reveals effects of air pollution that may otherwise be imperceptible, particularly at low exposure levels, and suggest exposure may sensitize the body to mild inflammatory triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L Martin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States
| | - Leslie C Thompson
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Yongho Kim
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Wanda Williams
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Samantha J Snow
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Pamela Phillips
- Toxicity Assessment Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, RTP, NC, United States
| | - Charly King
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Judy Richards
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Najwa Haykal-Coates
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Mark Higuchi
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Mehdi S Hazari
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
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13
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Holland NA, Fraiser CR, Sloan RC, Devlin RB, Brown DA, Wingard CJ. Ultrafine Particulate Matter Increases Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2018; 17:441-450. [PMID: 28194639 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-017-9402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particulate matter (UFP) has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the mechanisms that drive PM-associated cardiovascular disease and dysfunction remain unclear. We examined the impact of oropharyngeal aspiration of 100 μg UFP from the Chapel Hill, NC, air shed in Sprague-Dawley rats on cardiac function, arrhythmogenesis, and cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury using a Langendorff working heart model. We found that exposure to UFP was capable of significantly exacerbating cardiac I/R injury without changing overall cardiac function or major changes in arrhythmogenesis. Cardiac I/R injury was attenuable with administration of cyclosporin A (CsA), suggesting a role for the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in UFP-associated cardiovascular toxicity. Isolated cardiac mitochondria displayed decreased Ca2+ buffering before opening of the mPTP. These findings suggest that UFP-induced expansion of cardiac I/R injury may be a result of mPTP Ca2+ sensitization resulting in increased mitochondrial permeability transition and potential initiation of mPTP-associated cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Holland
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Chad R Fraiser
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Ruben C Sloan
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Robert B Devlin
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Public Health Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David A Brown
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Christopher J Wingard
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA. .,Lansing School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Physical Therapy Department, Bellarmine University, 2001 Newburg Rd, Louisville, KY, 40205, USA.
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14
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de Brito JM, Mauad T, Cavalheiro GF, Yoshizaki K, de André PA, Lichtenfels AJFC, Guimarães ET, Rivero DHRF, Antonangelo L, Oliveira LB, Pedroso LRM, Macchione M, Saldiva PHN. Acute exposure to diesel and sewage biodiesel exhaust causes pulmonary and systemic inflammation in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:1223-1233. [PMID: 30045544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a renewable energy source that reduces particle emission, but few studies have assessed its effects. To assess the effects of acute inhalation of two doses (600 and 1200 μg/m3) of diesel (DE) and biodiesel (BD) fuels on the inflammatory pulmonary and systemic profile of mice. Animals were exposed for 2 h in an inhalation chamber inside the Container Laboratory for Fuels. Heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure were determined 30 min after exposure. After 24 h, we analyzed the lung inflammation using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); neutrophil and macrophage quantification in the lung parenchyma was performed, and blood and bone marrow biomarkers as well as receptor of endothelin-A (ET-Ar), receptor of endothelin-B (ET-Br), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs) and isoprostane (ISO) levels in the pulmonary vessels and bronchial epithelium were evaluated. HRV increased for BD600, D600 and D1200 compared to filtered air (FA). Both fuels (DE and BD) produced alterations in red blood cells independent of the dose. BALF from the BD600 and BD1200 groups showed an increase in neutrophils compared to those of the FA group. Numeric density of the polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells was elevated with BD600 compared to FA. In the peribronchiolar vessels, there was an increase in ET-Ar and ET-Br expression following BD600 compared to FA; and there was a reduction in the iNOs expression for BD1200 and the VCAM-1 for D1200 compared to FA. In the bronchial epithelium, there was an increase in ETAr at BD600, ET-Br at two doses (600 and 1200 μg/m3) of DE and BD, iNOs at D600 and VCAM-1 at BD1200 and D600; all groups were compared to the FA group. Acute exposure to DE and BD derived from sewage methyl esters triggered pulmonary and cardiovascular inflammatory alterations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jôse Mára de Brito
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Franco Cavalheiro
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Yoshizaki
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Afonso de André
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Julia F C Lichtenfels
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eliane Tigre Guimarães
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Leila Antonangelo
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratory, LIM 03 - Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Basto Oliveira
- Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Eco 100 Sustained Development LTDA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Mariangela Macchione
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Hazari MS, Stratford KM, Krantz T, King C, Krug J, Farraj AK, Gilmour I. Comparative Cardiopulmonary Effects of Particulate Matter- And Ozone-Enhanced Smog Atmospheres in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3071-3080. [PMID: 29388764 PMCID: PMC6089361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the cardiac effects of particulate matter (PM)- (SA-PM) and ozone(O3)-enhanced (SA-O3) smog atmospheres in mice. Based on our previous findings of filtered diesel exhaust we hypothesized that SA-O3 would cause greater cardiac dysfunction than SA-PM. Radiotelemetered mice were exposed to either SA-PM, SA-O3, or filtered air (FA) for 4 h. Heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram were recorded continuously before, during and after exposure. Both SA-PM and SA-O3 increased heart rate variability (HRV) but only SA-PM increased HR. Normalization of responses to total hydrocarbons, gas-only hydrocarbons and PM concentration were performed to assess the relative contribution of each phase given the compositional variability. Normalization to PM concentration revealed that SA-O3 was more potent in increasing HRV, arrhythmogenesis, and causing ventilatory changes. However, there were no differences when the responses were normalized to total or gas-phase only hydrocarbons. Thus, this study demonstrates that a single exposure to smog causes cardiac effects in mice. Although the responses of SA-PM and SA-O3 are similar, the latter is more potent in causing electrical disturbances and breathing changes potentially due to the effects of irritant gases, which should therefore be accounted for more rigorously in health assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi S. Hazari
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Kimberly M. Stratford
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Todd Krantz
- Inhalation Toxicology Facilities Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Charly King
- Inhalation Toxicology Facilities Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Jonathan Krug
- Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Aimen K. Farraj
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Ian Gilmour
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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16
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Stratford K, Haykal-Coates N, Thompson L, Krantz QT, King C, Krug J, Gilmour MI, Farraj A, Hazari M. Early-Life Persistent Vitamin D Deficiency Alters Cardiopulmonary Responses to Particulate Matter-Enhanced Atmospheric Smog in Adult Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3054-3061. [PMID: 29382191 PMCID: PMC8006180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Early life nutritional deficiencies can lead to increased cardiovascular susceptibility to environmental exposures. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of early life persistent vitamin D deficiency (VDD) on the cardiopulmonary response to a particulate matter-enhanced photochemical smog. Mice were fed a VDD or normal diet (ND) after weaning. At 17 weeks of age, mice were implanted with radiotelemeters to monitor electrocardiogram, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV). Ventilatory function was measured throughout the diet before and after smog exposure using whole-body plethysmography. VDD mice had lower HR, increased HRV, and decreased tidal volume compared with ND. Regardless of diet, HR decreased during air exposure; this response was blunted by smog in ND mice and to a lesser degree in VDD. When compared with ND, VDD increased HRV during air exposure and more so with smog. However, smog only increased cardiac arrhythmias in ND mice. This study demonstrates that VDD alters the cardiopulmonary response to smog, highlighting the possible influence of nutritional factors in determining responses to air pollution. The mechanism of how VDD induces these effects is currently unknown, but modifiable factors should be considered when performing risk assessment of complex air pollution atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Stratford
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Najwa Haykal-Coates
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Leslie Thompson
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Q. Todd Krantz
- Inhalation Toxicology Facilities Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Charly King
- Inhalation Toxicology Facilities Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Jonathan Krug
- Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - M. Ian Gilmour
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Aimen Farraj
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Mehdi Hazari
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
- Corresponding author: Mehdi S. Hazari, Environmental Public Health Division, USEPA, 109 Alexander Drive, B105; Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; (Phone: 919-541-4588; Fax: 919-541-0034; )
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17
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Stabbert R, Dempsey R, Diekmann J, Euchenhofer C, Hagemeister T, Haussmann HJ, Knorr A, Mueller BP, Pospisil P, Reininghaus W, Roemer E, Tewes FJ, Veltel DJ. Studies on the contributions of smoke constituents, individually and in mixtures, in a range of in vitro bioactivity assays. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:222-246. [PMID: 28461234 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture with over 8700 identified constituents. Smoking causes many diseases including lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the mechanisms of how cigarette smoke impacts disease initiation or progression are not well understood and individual smoke constituents causing these effects are not generally agreed upon. The studies reported here were part of a series of investigations into the contributions of selected smoke constituents to the biological activity of cigarette smoke. In vitro cytotoxicity measured by the neutral red uptake (NRU) assay and in vitro mutagenicity determined in the Ames bacterial mutagenicity assay (BMA) were selected because these assays are known to produce reproducible, quantitative results for cigarette smoke under standardized exposure conditions. In order to determine the contribution of individual cigarette smoke constituents, a fingerprinting method was developed to semi-quantify the mainstream smoke yields. For cytotoxicity, 90% of gas vapor phase (GVP) cytotoxicity of the Kentucky Reference cigarette 1R4F was explained by 3 aldehydes and 40% of the 1R4F particulate phase cytotoxicity by 10 smoke constituents, e.g., hydroquinone. In the microsuspension version of the BMA, 4 aldehydes accounted for approximately 70% of the GVP mutagenicity. Finally, the benefits of performing such studies along with the difficulties in interpretation in the context of smoking are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Stabbert
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Rue des Usines 90, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
| | - Ruth Dempsey
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Rue des Usines 90, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Diekmann
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Timo Hagemeister
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Arno Knorr
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Boris P Mueller
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | - Pavel Pospisil
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Wolf Reininghaus
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ewald Roemer
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Rue des Usines 90, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Franz J Tewes
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | - Detlef J Veltel
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
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18
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Achanta S, Jordt SE. TRPA1: Acrolein meets its target. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 324:45-50. [PMID: 28284857 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Achanta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, United States.
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19
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Farraj AK, Malik F, Haykal-Coates N, Walsh L, Winsett D, Terrell D, Thompson LC, Cascio WE, Hazari MS. Morning NO2 exposure sensitizes hypertensive rats to the cardiovascular effects of same day O3 exposure in the afternoon. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:170-9. [PMID: 26986952 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1148088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Within urban air sheds, specific ambient air pollutants typically peak at predictable times throughout the day. For example, in environments dominated by mobile sources, peak nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels coincide with morning and afternoon rush hours, while peak levels of ozone (O3), occur in the afternoon. OBJECTIVE Given that exposure to a single pollutant might sensitize the cardiopulmonary system to the effects of a subsequent exposure to a second pollutant, we hypothesized that a morning exposure to NO2 will exaggerate the cardiovascular effects of an afternoon O3 exposure in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were divided into four groups that were each exposed for 3 h in the morning (m) and 3 h in the afternoon (a) on the same day: (1) m-Air/a-Air, (2) m-Air/a-O3 (0.3 ppm), (3) m-NO2 (0.5 ppm)/a-Air and (4) m-NO2/a-O3. Implanted telemetry devices recorded blood pressure and electrocardiographic data. Sensitivity to the arrhythmogenic agent aconitine was measured in a separate cohort. RESULTS Only m-NO2/a-O3-exposed rats had significant changes in electrophysiological, mechanical and autonomic parameters. These included decreased heart rate and increased PR and QTc intervals and increased heart rate variability, suggesting increased parasympathetic tone. In addition, only m-NO2/a-O3 exposure decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures and increased pulse pressure and QA interval, suggesting decreased cardiac contractility. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The findings indicate that initial exposure to NO2 sensitized rats to the cardiovascular effects of O3 and may provide insight into the epidemiological data linking adverse cardiovascular outcomes with exposures to low concentrations of O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Farraj
- a Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Fatiha Malik
- a Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Najwa Haykal-Coates
- a Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Leon Walsh
- a Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Darrell Winsett
- a Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Dock Terrell
- a Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Leslie C Thompson
- a Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Wayne E Cascio
- a Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Mehdi S Hazari
- a Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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20
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TRPA1 mediates changes in heart rate variability and cardiac mechanical function in mice exposed to acrolein. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 324:51-60. [PMID: 27746315 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution is linked with adverse cardiovascular effects. While previous research focused primarily on particulate matter-induced responses, gaseous air pollutants also contribute to cause short-term cardiovascular effects. Mechanisms underlying such effects have not been adequately described, however the immediate nature of the response suggests involvement of irritant neural activation and downstream autonomic dysfunction. Thus, this study examines the role of TRPA1, an irritant sensory receptor found in the airways, in the cardiac response of mice to acrolein and ozone. Conscious unrestrained wild-type C57BL/6 (WT) and TRPA1 knockout (KO) mice implanted with radiotelemeters were exposed once to 3ppm acrolein, 0.3ppm ozone, or filtered air. Heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded continuously before, during and after exposure. Analysis of ECG morphology, incidence of arrhythmia and heart rate variability (HRV) were performed. Cardiac mechanical function was assessed using a Langendorff perfusion preparation 24h post-exposure. Acrolein exposure increased HRV independent of HR, as well as incidence of arrhythmia. Acrolein also increased left ventricular developed pressure in WT mice at 24h post-exposure. Ozone did not produce any changes in cardiac function. Neither gas produced ECG effects, changes in HRV, arrhythmogenesis, or mechanical function in KO mice. These data demonstrate that a single exposure to acrolein causes cardiac dysfunction through TRPA1 activation and autonomic imbalance characterized by a shift toward parasympathetic modulation. Furthermore, it is clear from the lack of ozone effects that although gaseous irritants are capable of eliciting immediate cardiac changes, gas concentration and properties play important roles.
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21
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Ramot Y, Kodavanti UP, Kissling GE, Ledbetter AD, Nyska A. Clinical and pathological manifestations of cardiovascular disease in rat models: the influence of acute ozone exposure. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 27 Suppl 1:26-38. [PMID: 26667329 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.954168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Rodent models of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and metabolic disorders are used for examining susceptibility variations to environmental exposures. However, cross-model organ pathologies and clinical manifestations are often not compared. We hypothesized that genetic CVD rat models will exhibit baseline pathologies and will thus express varied lung response to acute ozone exposure. Male 12-14-week-old healthy Wistar Kyoto (WKY), Wistar (WIS), and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and CVD-compromised spontaneously hypertensive (SH), fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH), stroke-prone SH (SHSP), obese SH heart-failure (SHHF), obese diabetic JCR (JCR) rats were exposed to 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone for 4 h and clinical biomarkers, and lung, heart and kidney pathologies were compared immediately following (0-h) or 20-h later. Strain differences were observed between air-exposed CVD-prone and WKY rats in clinical biomarkers and in kidney and heart pathology. Serum cholesterol was higher in air-exposed obese SHHF and JCR compared to other air-exposed strains. Ozone did not produce lesions in the heart or kidney. CVD-prone and SD rats demonstrated glomerulopathy and kidney inflammation (WKY = WIS = SH < SD = SHSP < SHHF < JCR = FHH) regardless of ozone. Cardiac myofiber degeneration was evident in SH, SHHF, and JCR, while only JCR tends to have inflammation in coronaries. Lung pathology in air-exposed rats was minimal in all strains except JCR. Ozone induced variable alveolar histiocytosis and bronchiolar inflammation; JCR and SHHF were less affected. This study provides a comparative account of the clinical manifestations of disease and early-life organ pathologies in several rat models of CVD and their differential susceptibility to lung injury from air pollutant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ramot
- a Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | | | - Allen D Ledbetter
- b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Abraham Nyska
- d Department of Pathology , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
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Cascio WE. Proposed pathophysiologic framework to explain some excess cardiovascular death associated with ambient air particle pollution: Insights for public health translation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2869-79. [PMID: 27451957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The paper proposes a pathophysiologic framework to explain the well-established epidemiological association between exposure to ambient air particle pollution and premature cardiovascular mortality, and offers insights into public health solutions that extend beyond regulatory environmental protections to actions that can be taken by individuals, public health officials, healthcare professionals, city and regional planners, local and state governmental officials and all those who possess the capacity to improve cardiovascular health within the population. The foundation of the framework rests on the contribution of traditional cardiovascular risk factors acting alone and in concert with long-term exposures to air pollutants to create a conditional susceptibility for clinical vascular events, such as myocardial ischemia and infarction; stroke and lethal ventricular arrhythmias. The conceptual framework focuses on the fact that short-term exposures to ambient air particulate matter (PM) are associated with vascular thrombosis (acute coronary syndrome, stroke, deep venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism) and electrical dysfunction (ventricular arrhythmia); and that individuals having prevalent heart disease are at greatest risk. Moreover, exposure is concomitant with changes in autonomic nervous system balance, systemic inflammation, and prothrombotic/anti-thrombotic and profibrinolytic-antifibrinolytic balance. Thus, a comprehensive solution to the problem of premature mortality triggered by air pollutant exposure will require compliance with regulations to control ambient air particle pollution levels, minimize exposures to air pollutants, as well as a concerted effort to decrease the number of people at-risk for serious clinical cardiovascular events triggered by air pollutant exposure by improving the overall state of cardiovascular health in the population. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Air Pollution, edited by Wenjun Ding, Andrew J. Ghio and Weidong Wu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne E Cascio
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Carll AP, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Hazari MS, Ledbetter AD, Richards JH, Cascio WE, Costa DL, Farraj AK. Cardiomyopathy confers susceptibility to particulate matter-induced oxidative stress, vagal dominance, arrhythmia and pulmonary inflammation in heart failure-prone rats. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:100-12. [PMID: 25600220 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.995387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is tied to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially among those with prior cardiac injury. The mechanisms and pathophysiological events precipitating these outcomes remain poorly understood but may involve inflammation, oxidative stress, arrhythmia and autonomic nervous system imbalance. Cardiomyopathy results from cardiac injury, is the leading cause of heart failure, and can be induced in heart failure-prone rats through sub-chronic infusion of isoproterenol (ISO). To test whether cardiomyopathy confers susceptibility to inhaled PM2.5 and can elucidate potential mechanisms, we investigated the cardiophysiologic, ventilatory, inflammatory and oxidative effects of a single nose-only inhalation of a metal-rich PM2.5 (580 µg/m(3), 4 h) in ISO-pretreated (35 days × 1.0 mg/kg/day sc) rats. During the 5 days post-treatment, ISO-treated rats had decreased HR and BP and increased pre-ejection period (PEP, an inverse correlate of contractility) relative to saline-treated rats. Before inhalation exposure, ISO-pretreated rats had increased PR and ventricular repolarization time (QT) and heterogeneity (Tp-Te). Relative to clean air, PM2.5 further prolonged PR-interval and decreased systolic BP during inhalation exposure; increased tidal volume, expiratory time, heart rate variability (HRV) parameters of parasympathetic tone and atrioventricular block arrhythmias over the hours post-exposure; increased pulmonary neutrophils, macrophages and total antioxidant status one day post-exposure; and decreased pulmonary glutathione peroxidase 8 weeks after exposure, with all effects occurring exclusively in ISO-pretreated rats but not saline-pretreated rats. Ultimately, our findings indicate that cardiomyopathy confers susceptibility to the oxidative, inflammatory, ventilatory, autonomic and arrhythmogenic effects of acute PM2.5 inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Carll
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
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Farraj AK, Walsh L, Haykal-Coates N, Malik F, McGee J, Winsett D, Duvall R, Kovalcik K, Cascio WE, Higuchi M, Hazari MS. Cardiac effects of seasonal ambient particulate matter and ozone co-exposure in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:12. [PMID: 25944145 PMCID: PMC4419498 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential for seasonal differences in the physicochemical characteristics of ambient particulate matter (PM) to modify interactive effects with gaseous pollutants has not been thoroughly examined. The purpose of this study was to compare cardiac responses in conscious hypertensive rats co-exposed to concentrated ambient particulates (CAPs) and ozone (O3) in Durham, NC during the summer and winter, and to analyze responses based on particle mass and chemistry. Methods Rats were exposed once for 4 hrs by whole-body inhalation to fine CAPs alone (target concentration: 150 μg/m3), O3 (0.2 ppm) alone, CAPs plus O3, or filtered air during summer 2011 and winter 2012. Telemetered electrocardiographic (ECG) data from implanted biosensors were analyzed for heart rate (HR), ECG parameters, heart rate variability (HRV), and spontaneous arrhythmia. The sensitivity to triggering of arrhythmia was measured in a separate cohort one day after exposure using intravenously administered aconitine. PM elemental composition and organic and elemental carbon fractions were analyzed by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and thermo-optical pyrolytic vaporization, respectively. Particulate sources were inferred from elemental analysis using a chemical mass balance model. Results Seasonal differences in CAPs composition were most evident in particle mass concentrations (summer, 171 μg/m3; winter, 85 μg/m3), size (summer, 324 nm; winter, 125 nm), organic:elemental carbon ratios (summer, 16.6; winter, 9.7), and sulfate levels (summer, 49.1 μg/m3; winter, 16.8 μg/m3). Enrichment of metals in winter PM resulted in equivalent summer and winter metal exposure concentrations. Source apportionment analysis showed enrichment for anthropogenic and marine salt sources during winter exposures compared to summer exposures, although only 4% of the total PM mass was attributed to marine salt sources. Single pollutant cardiovascular effects with CAPs and O3 were present during both summer and winter exposures, with evidence for unique effects of co-exposures and associated changes in autonomic tone. Conclusions These findings provide evidence for a pronounced effect of season on PM mass, size, composition, and contributing sources, and exposure-induced cardiovascular responses. Although there was inconsistency in biological responses, some cardiovascular responses were evident only in the co-exposure group during both seasons despite variability in PM physicochemical composition. These findings suggest that a single ambient PM metric alone is not sufficient to predict potential for interactive health effects with other air pollutants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-015-0087-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Leon Walsh
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Najwa Haykal-Coates
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Fatiha Malik
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - John McGee
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Darrell Winsett
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Rachelle Duvall
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Kasey Kovalcik
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Wayne E Cascio
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Mark Higuchi
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Mehdi S Hazari
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
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Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, King C, Krantz QT, Gilmour MI, Farraj AK. The effects of B0, B20, and B100 soy biodiesel exhaust on aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmia in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:557-63. [PMID: 26514783 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1054967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diesel exhaust (DE) has been shown to increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Although biodiesel has been proposed as a "safer" alternative to diesel, it is still uncertain whether it actually poses less threat. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that exposure to pure or 20% soy biodiesel exhaust (BDE) would cause less sensitivity to aconitine-induced arrhythmia than DE in rats. METHODS Spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats implanted with radiotelemeters were exposed once or for 5 d (4 h) to either 50 mg/m(3) (low), 150 mg/m(3) (medium), or 500 mg/m(3) (high) of DE (B0), 20% (B20) or 100% (B100) soy biodiesel exhaust. Arrhythmogenesis was assessed 24 h later by continuous infusion of aconitine, an arrhythmogenic drug, while heart rate (HR), and electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored. RESULTS Rats exposed once or for 5 d to low, medium, or high B0 developed arrhythmia at significantly lower doses of aconitine than controls, whereas rats exposed to B20 were only consistently sensitive after 5 d of the high concentration. B100 caused mild arrhythmia sensitivity at the low concentration, only after 5 d of exposure at the medium concentration and after either a single or 5 d at the high concentration. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that exposure to B20 causes less sensitivity to arrhythmia than B0 and B100. This diminished effect may be due to lower irritant components such as acrolein and nitrogen oxides. Thus, in terms of cardiac health, B20 may be a safer option than both of the pure forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi S Hazari
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Najwa Haykal-Coates
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Darrell W Winsett
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Charly King
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Q Todd Krantz
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Aimen K Farraj
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Farraj AK, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Gilmour MI, King C, Krantz QT, Richards J, Hazari MS. Comparative electrocardiographic, autonomic and systemic inflammatory responses to soy biodiesel and petroleum diesel emissions in rats. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:564-75. [PMID: 26514784 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1057884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Biodiesel fuel represents an alternative to high particulate matter (PM)-emitting petroleum-based diesel fuels, yet uncertainty remains regarding potential biodiesel combustion emission health impacts. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare cardiovascular responses to pure and blended biodiesel fuel emissions relative to petroleum diesel exhaust (DE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Spontaneously hypertensive rats were exposed for 4 h per day for four days via whole body inhalation to combustion emissions (based on PM concentrations 50, 150 or 500 μg/m(3) or filtered air) from pure (B100) or blended (B20) soy biodiesel, or to pure petroleum DE (B0). Electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate variability (HRV, an index of autonomic balance) were monitored before, during and after exposure while pulmonary and systemic inflammation were assessed one day after the final exposure. ECG and HRV data and inflammatory data were statistically analyzed using a linear mixed model for repeated measures and an analysis of variance, respectively. RESULTS B100 and B0, but not B20, increased HRV during all exposure days at the highest concentration indicating increased parasympathetic tone. Electrocardiographic data were mixed. B100 and B0, but not B20, caused significant changes in one or more of the following: serum C-reactive protein, total protein, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and fibrinogen. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Although responses to emissions from all fuels were mixed and relatively mild, some findings point to a reduced cardiovascular impact of blended biodiesel fuel emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Farraj
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - N Haykal-Coates
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - D W Winsett
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - M I Gilmour
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - C King
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Q T Krantz
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - J Richards
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - M S Hazari
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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A single exposure to acrolein desensitizes baroreflex responsiveness and increases cardiac arrhythmias in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2014; 14:52-63. [PMID: 24078368 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-013-9228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Short-term exposure to air pollutants has been linked to acute cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Even in the absence of overt signs or symptoms, pollutants can cause subtle disruptions to internal compensatory mechanisms, which maintain homeostatic balance in response to various environmental and physiological stressors. We hypothesized that a single exposure to acrolein, a ubiquitous gaseous air pollutant, would decrease the sensitivity of baroreflex (BRS), which maintains blood pressure by altering heart rate (HR), modify cardiac electrophysiological properties and increase arrhythmia in rats. Wistar-Kyoto normotensive (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats implanted with radiotelemeters and a chronic jugular vein catheter were tested for BRS using phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside 2 days before and 1 h after whole-body exposure to 3 ppm acrolein (3 h). HR and electrocardiogram (ECG) were continuously monitored for the detection of arrhythmia in the pre-exposure, exposure and post-exposure periods. Whole-body plethysmography was used to continuously monitor ventilation in conscious animals. SH rats had higher blood pressure, lower BRS and increased frequency of AV block as evidence by non-conducted p-waves when compared with WKY rats. A single exposure to acrolein caused a decrease in BRS and increased incidence of arrhythmia in both WKY and SH rats. There were minimal ECG differences between the strains, whereas only SH rats experienced irregular breathing during acrolein. These results demonstrate that acrolein causes immediate cardiovascular reflexive dysfunction and persistent arrhythmia in both normal and hypertensive animals. As such, homeostatic imbalance may be one mechanism by which air pollution increases risk 24 h after exposure, particularly in people with underlying cardiovascular disease.
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Kurhanewicz N, McIntosh-Kastrinsky R, Tong H, Walsh L, Farraj AK, Hazari MS. Ozone co-exposure modifies cardiac responses to fine and ultrafine ambient particulate matter in mice: concordance of electrocardiogram and mechanical responses. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:54. [PMID: 25318591 PMCID: PMC4203862 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown a relationship between air pollution and increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Due to the complexity of ambient air pollution composition, recent studies have examined the effects of co-exposure, particularly particulate matter (PM) and gas, to determine whether pollutant interactions alter (e.g. synergistically, antagonistically) the health response. This study examines the independent effects of fine (FCAPs) and ultrafine (UFCAPs) concentrated ambient particles on cardiac function, and determine the impact of ozone (O3) co-exposure on the response. We hypothesized that UFCAPs would cause greater decrement in mechanical function and electrical dysfunction than FCAPs, and that O3 co-exposure would enhance the effects of both particle-types. Methods Conscious/unrestrained radiotelemetered mice were exposed once whole-body to either 190 μg/m3 FCAPs or 140 μg/m3 UFCAPs with/without 0.3 ppm O3; separate groups were exposed to either filtered air (FA) or O3 alone. Heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded continuously before, during and after exposure, and cardiac mechanical function was assessed using a Langendorff perfusion preparation 24 hrs post-exposure. Results FCAPs alone caused a significant decrease in baseline left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and contractility, whereas UFCAPs did not; neither FCAPs nor UFCAPs alone caused any ECG changes. O3 co-exposure with FCAPs caused a significant decrease in heart rate variability when compared to FA but also blocked the decrement in cardiac function. On the other hand, O3 co-exposure with UFCAPs significantly increased QRS-interval, QTc and non-conducted P-wave arrhythmias, and decreased LVDP, rate of contractility and relaxation when compared to controls. Conclusions These data suggest that particle size and gaseous interactions may play a role in cardiac function decrements one day after exposure. Although FCAPs + O3 only altered autonomic balance, UFCAPs + O3 appeared to be more serious by increasing cardiac arrhythmias and causing mechanical decrements. As such, O3 appears to interact differently with FCAPs and UFCAPs, resulting in varied cardiac changes, which suggests that the cardiovascular effects of particle-gas co-exposures are not simply additive or even generalizable. Additionally, the mode of toxicity underlying this effect may be subtle given none of the exposures described here impaired post-ischemia recovery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0054-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kurhanewicz
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Rachel McIntosh-Kastrinsky
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Haiyan Tong
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Leon Walsh
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Mehdi S Hazari
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, 27711, USA.
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Perez CM, Ledbetter AD, Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates N, Carll AP, Winsett DW, Costa DL, Farraj AK. Hypoxia stress test reveals exaggerated cardiovascular effects in hypertensive rats after exposure to the air pollutant acrolein. Toxicol Sci 2013; 132:467-77. [PMID: 23335627 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially in susceptible populations. Despite increased risk, adverse responses are often delayed and require additional stress tests to reveal latent effects of exposure. The goal of this study was to use an episode of "transient hypoxia" as an extrinsic stressor to uncover latent susceptibility to environmental pollutants in a rodent model of hypertension. We hypothesized that exposure to acrolein, an unsaturated aldehyde and mucosal irritant found in cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust, and power plant emissions, would increase cardiopulmonary sensitivity to hypoxia, particularly in hypertensive rats. Spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto (normotensive) rats, implanted with radiotelemeters, were exposed once for 3h to 3 ppm acrolein gas or filtered air in whole-body plethysmograph chambers and challenged with a 10% oxygen atmosphere (10min) 24h later. Acrolein exposure increased heart rate, blood pressure, breathing frequency, and minute volume in hypertensive rats and also increased the heart rate variability parameter LF, suggesting a potential role for increased sympathetic tone. Normotensive rats only had increased blood pressure during acrolein exposure. The hypoxia stress test after acrolein exposure revealed increased diastolic blood pressure only in hypertensive rats and increased minute volume and expiratory time only in normotensive rats. These results suggest that hypertension confers exaggerated sensitivity to air pollution and that the hypoxia stress test is a novel tool to reveal the potential latent effects of air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Perez
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
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Wang T, Li GX, Sun J, Buys N, Liu HM, Liu MF, Ni M, Li BW, Liang XF, Pan X. Association between ambient particulate matter and daily cause-specific mortality in Tanggu, Tianjin Binhai New Area, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2013; 23:205-14. [PMID: 22897106 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.713096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine whether the area of Tanggu, Tianjin Binhai New Economic Developing Area, China, is subject to similar effects of ambient particulate matter less than 10 micrometres in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) similar to other areas of China. This study was designed to investigate cause-specific mortality risks associated with air pollution in this geographical region. The present study used a time-series analysis to explore the relationship between PM10 and the cause-specific mortalities for non-accidental, cardiovascular, and cardiopulmonary mortality from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2010. A 10 μg/m(3) increment of PM10 was associated with a 1.02% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48, 1.56) increase in cardiovascular mortality, and a 0.88% (95% CI: 0.36, 1.39) increase in cardiopulmonary mortality. In addition, the effects from PM10 appear to be consistent with multi-pollutant models. The results show that there are strong associations between daily cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary mortality and ambient PM10 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Tianjin Binhai New Area Tanggu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300450, China
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Watkins A, Danilewitz M, Kusha M, Massé S, Urch B, Quadros K, Spears D, Farid T, Nanthakumar K. Air pollution and arrhythmic risk: the smog is yet to clear. Can J Cardiol 2012; 29:734-41. [PMID: 23219609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence has demonstrated that air pollution may impair cardiovascular health, leading to potentially life-threatening arrhythmias. Efforts have been made, with the use of epidemiologic data and controlled exposures in diverse animal and human populations, to verify the relationship between air pollution and arrhythmias. The purpose of this review is to examine and contrast the epidemiologic and toxicologic evidence to date that relates airborne pollutants with cardiac arrhythmia. We have explored the potential biological mechanisms driving this association. Using the PubMed database, we conducted a literature search that included the terms "air pollution" and "arrhythmia" and eventually divergent synonyms such as "particulate matter," "bradycardia," and "atrial fibrillation." We reviewed epidemiologic studies and controlled human and animal exposures independently to determine whether observational conclusions were corroborated by toxicologic results. Numerous pollutants have demonstrated some arrhythmic capacity among healthy and health-compromised populations. However, some exposure studies have shown no significant correlation of air pollutants with arrhythmia, which suggests some uncertainty about the arrhythmogenic potential of air pollution and the mechanisms involved in arrhythmogenesis. While data from an increasing number of controlled exposures with human volunteers suggest a potential mechanistic link between air pollution and altered cardiac electrophysiology, definite conclusions regarding air pollution and arrhythmia are elusive as the direct arrhythmic effects of air pollutants are not entirely consistent across all studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Watkins
- Department of Environmental Services, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Hazari MS, Callaway J, Winsett DW, Lamb C, Haykal-Coates N, Krantz QT, King C, Costa DL, Farraj AK. Dobutamine "stress" test and latent cardiac susceptibility to inhaled diesel exhaust in normal and hypertensive rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:1088-93. [PMID: 22543081 PMCID: PMC3440084 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise "stress" testing is a screening tool used to determine the amount of stress for which the heart can compensate before developing abnormal rhythm or ischemia, particularly in susceptible persons. Although this approach has been used to assess risk in humans exposed to air pollution, it has never been applied to rodent studies. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that a single exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) would increase the risk of adverse cardiac events such as arrhythmia and myocardial ischemia in rats undergoing a dobutamine challenge test, which can be used to mimic exercise-like stress. METHODS Wistar-Kyoto normotensive (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats implanted with radiotelemeters and a chronic intravenous catheter were whole-body exposed to 150 μg/m3 DE for 4 hr. Increasing doses of dobutamine, a β1-adrenergic agonist, were administered to conscious unrestrained rats 24 hr later to elicit the cardiac response observed during exercise while heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored. RESULTS A single exposure to DE potentiated the HR response of WKY and SH rats during dobutamine challenge and prevented HR recovery at rest. During peak challenge, DE-exposed SH rats had lower overall HR variability when compared with controls, in addition to transient ST depression. All DE-exposed animals also had increased arrhythmias. CONCLUSIONS These results are the first evidence that rats exhibit stress-induced cardiac dysrhythmia and ischemia sensitivity comparable to humans after a single exposure to a toxic air pollutant, particularly when in the presence of underlying cardiovascular disease. Thus, exposure to low concentrations of air pollution can impair the heart's ability to respond to stress and increase the risk of subsequent triggered dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi S Hazari
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Carll AP, Hazari MS, Perez CM, Krantz QT, King CJ, Winsett DW, Costa DL, Farraj AK. Whole and particle-free diesel exhausts differentially affect cardiac electrophysiology, blood pressure, and autonomic balance in heart failure-prone rats. Toxicol Sci 2012; 128:490-9. [PMID: 22543275 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies strongly link short-term exposures to vehicular traffic and particulate matter (PM) air pollution with adverse cardiovascular (CV) events, especially in those with preexisting CV disease. Diesel engine exhaust is a key contributor to urban ambient PM and gaseous pollutants. To determine the role of gaseous and particulate components in diesel exhaust (DE) cardiotoxicity, we examined the effects of a 4-h inhalation of whole DE (wDE) (target PM concentration: 500 µg/m(3)) or particle-free filtered DE (fDE) on CV physiology and a range of markers of cardiopulmonary injury in hypertensive heart failure-prone rats. Arterial blood pressure (BP), electrocardiography, and heart rate variability (HRV), an index of autonomic balance, were monitored. Both fDE and wDE decreased BP and prolonged PR interval during exposure, with more effects from fDE, which additionally increased HRV triangular index and decreased T-wave amplitude. fDE increased QTc interval immediately after exposure, increased atrioventricular (AV) block Mobitz II arrhythmias shortly thereafter, and increased serum high-density lipoprotein 1 day later. wDE increased BP and decreased HRV root mean square of successive differences immediately postexposure. fDE and wDE decreased heart rate during the 4th hour of postexposure. Thus, DE gases slowed AV conduction and ventricular repolarization, decreased BP, increased HRV, and subsequently provoked arrhythmias, collectively suggesting parasympathetic activation; conversely, brief BP and HRV changes after exposure to particle-containing DE indicated a transient sympathetic excitation. Our findings suggest that whole- and particle-free DE differentially alter CV and autonomic physiology and may potentially increase risk through divergent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Carll
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Public Health Division, PO B143-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Farraj AK, Hazari MS, Winsett DW, Kulukulualani A, Carll AP, Haykal-Coates N, Lamb CM, Lappi E, Terrell D, Cascio WE, Costa DL. Overt and latent cardiac effects of ozone inhalation in rats: evidence for autonomic modulation and increased myocardial vulnerability. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:348-54. [PMID: 22138703 PMCID: PMC3295357 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone (O₃) is a well-documented respiratory oxidant, but increasing epidemiological evidence points to extrapulmonary effects, including positive associations between ambient O₃ concentrations and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE With preliminary reports linking O₃ exposure with changes in heart rate (HR), we investigated the hypothesis that a single inhalation exposure to O₃ will cause concentration-dependent autonomic modulation of cardiac function in rats. METHODS Rats implanted with telemeters to monitor HR and cardiac electrophysiology [electrocardiography (ECG)] were exposed once by whole-body inhalation for 4 hr to 0.2 or 0.8 ppm O₃ or filtered air. A separate cohort was tested for vulnerability to aconitine-induced arrhythmia 24 hr after exposure. RESULTS Exposure to 0.8 ppm O₃ caused bradycardia, PR prolongation, ST depression, and substantial increases in atrial premature beats, sinoatrial block, and atrioventricular block, accompanied by concurrent increases in several HR variability parameters that were suggestive of increased parasympathetic tone. Low-O₃ exposure failed to elicit any overt changes in autonomic tone, heart rhythm, or ECG. However, both 0.2 and 0.8 ppm O₃ increased sensitivity to aconitine-induced arrhythmia formation, suggesting a latent O₃-induced alteration in myocardial excitability. CONCLUSIONS O₃ exposure causes several alterations in cardiac electrophysiology that are likely mediated by modulation of autonomic input to the heart. Moreover, exposure to low O₃ concentrations may cause subclinical effects that manifest only when triggered by a stressor, suggesting that the adverse health effects of ambient levels of air pollutants may be insidious and potentially underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Lamb CM, Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates N, Carll AP, Krantz QT, King C, Winsett DW, Cascio WE, Costa DL, Farraj AK. Divergent electrocardiographic responses to whole and particle-free diesel exhaust inhalation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Toxicol Sci 2011; 125:558-68. [PMID: 22052608 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) is a major contributor to traffic-related fine particulate matter (PM)(2.5). Although inroads have been made in understanding the mechanisms of PM-related health effects, DE's complex mixture of PM, gases, and volatile organics makes it difficult to determine how the constituents contribute to DE's effects. We hypothesized that exposure to particle-filtered DE (fDE; gases alone) will elicit less cardiac effects than whole DE (wDE; particles plus gases). In addition, we hypothesized that spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats will be more sensitive to the electrocardiographic effects of DE exposure than Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY; background strain with normal blood pressure). SH and WKY rats, implanted with telemeters to monitor electrocardiogram and heart rate (HR), were exposed once for 4 h to 150 μg/m(3) or 500 μg/m(3) of wDE (gases plus PM) or fDE (gases alone) DE, or filtered air. Exposure to fDE, but not wDE, caused immediate electrocardiographic alterations in cardiac repolarization (ST depression) and atrioventricular conduction block (PR prolongation) as well as bradycardia in SH rats. Exposure to wDE, but not fDE, caused postexposure ST depression and increased sensitivity to the pulmonary C fiber agonist capsaicin in SH rats. The only notable effect of DE exposure in WKY rats was a decrease in HR. Taken together, hypertension may predispose to the potential cardiac effects of DE and components of DE may have divergent effects with some eliciting immediate irritant effects (e.g., gases), whereas others (e.g., PM) trigger delayed effects potentially via separate mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Lamb
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
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Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Krantz QT, King C, Costa DL, Farraj AK. TRPA1 and sympathetic activation contribute to increased risk of triggered cardiac arrhythmias in hypertensive rats exposed to diesel exhaust. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:951-7. [PMID: 21377951 PMCID: PMC3223009 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust (DE), which is emitted from on- and off-road sources, is a complex mixture of toxic gaseous and particulate components that leads to triggered adverse cardiovascular effects such as arrhythmias. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that increased risk of triggered arrhythmias 1 day after DE exposure is mediated by airway sensory nerves bearing transient receptor potential (TRP) channels [e.g., transient receptor potential cation channel, member A1 (TRPA1)] that, when activated by noxious chemicals, can cause a centrally mediated autonomic imbalance and heightened risk of arrhythmia. METHODS Spontaneously hypertensive rats implanted with radiotelemeters were whole-body exposed to either 500 μg/m³ (high) or 150 μg/m³ (low) whole DE (wDE) or filtered DE (fDE), or to filtered air (controls), for 4 hr. Arrhythmogenesis was assessed 24 hr later by continuous intravenous infusion of aconitine, an arrhythmogenic drug, while heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored. RESULTS Rats exposed to wDE or fDE had slightly higher HRs and increased low-frequency:high-frequency ratios (sympathetic modulation) than did controls; ECG showed prolonged ventricular depolarization and shortened repolarization periods. Rats exposed to wDE developed arrhythmia at lower doses of aconitine than did controls; the dose was even lower in rats exposed to fDE. Pretreatment of low wDE-exposed rats with a TRPA1 antagonist or sympathetic blockade prevented the heightened sensitivity to arrhythmia. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a single exposure to DE increases the sensitivity of the heart to triggered arrhythmias. The gaseous components appear to play an important role in the proarrhythmic response, which may be mediated by activation of TRPA1, and subsequent sympathetic modulation. As such, toxic inhalants may partly exhibit their toxicity by lowering the threshold for secondary triggers, complicating assessment of their risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi S Hazari
- Environmental Public Health Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Bealer SL, Metcalf CS, Little JG. Methods for ECG evaluation of indicators of cardiac risk, and susceptibility to aconitine-induced arrhythmias in rats following status epilepticus. J Vis Exp 2011:2726. [PMID: 21505405 DOI: 10.3791/2726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lethal cardiac arrhythmias contribute to mortality in a number of pathological conditions. Several parameters obtained from a non-invasive, easily obtained electrocardiogram (ECG) are established, well-validated prognostic indicators of cardiac risk in patients suffering from a number of cardiomyopathies. Increased heart rate, decreased heart rate variability (HRV), and increased duration and variability of cardiac ventricular electrical activity (QT interval) are all indicative of enhanced cardiac risk. In animal models, it is valuable to compare these ECG-derived variables and susceptibility to experimentally induced arrhythmias. Intravenous infusion of the arrhythmogenic agent aconitine has been widely used to evaluate susceptibility to arrhythmias in a range of experimental conditions, including animal models of depression and hypertension, following exercise and exposure to air pollutants, as well as determination of the antiarrhythmic efficacy of pharmacological agents. It should be noted that QT dispersion in humans is a measure of QT interval variation across the full set of leads from a standard 12-lead ECG. Consequently, the measure of QT dispersion from the 2-lead ECG in the rat described in this protocol is different than that calculated from human ECG records. This represents a limitation in the translation of the data obtained from rodents to human clinical medicine. Status epilepticus (SE) is a single seizure or series of continuously recurring seizures lasting more than 30 min, and results in mortality in 20% of cases. Many individuals survive the SE, but die within 30 days. The mechanism(s) of this delayed mortality is not fully understood. It has been suggested that lethal ventricular arrhythmias contribute to many of these deaths. In addition to SE, patients experiencing spontaneously recurring seizures, i.e. epilepsy, are at risk of premature sudden and unexpected death associated with epilepsy (SUDEP). As with SE, the precise mechanisms mediating SUDEP are not known. It has been proposed that ventricular abnormalities and resulting arrhythmias make a significant contribution. To investigate the mechanisms of seizure-related cardiac death, and the efficacy of cardioprotective therapies, it is necessary to obtain both ECG-derived indicators of risk and evaluate susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias in animal models of seizure disorders. Here we describe methods for implanting ECG electrodes in the Sprague-Dawley laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus), following SE, collection and analysis of ECG recordings, and induction of arrhythmias during iv infusion of aconitine. These procedures can be used to directly determine the relationships between ECG-derived measures of cardiac electrical activity and susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias in rat models of seizure disorders, or any pathology associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Bealer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, USA
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Farraj AK, Hazari MS, Cascio WE. The Utility of the Small Rodent Electrocardiogram in Toxicology. Toxicol Sci 2011; 121:11-30. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Liao D, Shaffer ML, He F, Rodriguez-Colon S, Wu R, Whitsel EA, Bixler EO, Cascio WE. Fine particulate air pollution is associated with higher vulnerability to atrial fibrillation--the APACR study. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:693-705. [PMID: 21480044 PMCID: PMC3082849 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.556056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The acute effects and the time course of fine particulate pollution (PM₂.₅) on atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF) predictors, including P-wave duration, PR interval duration, and P-wave complexity, were investigated in a community-dwelling sample of 106 nonsmokers. Individual-level 24-h beat-to-beat electrocardiogram (ECG) data were visually examined. After identifying and removing artifacts and arrhythmic beats, the 30-min averages of the AF predictors were calculated. A personal PM₂.₅ monitor was used to measure individual-level, real-time PM₂.₅ exposures during the same 24-h period, and corresponding 30-min average PM₂.₅ concentration were calculated. Under a linear mixed-effects modeling framework, distributed lag models were used to estimate regression coefficients (βs) associating PM₂.₅ with AF predictors. Most of the adverse effects on AF predictors occurred within 1.5-2 h after PM₂.₅ exposure. The multivariable adjusted βs per 10-μg/m³ rise in PM₂.₅ at lag 1 and lag 2 were significantly associated with P-wave complexity. PM₂.₅ exposure was also significantly associated with prolonged PR duration at lag 3 and lag 4. Higher PM₂.₅ was found to be associated with increases in P-wave complexity and PR duration. Maximal effects were observed within 2 h. These findings suggest that PM₂.₅ adversely affects AF predictors; thus, PM₂.₅ may be indicative of greater susceptibility to AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanping Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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Stanek LW, Brown JS, Stanek J, Gift J, Costa DL. Air pollution toxicology--a brief review of the role of the science in shaping the current understanding of air pollution health risks. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120 Suppl 1:S8-27. [PMID: 21147959 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal toxicology has had a profound impact on our historical and current understanding of air pollution health effects. Early animal toxicological studies of air pollution had distinctively military or workplace themes. With the discovery that ambient air pollution episodes led to excess illness and death, there became an emergence of toxicological studies that focused on industrial air pollution encountered by the general public. Not only did the pollutants investigated evolve from ambient mixtures to individual pollutants but also the endpoints and outcomes evaluated became more sophisticated, resulting in our present state of the science. Currently, a large toxicological database exists for the effects of particulate matter and ozone, and we provide a focused review of some of the major contributions to the biological understanding for these two "criteria" air pollutants. A limited discussion of the toxicological advancements in the scientific knowledge of two hazardous air pollutants, formaldehyde and phosgene, is also included. Moving forward, the future challenge of air pollution toxicology lies in the health assessment of complex mixtures and their interactions, given the projected impacts of climate change and altered emissions on ambient conditions. In the coming years, the toxicologist will need to be flexible and forward thinking in order to dissect the complexity of the biological system itself, as well as that of air pollution in all its varied forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Wichers Stanek
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Guo Y, Tong S, Zhang Y, Barnett AG, Jia Y, Pan X. The relationship between particulate air pollution and emergency hospital visits for hypertension in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:4446-50. [PMID: 20638709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of epidemiological studies have examined the adverse effect of air pollution on mortality and morbidity. Also, several studies have investigated the associations between air pollution and specific-cause diseases including arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. However, little is known about the relationship between air pollution and the onset of hypertension. OBJECTIVE To explore the risk effect of particulate matter air pollution on the emergency hospital visits (EHVs) for hypertension in Beijing, China. METHODS We gathered data on daily EHVs for hypertension, fine particulate matter less than 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5)), particulate matter less than 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(10)), sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide in Beijing, China during 2007. A time-stratified case-crossover design with distributed lag model was used to evaluate associations between ambient air pollutants and hypertension. Daily mean temperature and relative humidity were controlled in all models. RESULTS There were 1,491 EHVs for hypertension during the study period. In single pollutant models, an increase in 10 microg/m(3) in PM(2.5) and PM(10) was associated with EHVs for hypertension with odds ratios (overall effect of five days) of 1.084 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.028, 1.139) and 1.060% (95% CI: 1.020, 1.101), respectively. CONCLUSION Elevated levels of ambient particulate matters are associated with an increase in EHVs for hypertension in Beijing, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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Comparison of Thiopental, Urethane, and Pentobarbital in the Study of Experimental Cardiology in Rats In Vivo. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 56:38-44. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181dd502c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Farraj AK, Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates N, Lamb C, Winsett DW, Ge Y, Ledbetter AD, Carll AP, Bruno M, Ghio A, Costa DL. ST depression, arrhythmia, vagal dominance, and reduced cardiac micro-RNA in particulate-exposed rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:185-96. [PMID: 20378750 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0456oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, investigators demonstrated associations between fine particulate matter (PM)-associated metals and adverse health effects. Residual oil fly ash (ROFA), a waste product of fossil fuel combustion from boilers, is rich in the transition metals Fe, Ni, and V, and when released as a fugitive particle, is an important contributor to ambient fine particulate air pollution. We hypothesized that a single-inhalation exposure to transition metal-rich PM will cause concentration-dependent cardiovascular toxicity in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. Rats implanted with telemeters to monitor heart rate and electrocardiogram were exposed once by nose-only inhalation for 4 hours to 3.5 mg/m(3), 1.0 mg/m(3), or 0.45 mg/m(3) of a synthetic PM (dried salt solution), similar in composition to a well-studied ROFA sample consisting of Fe, Ni, and V. Exposure to the highest concentration of PM decreased T-wave amplitude and area, caused ST depression, reduced heart rate (HR), and increased nonconducted P-wave arrhythmias. These changes were accompanied by increased pulmonary inflammation, lung resistance, and vagal tone, as indicated by changes in markers of HR variability (increased root of the mean of squared differences of adjacent RR intervals [RMSSD], low frequency [LF], high frequency [HF], and decreased LF/HF), and attenuated myocardial micro-RNA (RNA segments that suppress translation by targeting messenger RNA) expression. The low and intermediate concentrations of PM had less effect on the inflammatory, HR variability, and micro-RNA endpoints, but still caused significant reductions in HR. In addition, the intermediate concentration caused ST depression and increased QRS area, whereas the low concentration increased the T-wave parameters. Thus, PM-induced cardiac dysfunction is mediated by multiple mechanisms that may be dependent on PM concentration and myocardial vulnerability (this abstract does not reflect the policy of the United States Environmental Protection Agency).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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