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Lam JV, Lopez RL, Truong L, Tanguay RL. The addition of mammalian cell culture medium impacts nanoparticle toxicity in zebrafish. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:422-429. [PMID: 38618136 PMCID: PMC11015449 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are ubiquitous in contemporary applications, yet their environmental and human health impacts remain inadequately understood. This study addresses the challenge of identifying potential risks associated with ENM exposure by highlighting the significant variability in existing research methodologies. Without a systematic collection of toxicological data that encompasses standardized materials, relevant platforms, and assays, the task of identifying potential risks linked to ENM exposure becomes an intricate challenge. In vitro assessments often use media rich in ionic species, such as RPMI and fetal bovine serum (FBS). Zebrafish embryos, known to develop normally in low-ionic environments, were exposed to Cerium Oxide, Zinc Oxide, and Graphene Oxides in different media at varying concentrations. Here, we discovered that zebrafish embryos tolerated a mix of 80 % RPMI, 2 % FBS, and 1 % antibiotic cocktail. The results revealed that adverse effects observed in zebrafish with certain nanomaterials in Ultra-Pure (UP) water were mitigated in cell culture medium, emphasizing the importance of revisiting previously considered non-toxic materials in vitro. The zebrafish results underscore the importance of utilizing a multidimensional in vivo platform to gauge the biological activity of nanomaterials accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V. Lam
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 28645 East Hwy 34, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Ryan L. Lopez
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 28645 East Hwy 34, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Lisa Truong
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 28645 East Hwy 34, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Robyn L. Tanguay
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 28645 East Hwy 34, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
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Bhai MKP, Binesh A, Shanmugam SA, Venkatachalam K. Effects of mercury chloride on antioxidant and inflammatory cytokines in zebrafish embryos. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23589. [PMID: 37985964 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a zebrafish embryo toxicity model was employed, utilizing 24 h postfertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos. These embryos were treated with varying concentrations of mercuric chloride for 96 h under static conditions. We assessed multiple parameters that reflected developmental abnormalities, behavioral alterations, morphological anomalies, antioxidant enzyme activities, including those of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), immune messenger RNA transcription levels of key factors such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), as well as protein expression of TNF-α. The results revealed that embryos exposed to higher concentrations of mercury exhibited reduced hatchability and increased rates of morphological abnormalities and mortality at 48, 72, and 96 hpf. In addition, a concentration-dependent increase in developmental abnormalities, including cardiac edema, reduced body length, yolk sac edema, scoliosis, and bent tails, was observed. Larval behaviors, such as touch-induced escape responses, startle reactions, and turning actions, were found to be diminished in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, the activities of various antioxidative enzymes, such as SOD, CAT, and GST, exhibited an increase at higher mercury concentrations, with the exception of GPX activity, which decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Pro-inflammatory cytokine transcription levels, specifically TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2, were significantly upregulated in a dose-dependent manner in the mercuric (II) chloride (HgCl2 ) treatment group compared with the control group. TNF-α protein expression was notably elevated in the larvae group treated with 300 and 400 nM HgCl2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Modi K P Bhai
- Department of Fisheries Biotechnology, Institute of Fisheries Postgraduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Chennai, India
| | - Ambika Binesh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Chennai, India
| | - S A Shanmugam
- Department of Basic Sciences, Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Chennai, India
| | - Kaliyamurthi Venkatachalam
- Department of Basic Sciences, Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Chennai, India
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3
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Chouchene L, Kessabi K, Gueguen MM, Kah O, Pakdel F, Messaoudi I. Interference with zinc homeostasis and oxidative stress induction as probable mechanisms for cadmium-induced embryo-toxicity in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:39578-39592. [PMID: 35106724 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to provide new insights into the mechanisms that may be responsible for cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity in zebrafish larvae as well as the role of the trace element zinc (Zn) in reversing Cd harmful effects. For this purpose, zebrafish eggs were exposed to Cd or/and Zn for 96 h. The effects on morphological aspect; mortality rate; Cd, Zn, and metallothionein (MT) levels; oxidative stress biomarkers; as well as molecular expression of some genes involved in Zn metabolism (Zn-MT, ZIP10, and ZnT1) and in antioxidant defense system (Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT and GPx) were examined. Our results showed that Cd toxicity was exerted, initially, by an interference with Zn metabolism. Thus, Cd was able to modify the expression of the corresponding genes so as to ensure its intracellular accumulation at the expense of Zn, causing its depletion. An oxidative stress was then generated, representing the second mode of Cd action which resulted in developmental anomalies and subsequently mortality. Interestingly, significant corrections have been noted following Zn supplementation based, essentially, on its ability to interact with the toxic metal. The increases of Zn bioavailability, the improvement of the oxidative status, as well as changes in Zn transporter expression profile are part of the protection mechanisms. The decrease of Cd-induced MTs after Zn supplement, both at the protein and the mRNA level, suggests that the protection provided by Zn is ensured through mechanisms not involving MT expression but which rather depend on the oxidative status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chouchene
- Génétique, Biodiversité Et Valorisation Des Bioressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Taher Haddad BP74, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Kaouthar Kessabi
- Génétique, Biodiversité Et Valorisation Des Bioressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Taher Haddad BP74, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Marie-Madeleine Gueguen
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement Et Travail), Université de Rennes, UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Kah
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement Et Travail), Université de Rennes, UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement Et Travail), Université de Rennes, UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Imed Messaoudi
- Génétique, Biodiversité Et Valorisation Des Bioressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Taher Haddad BP74, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
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4
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Audira G, Lee JS, Siregar P, Malhotra N, Rolden MJM, Huang JC, Chen KHC, Hsu HS, Hsu Y, Ger TR, Hsiao CD. Comparison of the chronic toxicities of graphene and graphene oxide toward adult zebrafish by using biochemical and phenomic approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116907. [PMID: 33744786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene (GR) and graphene oxide (GO) are widely being used as promising candidates for biomedical applications, as well as for bio-sensing, drug delivery, and anticancer therapy. However, their undesirable side effects make it necessary to assess further the toxicity and safety of using these materials. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the toxicities of GR and GO in predicted environmental relevant concentrations in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio), particularly on their behaviors, and conducted biochemical assays to elucidate the possible mechanism that underlies their toxicities. Zebrafish was chronically (∼14 days) exposed to two different doses of GR (0.1 and 0.5 ppm) or GO (0.1 and 1 ppm). At 14 ± 1 days, a battery of behavioral tests was conducted, followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) test on the following day to inspect the alterations in antioxidant activity, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitters in the treated zebrafish brain. An alteration in predator avoidance behavior was observed in all treated groups, while GR-treated fish exhibited abnormal exploratory behavior. Furthermore, altered locomotor activity was displayed by most of the treated groups, except for the high concentration of the GR group. From the ELISA results, we discovered a high concentration of GR exposure significantly decreased several neurotransmitters and cortisol levels. Meanwhile, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) were displayed by the group treated with low and high doses of GR and GO, respectively. These significant changes would possibly affect zebrafish behaviors and might suggest the potential toxicity from GR and GO exposures. To sum up, the present study presented new evidence for the effects of GR and GO in zebrafish behavioral dysregulation. We hope these assessments can contribute to our understanding of graphene and graphene oxide biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Audira
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan; Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Shing Lee
- Department of Applied Physics, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, 90003, Taiwan
| | - Petrus Siregar
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan; Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan
| | - Nemi Malhotra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan
| | - Marri Jmelou M Rolden
- Faculty of Pharmacy and the Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, 1008, Philippines
| | - Jong-Chin Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, 90003, Taiwan
| | - Kelvin H-C Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, 90003, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Shu Hsu
- Department of Applied Physics, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, 90003, Taiwan
| | - Yuchun Hsu
- Department of Applied Physics, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, 90003, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Rong Ger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan; Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan; Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan; Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan.
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5
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Vieira LR, Hissa DC, de Souza TM, Sá CA, Evaristo JAM, Nogueira FCS, Carvalho AFU, Farias DF. Proteomics analysis of zebrafish larvae exposed to 3,4-dichloroaniline using the fish embryo acute toxicity test. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:849-860. [PMID: 32170993 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a small teleost fish that is becoming increasingly popular in laboratories worldwide and several attributes have also placed the zebrafish under the spotlight of (eco)toxicological studies. Since the 1990s, international organizations such as ISO and OECD have published guidelines for the use of zebrafish in ecotoxicological assessment of environmental toxicants such as the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) test, OECD n° 236 guideline. This protocol uses 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), an aniline pesticide whose toxicity to fish species at early life stages is well known, as a positive control. Despite its use, little is known about its molecular mechanisms, especially in the context of the FET test. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate such changes in zebrafish larvae exposed to DCA (4 mg/L) for 96 hours using gel-free proteomics. Twenty-four proteins detected in both groups were identified as significantly affected by DCA exposure, and, when considering group-specific entities, 48 proteins were exclusive to DCA (group-specific proteins) while 248 were only detected in the control group. Proteins modulated by DCA treatment were found to be involved in metabolic processes, especially lipids and hormone metabolism (eg, Apoa1 and Apoa1b and vitelogenins), as well as proteins important for developmental processes and organogenesis (eg, Myhc4, Acta2, Sncb, and Marcksb). The results presented here may therefore provide a better understanding of the relationships between molecular changes and phenotype in zebrafish larvae treated with DCA, the reference compound of the FET test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo R Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Denise C Hissa
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Maria de Souza
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chayenne A Sá
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Joseph A M Evaristo
- Laboratory of Proteomics, LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio C S Nogueira
- Laboratory of Proteomics, LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Proteomics Unit, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana F U Carvalho
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Davi F Farias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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6
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Hu J, Lin W, Lin B, Wu K, Fan H, Yu Y. Persistent DNA methylation changes in zebrafish following graphene quantum dots exposure in surface chemistry-dependent manner. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:370-375. [PMID: 30466017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Modified nano-graphene quantum dots (M-GQDs) are widely used in bioimaging, drug delivery, and chemical engineering. Because M-GQDs could induce reactive oxygen species and DNA damage, we hypothesized that M-GQDs modulate DNA methylation. To test this hypothesis, zebrafish were exposed to reduced, hydroxylated, or aminated GQDs (graphene quantum dots) at different concentrations for 7 days; global DNA methylation in liver, gill, and intestine was then studied. M-GQDs induced global DNA hypermethylation in various tissues in a dose-dependent manner. The global DNA methylation of reduced and aminated GQDs exposure showed a significant increase in intestines even at low concentrations (2 mg/L), suggesting that intestines are the main target for these two M-GQDs. The effects of global DNA methylation were evaluated 14 days after exposure had ceased. DNA methylation in the livers of exposure groups was significantly higher than in control zebrafish. Global DNA methylation increased in livers of zebrafish even after exposure to aminated GQDs (2 mg/L) had ceased, indicating a more complex mechanism of DNA methylation deregulation. The present results showed that chemical groups in the surface of GQDs are a critical factor for modulating DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenting Lin
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, PR China; School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Boji Lin
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Kangming Wu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hongbo Fan
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
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7
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Ju Z, Liu SS, Xu YQ, Li K. Combined Toxicity of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and Its Metabolites 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) on Two Nontarget Organisms. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:1669-1677. [PMID: 31459423 PMCID: PMC6648169 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicide, is among the most widely distributed pollutants in the environment. 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), as the main metabolite of 2,4-D, always accompanies 2,4-D. In this paper, we did research on the combined toxicities of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67) and Caenorhabditis elegans. It was found that the toxicity of 2,4-DCP is more severe than that of its parent 2,4-D at any concentration levels whether to Q67 or to C. elegans. Furthermore, 2,4-DCP to Q67 has the time-dependent toxicity. The toxicity of the mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP to Q67 is increasing with the exposure time, but that to C. elegans does not change over time. There is a good linear relationship between the pEC50/pLC50 value of binary mixture ray of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP and the mixture ratio of 2,4-DCP, which implies the predictability of mixture toxicity of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP. The toxicological interactions of the binary mixtures to Q67 are basically additive actions whether at 0.25 or at 12 h. However, most mixtures have antagonistic interactions against C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ju
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Pollution
Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Pollution
Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- E-mail: . Phone: (86)-021-65982767
| | - Ya-Qian Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Pollution
Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Pollution
Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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8
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Huang D, Zhang X, Zhang C, Li H, Li D, Hu Y, Yang F, Qi Y. 2,4-Dichlorophenol induces DNA damage through ROS accumulation and GSH depletion in goldfish Carassius auratus. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:798-804. [PMID: 30091148 DOI: 10.1002/em.22209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is one of the most abundant chlorophenols in the aquatic environment and has been frequently detected in surface waters. Although ecological and cellular toxicity of 2,4-DCP has aroused the public concern, few reports focus on the genotoxicity, especially on DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), of 2,4-DCP in fish. The present study aims to explore the genotoxic effect of 2,4-DCP on DSBs in goldfish Carassius auratus and to further elucidate its potential mechanism. The results showed that 2,4-DCP significantly induced DSBs (detected by neutral comet assay) in erythrocytes and hepatocytes of goldfish in a dose-dependent manner, indicating a genotoxicity of 2,4-DCP on fish. The total antioxidant capability and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) were significantly decreased, while the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner in erythrocytes and hepatocytes, suggesting an oxidative stress caused by 2,4-DCP in fish. N-acetyl-l-cysteine, a precursor of GSH and a ROS scavenger, significantly impaired 2,4-DCP-induced ROS overproduction and DSBs, which proves that ROS accumulation and GSH depletion are involved in 2,4-DCP-induced DNA damage in fish. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:798-9, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejun Huang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Hu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Qi
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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9
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Hou J, Liu H, Wang L, Duan L, Li S, Wang X. Molecular Toxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Danio rerio. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7996-8004. [PMID: 29944347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide nanoparticles can exert adverse effects on humans and aquatic organisms; however, their toxic mechanisms are still unclear. We investigated the toxic effects and mechanisms of copper oxide, zinc oxide, and nickel oxide nanoparticles in Danio rerio using microarray analysis and the comet assay. Copper oxide nanoparticles were more lethal than the other metal oxide nanoparticles. Gene ontology analysis of genes that were differentially expressed following exposure to all three metal oxide nanoparticles showed that the nanoparticles mainly affected nucleic acid metabolism in the nucleus via alterations in nucleic acid binding. KEGG analysis classified the differentially expressed genes to the genotoxicity-related pathways "cell cycle", "Fanconi anemia", "DNA replication", and "homologous recombination". The toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles may be related to impairments in DNA synthesis and repair, as well as to increased production of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , North China Electric Power University , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Haiqiang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , North China Electric Power University , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Luyao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , North China Electric Power University , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Linshuai Duan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , North China Electric Power University , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Shiguo Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Xiangke Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , North China Electric Power University , Beijing 102206 , China
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Zhang Y, Liu M, Liu J, Wang X, Wang C, Ai W, Chen S, Wang H. Combined toxicity of triclosan, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol to zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 57:9-18. [PMID: 29169085 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) are the most prevalent chlorinated phenolic pollutants in aquatic environments. Our results showed LC50 and EC50 values of 0.51, 1.11, 2.45mg/L, and 0.36, 0.74, 1.53mg/L for TCS, 2,4,6-TCP and 2,4-DCP, respectively, to 120hpf zebrafish. The highest TCSD (the mixture of TCS, 2,4,6-TCP and 2,4-DCP) toxicity was observed at a TCS:2,4,6-TCP:2,4-DCP concentration ratio of 1:2:4. LC50 and EC50 values of TCSD mixtures for 120-hpf zebrafish were 2.28 and 1.16mg/L, respectively. Two toxicity assessment methods (Toxic Unit and Mixture Toxicity Index) indicated that TCSD interactions produced partly additive toxicity. TCSD exposure decreased zebrafish hatching rate and led to a series of malformations. Following alkaline phosphatase staining, a large area of vascular ablation was observed with almost complete disappearance of vascular branches and a smaller coverage range. Prominent reddening of the yolk sac and visceral mass after oil red O staining implied that TCSD exposure severely affected fat metabolism. Following acridine orange staining, cell death occurred in eyes while high TCSD concentrations (0.84mg/L) induced cardiovascular circulation dysfunction. Alcian blue staining increased the α angle between Meckel's cartilages and β angle between two ceratobranchial. Basihyal and palatoquadrate became shorter and developmental abnormality or defects occurred in the fifth ceratobranchial. Overall, these results provide a theoretical basis for systematically evaluating the combined toxicity of the prevalent chlorinated phenolic pollutants in real-world aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Mi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Weiming Ai
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shaobo Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Huili Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Santos D, Vieira R, Luzio A, Félix L. Zebrafish Early Life Stages for Toxicological Screening: Insights From Molecular and Biochemical Markers. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64199-1.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Ge T, Han J, Qi Y, Gu X, Ma L, Zhang C, Naeem S, Huang D. The toxic effects of chlorophenols and associated mechanisms in fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 184:78-93. [PMID: 28119128 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols (CPs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment primarily released from agricultural and industrial wastewater. These compounds are not readily degraded naturally, and easily accumulate in organs, tissues and cells via food chains, further leading to acute and chronic toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Herein, we review the available literature regarding CP toxicity in fish, with special emphasis on the potential toxic mechanisms. CPs cause oxidative stress via generation of reactive oxygen species, induction of lipid peroxidation and/or oxidative DNA damage along with inhibition of antioxidant systems. CPs affect immune system by altering the number of mature B cells and macrophages, while suppressing phagocytosis and down-regulating the expression of immune factors. CPs also disrupt endocrine function by affecting hormone levels, or inducing abnormal gene expression and interference with hormone receptors. CPs at relatively higher concentrations induce apoptosis via mitochondria-mediated pathway, cell death receptor-mediated pathway, and/or DNA damage-mediated pathway. CPs at relatively lower concentrations promote cell proliferation, and foster cancers-prone environment by increasing the rate of point mutations and oxidative DNA lesions. These toxic effects in fish are induced directly by CPs per se or indirectly by their metabolic products. In addition, recent studies on the alteration of DNA methylation by CPs through high-throughput DNA sequencing analysis provide new insights into our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying CPs toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ge
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiangyuan Han
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongmei Qi
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xueyan Gu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Sajid Naeem
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dejun Huang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Kumar G, Denslow ND. Gene Expression Profiling in Fish Toxicology: A Review. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 241:1-38. [PMID: 27464848 DOI: 10.1007/398_2016_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present an overview of transcriptomic responses to chemical exposures in a variety of fish species. We have discussed the use of several molecular approaches such as northern blotting, differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR), suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), microarrays, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) for measuring gene expression. These techniques have been mainly used to measure the toxic effects of single compounds or simple mixtures in laboratory conditions. In addition, only few studies have been conducted to examine the biological significance of differentially expressed gene sets following chemical exposure. Therefore, future studies should focus more under field conditions using a multidisciplinary approach (genomics, proteomics and metabolomics) to understand the synergetic effects of multiple environmental stressors and to determine the functional significance of differentially expressed genes. Nevertheless, recent developments in NGS technologies and decreasing costs of sequencing holds the promise to uncover the complexity of anthropogenic impacts and biological effects in wild fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Kumar
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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14
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Muth-Köhne E, Westphal-Settele K, Brückner J, Konradi S, Schiller V, Schäfers C, Teigeler M, Fenske M. Linking the response of endocrine regulated genes to adverse effects on sex differentiation improves comprehension of aromatase inhibition in a Fish Sexual Development Test. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 176:116-127. [PMID: 27130971 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Fish Sexual Development Test (FSDT) is a non-reproductive test to assess adverse effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals. With the present study it was intended to evaluate whether gene expression endpoints would serve as predictive markers of endocrine disruption in a FSDT. For proof-of-concept, a FSDT according to the OECD TG 234 was conducted with the non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor fadrozole (test concentrations: 10μg/L, 32μg/L, 100μg/L) using zebrafish (Danio rerio). Gene expression analyses using quantitative RT-PCR were included at 48h, 96h, 28days and 63days post fertilization (hpf, dpf). The selection of genes aimed at finding molecular endpoints which could be directly linked to the adverse apical effects of aromatase inhibition. The most prominent effects of fadrozole exposure on the sexual development of zebrafish were a complete sex ratio shift towards males and an acceleration of gonad maturation already at low fadrozole concentrations (10μg/L). Due to the specific inhibition of the aromatase enzyme (Cyp19) by fadrozole and thus, the conversion of C19-androgens to C18-estrogens, the steroid hormone balance controlling the sex ratio of zebrafish was altered. The resulting key event is the regulation of directly estrogen-responsive genes. Subsequently, gene expression of vitellogenin 1 (vtg1) and of the aromatase cyp19a1b isoform (cyp19a1b), were down-regulated upon fadrozole treatment compared to controls. For example, mRNA levels of vtg1 were down-regulated compared to the controls as early as 48 hpf and 96 hpf. Further regulated genes cumulated in pathways suggested to be controlled by endocrine mechanisms, like the steroid and terpenoid synthesis pathway (e.g. mevalonate (diphospho) decarboxylase (mvd), lanosterol synthase (2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase; lss), methylsterol monooxygenase 1 (sc4mol)) and in lipid transport/metabolic processes (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star), apolipoprotein Eb (apoEb)). Taken together, this study demonstrated that the existing Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) for aromatase inhibition in fish can be translated to the life-stage of sexual differentiation. We were further able to identify MoA-specific marker gene expression which can be instrumental in defining new measurable key events (KE) of existing or new AOPs related to endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Muth-Köhne
- Fraunhofer IME, Department of Ecotoxicology, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
| | | | - Jasmin Brückner
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Woerlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau, Germany
| | - Sabine Konradi
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Woerlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau, Germany
| | - Viktoria Schiller
- Fraunhofer IME, Attract Group UNIFISH, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schäfers
- Fraunhofer IME, Department of Ecotoxicology, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Teigeler
- Fraunhofer IME, Department of Ecotoxicology, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Martina Fenske
- Fraunhofer IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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15
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Chen M, Yin J, Liang Y, Yuan S, Wang F, Song M, Wang H. Oxidative stress and immunotoxicity induced by graphene oxide in zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 174:54-60. [PMID: 26921726 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has been extensively explored as a promising nanomaterial for applications in biology because of its unique properties. Therefore, systematic investigation of GO toxicity is essential to determine its fate in the environment and potential adverse effects. In this study, acute toxicity, oxidative stress and immunotoxicity of GO were investigated in zebrafish. No obvious acute toxicity was observed when zebrafish were exposed to 1, 5, 10 or 50mg/L GO for 14 days. However, a number of cellular alterations were detected by histological analysis of the liver and intestine, including vacuolation, loose arrangement of cells, histolysis and disintegration of cell boundaries. As evidence for oxidative stress, malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were increased and glutathione content was decreased in the liver after treatment with GO. GO treatment induced an immune response in zebrafish, as demonstrated by increased expression of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1 β, and interleukin-6 in the spleen. Our findings demonstrated that GO administration in an aquatic system can cause oxidative stress and immune toxicity in adult zebrafish. To our knowledge, this is the first report of immune toxicity of GO in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Chen
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
| | - Junfa Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
| | - Shaopeng Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fengbang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China.
| | - Hailin Wang
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
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16
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Fish pre-acclimation temperature only modestly affects cadmium toxicity in Atlantic salmon hepatocytes. J Therm Biol 2016; 57:21-34. [PMID: 27033036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An emerging focus in environmental toxicology is how climate change will alter bioavailability and uptake of contaminants in organisms. Ectothermic animals unable to adjust their temperature by local migration, such as farmed fish kept in net pens, may become more vulnerable to contaminants in warmer seas. The aim of this work was to study cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cells obtained from fish acclimated to sub-optimal growth temperature. Atlantic salmon hepatocytes, harvested from fish pre-acclimated either at 15°C (optimal growth temperature) or 20°C (heat-stressed), were exposed in vitro to two concentrations of Cd (control, 1 and 100µM Cd) for 48h. Cd-induced cytotoxicity, determined with the xCELLigence system, was more pronounced in cells from fish pre-acclimated to a high temperature than in cells from fish grown at optimal temperature. A feed spiked with antioxidants could not ameliorate the Cd-induced cytotoxicity in cells from temperature-stressed fish. At the transcriptional level, Cd exposure affected 11 out of 20 examined genes, of which most are linked to oxidative stress. The transcriptional levels of a majority of the altered genes were changed in cells harvested from fish grown at sub-optimal temperature. Interaction effects between Cd exposure and fish pre-acclimation temperature were seen for four transcripts, hmox1, mapk1, fth1 and mmp13. Overall, this study shows that cells from temperature-stressed fish are modestly more vulnerable to Cd stress, and indicate that mechanisms linked to oxidative stress may be differentially affected in temperature-stressed cells.
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17
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Reid NM, Whitehead A. Functional genomics to assess biological responses to marine pollution at physiological and evolutionary timescales: toward a vision of predictive ecotoxicology. Brief Funct Genomics 2015; 15:358-64. [PMID: 26700295 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine pollution is ubiquitous, and is one of the key factors influencing contemporary marine biodiversity worldwide. To protect marine biodiversity, how do we surveil, document and predict the short- and long-term impacts of pollutants on at-risk species? Modern genomics tools offer high-throughput, information-rich and increasingly cost-effective approaches for characterizing biological responses to environmental stress, and are important tools within an increasing sophisticated kit for surveiling and assessing impacts of pollutants on marine species. Through the lens of recent research in marine killifish, we illustrate how genomics tools may be useful for screening chemicals and pollutants for biological activity and to reveal specific mechanisms of action. The high dimensionality of transcriptomic responses enables their usage as highly specific fingerprints of exposure, and these fingerprints can be used to diagnose environmental problems. We also emphasize that molecular pathways recruited to respond at physiological timescales are the same pathways that may be targets for natural selection during chronic exposure to pollutants. Gene complement and sequence variation in those pathways can be related to variation in sensitivity to environmental pollutants within and among species. Furthermore, allelic variation associated with evolved tolerance in those pathways could be tracked to estimate the pace of environmental health decline and recovery. We finish by integrating these paradigms into a vision of how genomics approaches could anchor a modernized framework for advancing the predictive capacity of environmental and ecotoxicological science.
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18
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Jin Y, Liu Z, Liu F, Ye Y, Peng T, Fu Z. Embryonic exposure to cadmium (II) and chromium (VI) induce behavioral alterations, oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 48:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Ali S, Aalders J, Richardson MK. Teratological effects of a panel of sixty water-soluble toxicants on zebrafish development. Zebrafish 2014; 11:129-41. [PMID: 24650241 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish larva is a promising whole-animal model for safety pharmacology, environmental risk assessment, and developmental toxicity. This model has been used for the high-throughput toxicity screening of various compounds. Our aim here is to identify possible phenotypic markers of teratogenicity in zebrafish embryos that could be used for the assaying compounds for reproductive toxicity. We have screened a panel of 60 water-soluble toxicants to examine their effects on zebrafish development. A total of 22,080 wild-type zebrafish larvae were raised in 250 μL defined buffer in 96-well plates at a plating density of one embryo per well. They were exposed for a 96-h period starting at 24 h post-fertilization. A logarithmic concentration series was used for range-finding, followed by a narrower geometric series for developmental toxicity assessment. A total of 9017 survivors were analyzed at 5 days post-fertilization for nine phenotypes, namely, (1) normal, (2) pericardial oedema, (3) yolk sac oedema, (4) melanophores dispersed, (5) bent tail tip, (6) bent body axis, (7) abnormal Meckel's cartilage, (8) abnormal branchial arches, and (9) uninflated swim bladder. For each toxicant, the EC50 (concentration required to produce one or more of these abnormalities in 50% of embryos) was also calculated. For the majority of toxicants (55/60) there was, at the population level, a statistically significant, concentration-dependent increase in the incidence of abnormal phenotypes among survivors. The commonest abnormalities were pericardial oedema, yolk sac oedema, dispersed melanophores, and uninflated swim bladder. It is possible therefore that these could prove to be general indicators of reproductive toxicity in the zebrafish embryo assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukat Ali
- 1 Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Xu T, Zhao J, Hu P, Dong Z, Li J, Zhang H, Yin D, Zhao Q. Pentachlorophenol exposure causes Warburg-like effects in zebrafish embryos at gastrulation stage. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 277:183-91. [PMID: 24642059 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a prevalent pollutant in the environment and has been demonstrated to be a serious toxicant to humans and animals. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanism underlying its toxic effects on vertebrate early development. To explore the impacts and underlying mechanisms of PCP on early development, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to PCP at concentrations of 0, 20 and 50 μg/L, and microscopic observation and cDNA microarray analysis were subsequently conducted at gastrulation stage. The morphological observations revealed that PCP caused a developmental delay of zebrafish embryos in a concentration-dependent manner. Transcriptomic data showed that 50 μg/L PCP treatment resulted in significant changes in gene expression level, and the genes involved in energy metabolism and cell behavior were identified based on gene functional enrichment analysis. The energy production of embryos was influenced by PCP via the activation of glycolysis along with the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The results suggested that PCP acts as an inhibitor of OXPHOS at 8 hpf (hours postfertilization). Consistent with the activated glycolysis, the cell cycle activity of PCP-treated embryos was higher than the controls. These characteristics are similar to the Warburg effect, which occurs in human tumors. The microinjection of exogenous ATP confirmed that an additional energy supply could rescue PCP-treated embryos from the developmental delay due to the energy deficit. Taken together, our results demonstrated that PCP causes a Warburg-like effect on zebrafish embryos during gastrulation, and the affected embryos had the phenotype of developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhangji Dong
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Qingshun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.
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Williams TD, Mirbahai L, Chipman JK. The toxicological application of transcriptomics and epigenomics in zebrafish and other teleosts. Brief Funct Genomics 2014; 13:157-71. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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22
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Lee DG, Zhao F, Rezenom YH, Russell DH, Chu KH. Biodegradation of triclosan by a wastewater microorganism. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:4226-4234. [PMID: 22673343 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan, a synthetic antimicrobial agent, has been considered as an emerging environmental contaminant. Here we reported a triclosan-degrading wastewater bacterial isolate, Sphingopyxis strain KCY1, capable of dechlorinating triclosan with a stoichiometric release of chloride. The stain can degrade diphenyl ether but not 2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether, despite all these three compounds are structurally similar to triclosan. While strain KCY1 was unable to grow on triclosan and catechol, it could grow with glucose, sodium succinate, sodium acetate, and phenol. When grown with complex nutrient medium containing a trace amount of triclosan (as low as 5 μg/L), the strain could retain its degradation ability toward triclosan. The maximum-specific triclosan degradation rate (q(m)) and the half-velocity constant (K(m)) are 0.13 mg-triclosan/mg-protein/day and 2.8 mg-triclosan/L, respectively. As triclosan degradation progressed, five metabolites were identified and these metabolites continue to transform into non-chlorinated end products, which was supported by a sharp drop in androgenic potential. The activity of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase in the cell extract was detected. No triclosan degradation was observed in the presence of 3-fluorocatechol, an inhibitor of meta-cleavage enzyme, suggesting that triclosan degradation proceed via meta-cleavage pathway. Based on all the observations, a degradation pathway for triclosan by strain KCY1 was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Gyun Lee
- Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, 205G WERC, 3136 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
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23
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Turner C, Sawle A, Fenske M, Cossins A. Implications of the solvent vehicles dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide for establishing transcriptomic endpoints in the zebrafish embryo toxicity test. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:593-604. [PMID: 22169935 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Current aquatic chemical testing guidelines recognize that solvents can potentially interfere with the organism or environmental conditions of aquatic ecotoxicity tests and therefore recommend concentration limits for their use. These recommendations are based on evidence of adverse solvent effects in apical level tests. The growing importance of subapical and chronic endpoints in future test strategies, however, suggests that the limits may need reassessment. To address this concern, microarrays were used to determine the effects of organic solvents, dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), on the transcriptome of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Embryos were exposed for 48 h to a range of concentrations between 0.025 and 32.0 ml/L. Effects on survival and development after 24 and 48 h were assessed microscopically, with no effects on mortality or morphology up to 2.0 and 16.0 ml/L for DMF and DMSO. However, analysis of 48-h embryonic RNA revealed large numbers of differentially expressed genes at concentrations well below the 0.1 ml/L solvent limit level. The enrichment of differentially expressed genes was found for metabolic, developmental, and other key biological processes, some of which could be linked to observed morphological effects at higher solvent concentrations. These findings emphasize the need to remove or lower as far as possible the concentrations of solvent carriers in ecotoxicology tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Turner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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24
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Klüver N, Yang L, Busch W, Scheffler K, Renner P, Strähle U, Scholz S. Transcriptional response of zebrafish embryos exposed to neurotoxic compounds reveals a muscle activity dependent hspb11 expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29063. [PMID: 22205996 PMCID: PMC3242778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are widely used as pesticides and drugs. Their primary effect is the overstimulation of cholinergic receptors which results in an improper muscular function. During vertebrate embryonic development nerve activity and intracellular downstream events are critical for the regulation of muscle fiber formation. Whether AChE inhibitors and related neurotoxic compounds also provoke specific changes in gene transcription patterns during vertebrate development that allow them to establish a mechanistic link useful for identification of developmental toxicity pathways has, however, yet not been investigated. Therefore we examined the transcriptomic response of a known AChE inhibitor, the organophosphate azinphos-methyl (APM), in zebrafish embryos and compared the response with two non-AChE inhibiting unspecific control compounds, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (DMB) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). A highly specific cluster of APM induced gene transcripts was identified and a subset of strongly regulated genes was analyzed in more detail. The small heat shock protein hspb11 was found to be the most sensitive induced gene in response to AChE inhibitors. Comparison of expression in wildtype, ache and sop(fixe) mutant embryos revealed that hspb11 expression was dependent on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) activity. Furthermore, modulators of intracellular calcium levels within the whole embryo led to a transcriptional up-regulation of hspb11 which suggests that elevated intracellular calcium levels may regulate the expression of this gene. During early zebrafish development, hspb11 was specifically expressed in muscle pioneer cells and Hspb11 morpholino-knockdown resulted in effects on slow muscle myosin organization. Our findings imply that a comparative toxicogenomic approach and functional analysis can lead to the identification of molecular mechanisms and specific marker genes for potential neurotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Klüver
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
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25
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Ali S, Champagne DL, Spaink HP, Richardson MK. Zebrafish embryos and larvae: a new generation of disease models and drug screens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 93:115-33. [PMID: 21671352 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Technological innovation has helped the zebrafish embryo gain ground as a disease model and an assay system for drug screening. Here, we review the use of zebrafish embryos and early larvae in applied biomedical research, using selected cases. We look at the use of zebrafish embryos as disease models, taking fetal alcohol syndrome and tuberculosis as examples. We discuss advances in imaging, in culture techniques (including microfluidics), and in drug delivery (including new techniques for the robotic injection of compounds into the egg). The use of zebrafish embryos in early stages of drug safety-screening is discussed. So too are the new behavioral assays that are being adapted from rodent research for use in zebrafish embryos, and which may become relevant in validating the effects of neuroactive compounds such as anxiolytics and antidepressants. Readouts, such as morphological screening and cardiac function, are examined. There are several drawbacks in the zebrafish model. One is its very rapid development, which means that screening with zebrafish is analogous to "screening on a run-away train." Therefore, we argue that zebrafish embryos need to be precisely staged when used in acute assays, so as to ensure a consistent window of developmental exposure. We believe that zebrafish embryo screens can be used in the pre-regulatory phases of drug development, although more validation studies are needed to overcome industry scepticism. Finally, the zebrafish poses no challenge to the position of rodent models: it is complementary to them, especially in early stages of drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukat Ali
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, The Netherlands
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Piña B, Barata C. A genomic and ecotoxicological perspective of DNA array studies in aquatic environmental risk assessment. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 105:40-49. [PMID: 22099343 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicogenomics is developing into a key tool for the assessment of environmental impacts and environmental risk assessment for aquatic ecosystems. This review aims to report achievements and drawbacks of this technique and to explore potential conceptual and experimental procedures to improve future investigations. Ecotoxicogenomic literature evidences the ability of genomic technologies to characterize toxicant specific gene transcriptome patterns that can be used to identify major toxicants affecting aquatic species. They also contribute decisively to the development of new molecular biomarkers and, in many cases, to the determination of new possible gene targets. Primary transcriptomic responses obtained after short exposures provided more information of putative gene targets than secondary responses obtained after long, chronic exposures, which in turn are usually more accurate to describe actual environmental impacts in natural populations. Several problems need to be addressed in future investigations: the lack of studies (and genomic information) on key ecological species and taxa, the need to better understand the different transcriptomic responses to high and low doses and, especially, short and long exposures, and the need to improve experimental designs to minimize false transcriptome interpretations of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Strähle U, Scholz S, Geisler R, Greiner P, Hollert H, Rastegar S, Schumacher A, Selderslaghs I, Weiss C, Witters H, Braunbeck T. Zebrafish embryos as an alternative to animal experiments--a commentary on the definition of the onset of protected life stages in animal welfare regulations. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 33:128-32. [PMID: 21726626 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the zebrafish has become a popular model for biomedical research and (eco)toxicology. Particularly the use of embryos is receiving increasing attention, since they are considered as replacement method for animal experiments. Zebrafish embryos allow the analysis of multiple endpoints ranging from acute and developmental toxicity determination to complex functional genetic and physiological analysis. Particularly the more complex endpoints require the use of post-hatched eleutheroembryo stages. According to the new EU Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, the earliest life-stages of animals are not defined as protected and, therefore, do not fall into the regulatory frameworks dealing with animal experimentation. Independent feeding is considered as the stage from which free-living larvae are subject to regulations for animal experimentation. However, despite this seemingly clear definition, large variations exist in the interpretation of this criterion by national and regional authorities. Since some assays require the use of post-hatched stages up to 120 h post fertilization, the literature and available data are reviewed in order to evaluate if this stage could still be considered as non-protected according to the regulatory criterion of independent feeding. Based on our analysis and by including criteria such as yolk consumption, feeding and swimming behavior, we conclude that zebrafish larvae can indeed be regarded as independently feeding from 120 h after fertilization. Experiments with zebrafish should thus be subject to regulations for animal experiments from 120 h after fertilization onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Strähle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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The zebrafish embryo model in toxicology and teratology, September 2–3, 2010, Karlsruhe, Germany. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 31:585-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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