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Si C, Yang H, Wang X, Wang Q, Feng M, Li H, Feng Y, Zhao J, Liao Y. Toxic effect and mechanism of β-cypermethrin and its chiral isomers on HTR-8/SVneo cells. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 201:105849. [PMID: 38685233 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Beta-cypermethrin (β-CYP) consists of four chiral isomers, acting as an environmental estrogen and causing reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and dysfunctions in multiple organ systems. This study investigated the toxic effects of β-CYP, its isomers, metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), and 17β-estradiol (E2) on HTR-8/SVneo cells. We focused on the toxic mechanisms of β-CYP and its specific isomers. Our results showed that β-CYP and its isomers inhibit HTR-8/SVneo cell proliferation similarly to E2, with 100 μM 1S-trans-αR displaying significant toxicity after 48 h. Notably, 1S-trans-αR, 1R-trans-αS, and β-CYP were more potent in inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest than 1R-cis-αS and 1S-cis-αR at 48 h. AO/EB staining and flow cytometry indicated dose-dependent apoptosis in HTR-8/SVneo cells, particularly at 100 μM 1R-trans-αS. Scratch assays revealed that β-CYP and its isomers variably reduced cell migration. Receptor inhibition assays demonstrated that post-ICI 182780 treatment, which inhibits estrogen receptor α (ERα) or estrogen receptor β (ERβ), β-CYP, its isomers, and E2 reduced HTR-8/SVneo cell viability, whereas milrinone, a phosphodiesterase 3 A (PDE3A) inhibitor, increased viability. Molecular docking studies indicated a higher affinity of β-CYP, its isomers, and E2 for PDE3A than for ERα or ERβ. Consequently, β-CYP, its isomers, and E2 consistently led to decreased cell viability. Transcriptomics and RT-qPCR analyses showed differential expression in treated cells: up-regulation of Il24 and Ptgs2, and down-regulation of Myo7a and Pdgfrb, suggesting the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway as a potential route for toxicity. This study aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the cytotoxicity of chiral pesticides and their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojin Si
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal University), Ministry of Education, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Sichuan 2nd Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 610031 Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal University), Ministry of Education, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qiaoxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal University), Ministry of Education, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Min Feng
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal University), Ministry of Education, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Huayue Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal University), Ministry of Education, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yuqi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal University), Ministry of Education, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiayuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal University), Ministry of Education, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Ying Liao
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal University), Ministry of Education, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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Cresto N, Forner-Piquer I, Baig A, Chatterjee M, Perroy J, Goracci J, Marchi N. Pesticides at brain borders: Impact on the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, and neurological risk trajectories. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138251. [PMID: 36878369 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are omnipresent, and they pose significant environmental and health risks. Translational studies indicate that acute exposure to high pesticide levels is detrimental, and prolonged contact with low concentrations of pesticides, as single and cocktail, could represent a risk factor for multi-organ pathophysiology, including the brain. Within this research template, we focus on pesticides' impact on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuroinflammation, physical and immunological borders for the homeostatic control of the central nervous system (CNS) neuronal networks. We examine the evidence supporting a link between pre- and postnatal pesticide exposure, neuroinflammatory responses, and time-depend vulnerability footprints in the brain. Because of the pathological influence of BBB damage and inflammation on neuronal transmission from early development, varying exposures to pesticides could represent a danger, perhaps accelerating adverse neurological trajectories during aging. Refining our understanding of how pesticides influence brain barriers and borders could enable the implementation of pesticide-specific regulatory measures directly relevant to environmental neuroethics, the exposome, and one-health frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemie Cresto
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - Asma Baig
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Mousumi Chatterjee
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Perroy
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Nicola Marchi
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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Shen J, Wang L, Wang X, Xie J, Yao T, Yu Y, Wang Q, Ding Z, Zhang J, Zhang M, Xu L. Cypermethrin induces apoptosis of Sertoli cells through the endoplasmic reticulum pathway. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:399-407. [PMID: 35610186 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cypermethrin, an extensively used pyrethroid pesticide, is regarded as one of many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with anti-androgenic activity to damage male reproductive systems. We previously found cypermethrin-induced apoptosis in mouse Sertoli cells TM4. We hypothesized cypermethrin-induced TM4 apoptosis by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathway. This study aimed to explore the roles of the ER pathway in cypermethrin-induced apoptosis in TM4 cells. The cells were treated with cypermethrin for 24 h at various concentrations (0 µM, 10 µM, 20 µM, 40 µM, and 80 µM). Flow cytometry was used to test for apoptosis. Western blot was used to test protein expressions in the ER stress pathway. The results showed that the apoptosis rate of TM4 cells increased with increased concentrations of cypermethrin, and a significant difference was detected in the 80-μM group. The protein expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), p-PERK, α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF2α), p-eIF2α, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-12, caspase-9, and caspase-3 increased with increased concentrations of cypermethrin . The results suggested cypermethrin-induced apoptosis in TM4 cells regulated by the ER pathway involving PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP. The study provides a new insight into cypermethrin-induced apoptosis in Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Shen
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xuxu Wang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiafei Xie
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tingting Yao
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meirong Zhang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lichun Xu
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Wang HX, Zhang R, Li Z, Wang LS, Yu Y, Wang Q, Ding Z, Zhang JP, Zhang MR, Xu LC. Cypermethrin induces Sertoli cell apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway associated with calcium. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:742-750. [PMID: 34484665 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cypermethrin, one kind of pyrethroid pesticides, has been shown to act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The purpose of this study was to explore the roles of Sertoli cell apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway associated with calcium (Ca2+) in cypermethrin-induced male reproductive toxicology. The mouse Sertoli cells TM4 were cultured with 0 μM, 10 μM, 20 μM, 40 μM and 80 μM of cypermethrin. We used flow cytometry, Fluo-4 AM, western blot and JC-1 Assay Kit to examine apoptosis, intracellular Ca2+, expressions of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway-related proteins and mitochondrial membrane potential. We found cypermethrin increased apoptosis rate of TM4 cells significantly and with a significant increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Cypermethrin significantly decreased the protein expressions of cytosolic B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c (Cyt-c). The protein expressions of cytosolic Bcl-2-associated x (Bax), Cyt-c, cleaved caspase-3, calmodulin (CaM), Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinases II (CaMKII) and phosphorylated CaMKII were increased significantly in cypermethrin-exposed TM4 cells. Cypermethrin decreased mitochondrial membrane potential significantly. Then, Bcl-2 family and Ca2+/CaM/CaMKII pathway participate in cypermethrin-induced homeostasis. Ca2+ overload activates mitochondrial pathway by increasing permeability of mitochondrial membrane and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential. We suggest cypermethrin induces Sertoli cell apoptosis involving mitochondrial pathway associated with Ca2+ regulated by Bcl-2 family and Ca2+/CaM/CaMKII pathway. The study provides a new insight into mechanisms involved in cypermethrin-induced male reproductive toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Xue Wang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu-Shan Wang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Peng Zhang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei-Rong Zhang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Chun Xu
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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5
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Chrustek A, Hołyńska-Iwan I, Olszewska-Słonina D. The influence of pyrethroides: permethrin, deltamethrin
and alpha-cypermetrin on oxidative damage. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.8309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroids, synthetic derivatives of natural pyrethrins derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolim,
are commonly used for plant protection in the forestry, agricultural, pharmaceutical industry
as well as in medicine and veterinary medicine. They can enter the body by inhalation,
ingestion and skin contact. It was assumed that they are characterized by low toxicity to humans,
are quickly metabolized and do not accumulate in tissues, and are excreted in the urine. Despite
the existing restrictions, their use carries a great risk, because these compounds and their metabolites
can get into the natural environment, contaminating water, soil and food. The consequences
of using pyrethroids as a direct threat to animal and human health have been described
for many years. They are published on an ongoing basis informing about poisoning with these
compounds in humans and animals, and about fatalities after their taking. Children are most at
risk because pyrethroids can be found in breast milk. These compounds have nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic,
immunotoxic, neurotoxic effects and have a negative effect on the reproductive system
and the fetus. Pyrethroids such as permethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin are approved
by the World Health Organization for daily use; however, numerous scientific studies indicate
that they can cause oxidative stress. They lead to DNA, protein, lipid damage and induction of
apoptosis. The purpose of the work was to collect and systematize the available knowledge regarding
the induction of oxidative stress by selected pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chrustek
- Katedra Patobiochemii i Chemii Klinicznej, Wydział Farmaceutyczny, Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
| | - Iga Hołyńska-Iwan
- Katedra Patobiochemii i Chemii Klinicznej, Wydział Farmaceutyczny, Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
| | - Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
- Katedra Patobiochemii i Chemii Klinicznej, Wydział Farmaceutyczny, Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
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6
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Mishra J, Vishwakarma J, Malik R, Gupta K, Pandey R, Maurya SK, Garg A, Shukla M, Chattopadhyay N, Bandyopadhyay S. Hypothyroidism Induces Interleukin-1-Dependent Autophagy Mechanism as a Key Mediator of Hippocampal Neuronal Apoptosis and Cognitive Decline in Postnatal Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1196-1211. [PMID: 33106949 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for brain development, and hypothyroidism induces cognitive deficits in children and young adults. However, the participating mechanisms remain less explored. Here, we examined the molecular mechanism, hypothesizing the involvement of a deregulated autophagy and apoptosis pathway in hippocampal neurons that regulate cognitive functions. Therefore, we used a rat model of developmental hypothyroidism, generated through methimazole treatment from gestation until young adulthood. We detected that methimazole stimulated the autophagy mechanism, characterized by increased LC3B-II, Beclin-1, ATG7, and ATG5-12 conjugate and decreased p-mTOR/mTOR and p-ULK1/ULK1 autophagy regulators in the hippocampus of developing and young adult rats. This methimazole-induced hippocampal autophagy could be inhibited by thyroxine treatment. Subsequently, probing the upstream mediators of autophagy revealed an increased hippocampal neuroinflammation, marked by upregulated interleukin (IL)-1alpha and beta and activated microglial marker, Iba1, promoting neuronal IL-1 receptor-1 expression. Hence, IL-1R-antagonist (IL-1Ra), which reduced hippocampal neuronal IL-1R1, also inhibited the enhanced autophagy in hypothyroid rats. We then linked these events with hypothyroidism-induced apoptosis and loss of hippocampal neurons, where we observed that like thyroxine, IL-1Ra and autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine, reduced the cleaved caspase-3 and TUNEL-stained apoptotic neurons and enhanced Nissl-stained neuronal count in methimazole-treated rats. We further related these molecular results with cognition through Y-maze and passive avoidance tests, demonstrating an IL-1Ra and 3-methyladenine-mediated improvement in learning-memory performances of the hypothyroid rats. Taken together, our study enlightens the critical role of neuroinflammation-dependent autophagy mechanism in TH-regulated hippocampal functions, disrupted in developmental hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Mishra
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra Vishwakarma
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rafat Malik
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Keerti Gupta
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rukmani Pandey
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shailendra Kumar Maurya
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Asmita Garg
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Shukla
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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7
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Magnuson JT, Cryder Z, Andrzejczyk NE, Harraka G, Wolf DC, Gan J, Schlenk D. Metabolomic Profiles in the Brains of Juvenile Steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Following Bifenthrin Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12245-12253. [PMID: 32900186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The pyrethroid insecticide, bifenthrin, is frequently measured at concentrations exceeding those that induce acute and chronic toxicity to several invertebrate and fish species residing in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California. Since the brain is considered to be a significant target for bifenthrin toxicity, juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were treated with concentrations of bifenthrin found prior to (60 ng/L) and following (120 ng/L) major stormwater runoff events with nontargeted metabolomics used to target transcriptomic alterations in steelhead brains following exposure. Predicted responses were involved in cellular apoptosis and necrosis in steelhead treated with 60 ng/L bifenthrin using the software Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. These responses were predominately driven by decreased levels of acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and adenine. Steelhead treated with 120 ng/L bifenthrin had reductions of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPE), and increased levels of betaine, which were predicted to induce an inflammatory response. Several genes predicted to be involved in apoptotic (caspase3 and nrf2) and inflammatory (miox) pathways had altered expression following exposure to bifenthrin. There was a significantly increased expression of caspase3 and miox in fish treated with 120 ng/L bifenthrin with a significant reduction of nrf2 in fish treated with 60 ng/L bifenthrin. These data indicate that bifenthrin may have multiple targets within the brain that affect general neuron viability, function, and signaling potentially through alterations in signaling fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zachary Cryder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Nicolette E Andrzejczyk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Gary Harraka
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Douglas C Wolf
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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8
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Ghazouani L, Feriani A, Mufti A, Tir M, Baaziz I, Mansour HB, Mnafgui K. Toxic effect of alpha cypermethrin, an environmental pollutant, on myocardial tissue in male wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:5709-5717. [PMID: 31119542 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
α-Cypermethrin (CYP) is a pyrethroid insecticide-like environmental pollutant, widely found in the environment. New research links exposure to high levels of CYP to health damage; however, little is known about the effect of CYP on cardiovascular disease. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate, for the first time, biochemical and cardiovascular changes in male rats resulting from subchronic CYP exposure. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1 served as the control, group 2 (CYP1) received 4 mg/kg of CYP by gavage, and group 3 (CYP2) received 8 mg/kg of CYP by gavage, for 8 weeks each. Results showed that both CYP1 and CYP2 markedly increased plasma concentrations of cardiac markers (LDH, CK-MB, and troponin-T). Moreover, compared to the control group, CYP treatment elevated cardiac oxidative stress, as shown by increased MDA level and decreased activity of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px. In addition, CYP2 caused a significant increase of 42% the concentration of total cholesterol and more than 75% in triglycerides compared to the control group. Furthermore, DNA fragmentation and collagen deposition were both amplified owing to CYP toxicity. This harmful effect was confirmed by a histological study using H-E and Sirius Red staining. Overall, our results clearly proved the cardiotoxicity caused by α-cypermethrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakhdar Ghazouani
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia.
| | - Anouar Feriani
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Afoua Mufti
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Meriam Tir
- UR de Physiologie et Environnement Aquatique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis EL Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Intissar Baaziz
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to Environmental (APAE) UR17ES32 Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, "ISSAT", University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Kais Mnafgui
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, P.O. Box 95, 3052, Sfax, Tunisia
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9
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Verkhratsky A, Parpura V, Rodriguez-Arellano JJ, Zorec R. Astroglia in Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1175:273-324. [PMID: 31583592 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. Cellular changes in the brains of the patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease occur well in advance of the clinical symptoms. At the cellular level, the most dramatic is a demise of neurones. As astroglial cells carry out homeostatic functions of the brain, it is certain that these cells are at least in part a cause of Alzheimer's disease. Historically, Alois Alzheimer himself has recognised this at the dawn of the disease description. However, the role of astroglia in this disease has been understudied. In this chapter, we summarise the various aspects of glial contribution to this disease and outline the potential of using these cells in prevention (exercise and environmental enrichment) and intervention of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. .,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jose Julio Rodriguez-Arellano
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Kushwaha R, Mishra J, Gupta AP, Gupta K, Vishwakarma J, Chattopadhyay N, Gayen JR, Kamthan M, Bandyopadhyay S. Rosiglitazone up-regulates glial fibrillary acidic protein via HB-EGF secreted from astrocytes and neurons through PPARγ pathway and reduces apoptosis in high-fat diet-fed mice. J Neurochem 2018; 149:679-698. [PMID: 30311190 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The anti-diabetic drug and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) agonist, rosiglitazone, alters astrocyte activation; however, its mechanism remains less-known. We hypothesized participation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), known to control astrocyte reactivity. We first detected that rosiglitazone promoted glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in primary astrocytes as well as the mouse cerebral cortex, associated with increased EGFR activation. Screening for EGFR ligands revealed a rosiglitazone-mediated increase of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) in astrocytes, resulting in HB-EGF release into culture medium and mouse cerebrospinal fluid too. Treatment with HB-EGF-siRNA and EGFR inhibitors showed that the rosiglitazone-induced HB-EGF and p-EFGR were interdependent, which participated in GFAP increase. Interestingly, we observed that rosiglitazone could induce cellular and secreted-HB-EGF in neurons also, contributing toward the activated EGFR-induced GFAP in astrocytes. Probing whether these effects of rosiglitazone were PPARγ-linked, revealed potential PPARγ-responsive elements within HB-EGF gene. Moreover, gel-shift, site-directed mutagenesis, chromatin-immunoprecipitation and luciferase-reporter assays demonstrated a PPARγ-dependent HB-EGF transactivation. Subsequently, we examined effects of rosiglitazone in a high-fat diet-fed diabetes mouse model, and supporting observations in the normal cortical cells, identified a rosiglitazone-induced GFAP, astrocyte and neuronal HB-EGF and secreted-HB-EGF in the cerebral cortex of diabetic mice. Moreover, assessing relevance of increased HB-EGF and GFAP revealed an anti-apoptotic role of rosiglitazone in the cerebral cortex, supported by a GFAP-siRNA as well as HB-EGF-siRNA-mediated increase in cleaved-caspase 3 and 9 levels in the rosiglitazone-treated astrocyte-neuron coculture. Overall, our study indicates that rosiglitazone may protect the brain, via a PPARγ-dependent HB-EGF/EGFR signaling and increased GFAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kushwaha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India.,Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Juhi Mishra
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow, India.,Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow, India
| | - Anand Prakash Gupta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Keerti Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India.,Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Jitendra Vishwakarma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India.,Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Department of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Jiaur Rahaman Gayen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Mohan Kamthan
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India
| | - Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India.,Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow, India
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11
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Redox imbalance caused by pesticides: a review of OPENTOX-related research. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 69:126-134. [PMID: 29990294 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are a highly diverse group of compounds and the most important chemical stressors in the environment. Mechanisms that could explain pesticide toxicity are constantly being studied and their interactions at the cellular level are often observed in well-controlled in vitro studies. Several pesticide groups have been found to impair the redox balance in the cell, but the mechanisms leading to oxidative stress for certain pesticides are only partly understood. As our scientific project "Organic pollutants in environment - markers and biomarkers of toxicity (OPENTOX)" is dedicated to studying toxic effects of selected insecticides and herbicides, this review is focused on reporting the knowledge regarding oxidative stress-related phenomena at the cellular level. We wanted to single out the most important facts relevant to the evaluation of our own findings from studies conducted on in vitro cell models.
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12
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Kushwaha R, Mishra J, Tripathi S, Raza W, Mandrah K, Roy SK, Bandyopadhyay S. Arsenic Attenuates Heparin-Binding EGF-Like Growth Factor/EGFR Signaling That Promotes Matrix Metalloprotease 9-Dependent Astrocyte Damage in the Developing Rat Brain. Toxicol Sci 2017; 162:406-428. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kushwaha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Juhi Mishra
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India
- Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Sachin Tripathi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University (Lucknow Campus), Lucknow, India
| | - Waseem Raza
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Kapil Mandrah
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory and Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India
| | - Somendu Kumar Roy
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory and Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India
| | - Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India
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13
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Kushwaha R, Mishra J, Tripathi S, Khare P, Bandyopadhyay S. Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead Like Troglitazone Trigger PPARγ-Dependent Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Expression and Subsequent Apoptosis in Rat Brain Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2125-2149. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Tripathi S, Kushwaha R, Mishra J, Gupta MK, Kumar H, Sanyal S, Singh D, Sanyal S, Sahasrabuddhe AA, Kamthan M, Mudiam MKR, Bandyopadhyay S. Docosahexaenoic acid up-regulates both PI3K/AKT-dependent FABP7-PPARγ interaction and MKP3 that enhance GFAP in developing rat brain astrocytes. J Neurochem 2016; 140:96-113. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Tripathi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory; Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR); Lucknow India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology; Amity University (Lucknow campus); Lucknow India
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory; Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR); Lucknow India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-IITR campus; Lucknow India
| | - Juhi Mishra
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory; Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR); Lucknow India
- Babu Banarasi Das University; Lucknow India
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-IITR campus; Lucknow India
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory and Regulatory Toxicology group; CSIR-IITR; Lucknow India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Division of Biochemistry; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI); Lucknow India
| | - Somali Sanyal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology; Amity University (Lucknow campus); Lucknow India
| | | | - Sabyasachi Sanyal
- Division of Biochemistry; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI); Lucknow India
| | | | - Mohan Kamthan
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory; Environmental Toxicology Group; CSIR-IITR; Lucknow India
| | | | - Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory; Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR); Lucknow India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-IITR campus; Lucknow India
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15
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Romero DM, Berardino BG, Wolansky MJ, Kotler ML. From the Cover: Vulnerability of C6 Astrocytoma Cells After Single-Compound and Joint Exposure to Type I and Type II Pyrethroid Insecticides. Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:196-212. [PMID: 27815491 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary mode-of-action of all pyrethroid insecticides (PYRs) is the disruption of the voltage-gated sodium channel electrophysiology in neurons of target pests and nontarget species. The neurological actions of PYRs on non-neuronal cells of the nervous system remain poorly investigated. In the present work, we used C6 astrocytoma cells to study PYR actions (0.1-50 μM) under the hypothesis that glial cells may be targeted by and vulnerable to PYRs. To this end, we characterized the effects of bifenthrin (BF), tefluthrin (TF), α-cypermethrin (α-CYP), and deltamethrin (DM) on the integrity of nuclear, mitochondrial, and lysosomal compartments. In general, 24- to 48-h exposures produced concentration-related impairment of cell viability. In single-compound, 24-h exposure experiments, effective concentration (EC)15s 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT assay) were computed as follows (in μM): BF, 16.1; TF, 37.3; α-CYP, 7.8; DM, 5.0. We found concentration-related damage in several C6-cell subcellular compartments (mitochondria, nuclei, and lysosomes) at ≥ 10-1 μM levels. Last, we examined a mixture of all PYRs (ie, Σ individual EC15) using MTT assays and subcellular analyses. Our findings indicate that C6 cells are responsive to nM levels of PYRs, suggesting that astroglial susceptibility may contribute to the low-dose neurological effects caused by these insecticides. This research further suggests that C6 cells may provide relevant information as a screening platform for pesticide mixtures targeting nervous system cells by expected and unexpected toxicogenic pathways potentially contributing to clinical neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfina M Romero
- Laboratorio de Toxicología de Mezclas Químicas.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-Argentina National Research Council (CONICET)
| | - Bruno G Berardino
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética
| | - Marcelo J Wolansky
- Laboratorio de Toxicología de Mezclas Químicas; .,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-Argentina National Research Council (CONICET)
| | - Mónica L Kotler
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-Argentina National Research Council (CONICET).,Laboratorio de Disfunción Celular en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas y Nanomedicina
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16
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Oxidative stress and gene expression profiling of cell death pathways in alpha-cypermethrin-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2151-2164. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1864-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Želježić D, Mladinić M, Žunec S, Lucić Vrdoljak A, Kašuba V, Tariba B, Živković T, Marjanović AM, Pavičić I, Milić M, Rozgaj R, Kopjar N. Cytotoxic, genotoxic and biochemical markers of insecticide toxicity evaluated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and an HepG2 cell line. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 96:90-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Hossain MM, Liu J, Richardson JR. Pyrethroid Insecticides Directly Activate Microglia Through Interaction With Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels. Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:112-123. [PMID: 27655349 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are considered to be the resident immune cells of the central nervous system and contribute significantly to ongoing neuroinflammation in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we and others identified that voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) are present on microglia cells and contribute to excessive accumulation of intracellular Na+ and release of major pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Based on this finding and the fact that pyrethroid pesticides act on VGSC, we hypothesized that exposure of microglia to the pyrethroid pesticides, permethrin and deltamethrin, would activate microglia and increase the release of TNF-α. BV2 cells or primary microglia were treated with 0-5 µM deltamethrin or permethrin in the presence or absence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a VGSC blocker for 24-48 h. Both pyrethroids caused a rapid Na+ influx and increased accumulation of intracellular sodium [(Na+)i] in the microglia in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was significantly reduced by TTX. Furthermore, deltamethrin and permethrin increased the release of TNF-α in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was significantly reduced by pre-treatment of cells with TTX. These results demonstrate that pyrethroid pesticides may directly activate microglial cells through their interaction with microglial VGSC. Because neuroinflammation plays a key role in many neurodegenerative diseases, these data provide an additional mechanism by which exposure to pyrethroid insecticides may contribute to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad M Hossain
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Jason Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
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19
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Ashok A, Rai NK, Raza W, Pandey R, Bandyopadhyay S. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced impairment of Aβ clearance requires HB-EGF-dependent sequential activation of HIF1α and MMP9. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 95:179-93. [PMID: 27431094 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) manifests Alzheimer's Disease (AD) neuropathology, marked by increased amyloid beta (Aβ). Besides, hypoxia stimulates Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) mRNA expression in the hippocampus. However, involvement of HB-EGF in CCH-induced Aβ pathology remains unidentified. Here, using Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion mouse model, we explored the mechanism of HB-EGF regulated Aβ induction in CCH. We found that HB-EGF inhibition suppressed, while exogenous-HB-EGF triggered hippocampal Aβ, proving HB-EGF-dependent Aβ increase. We also detected that HB-EGF affected the expression of primary Aβ transporters, receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1), indicating impaired Aβ clearance across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). An HB-EGF-dependent loss in BBB integrity supported impaired Aβ clearance. The effect of HB-EGF on Amyloid Precursor Protein pathway was relatively insignificant, suggesting a lesser effect on Aβ generation. Delving into BBB disruption mechanism demonstrated HB-EGF-mediated stimulation of Matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP9), which affected BBB via HB-EGF-ectodomain shedding and epidermal growth factor receptor activation. Examining the intersection of HB-EGF-regulated pathway and hypoxia revealed HB-EGF-dependent increase in transcription factor, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF1α). Further, via binding to hypoxia-responsive elements in MMP9 gene, HIF1α stimulated MMP9 expression, and therefore appeared as a prominent intermediary in HB-EGF-induced BBB damage. Overall, our study reveals the essential role of HB-EGF in triggering CCH-mediated Aβ accumulation. The proposed mechanism involves an HB-EGF-dependent HIF1α increase, generating MMP9 that stimulates soluble-HB-EGF/EGFR-induced BBB disintegration. Consequently, CCH-mediated hippocampal RAGE and LRP-1 deregulation together with BBB damage impair Aβ transport and clearance where HB-EGF plays a pivotal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushruti Ashok
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India; Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nagendra Kumar Rai
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India; Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Waseem Raza
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rukmani Pandey
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India; Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India; Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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20
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Maurya SK, Mishra J, Abbas S, Bandyopadhyay S. Cypermethrin Stimulates GSK3β-Dependent Aβ and p-tau Proteins and Cognitive Loss in Young Rats: Reduced HB-EGF Signaling and Downstream Neuroinflammation as Critical Regulators. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:968-982. [PMID: 25575682 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure is recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated early signs of AD-like pathology upon exposure to a pyrethroid pesticide, cypermethrin, reported to impair neurodevelopment. We treated weanling rats with cypermethrin (10 and 25 mg/kg) and detected dose-dependent increase in the key proteins of AD, amyloid beta (Aβ), and phospho-tau, in frontal cortex and hippocampus as early as postnatal day 45. Upregulation of Aβ pathway involved an increase in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its pro-amyloidogenic processing through beta-secretase (BACE) and gamma-secretase. Tau pathway entailed elevation in tau and glycogen-synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK3β)-dependent, phospho-tau. GSK3β emerged as a molecular link between the two pathways, evident from reduction in phospho-tau as well as BACE upon treating GSK3β inhibitor, lithium chloride. Exploring the mechanism revealed an attenuated heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) signaling and downstream astrogliosis-mediated neuroinflammation to be responsible for inducing Aβ and phospho-tau. Cypermethrin caused a proximal reduction in HB-EGF, which promoted astrocytic nuclear factor kappa B signaling and astroglial activation close to Aβ and phospho-tau. Glial activation stimulated generation of interleukin-1 (IL-1), which upregulated GSK3β, and APP and tau as well, resulting in co-localization of Aβ and phospho-tau with IL-1 receptor. Intracerebral insertion of exogenous HB-EGF restored its own signaling and suppressed neuroinflammation and thereby Aβ and phospho-tau in cypermethrin-exposed rats, proving a central role of reduced HB-EGF signaling in cypermethrin-mediated neurodegeneration. Furthermore, cypermethrin stimulated cognitive impairments, which could be prevented by exogenous HB-EGF. Our data demonstrate that cypermethrin induces premature upregulation of GSK3β-dependent Aβ and tau pathways, where HB-EGF signaling and neuroinflammation serve as essential regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Kumar Maurya
- Developmental Toxicology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Juhi Mishra
- Developmental Toxicology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Sabiya Abbas
- Food and Chemical Toxicology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay
- Developmental Toxicology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226001, India.
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21
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Pandey A, Jauhari A, Singh T, Singh P, Singh N, Srivastava AK, Khan F, Pant AB, Parmar D, Yadav S. Transactivation of P53 by cypermethrin induced miR-200 and apoptosis in neuronal cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cypermethrin, a pyrethroid pesticide, has been shown to induce neurotoxicity in adult mammals. However, studies are also needed to explore its toxicity in developing brains and understand its mechanism of action in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Pandey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
- Lucknow-226001
- India
- Department of Biochemistry
- Jamia Hamdard University
| | - Abhishek Jauhari
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
- Lucknow-226001
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi
| | - Tanisha Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
- Lucknow-226001
- India
| | - Parul Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
- Lucknow-226001
- India
| | - Nishant Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
- Lucknow-226001
- India
| | - Ankur Kumar Srivastava
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
- Lucknow-226001
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi
| | - Farah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry
- Jamia Hamdard University
- New Delhi-110062
- India
| | | | - Devendra Parmar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
- Lucknow-226001
- India
| | - Sanjay Yadav
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
- Lucknow-226001
- India
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22
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Alteration of hedgehog signaling by chronic exposure to different pesticide formulations and unveiling the regenerative potential of recombinant sonic hedgehog in mouse model of bone marrow aplasia. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 401:115-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Ashok A, Rai NK, Tripathi S, Bandyopadhyay S. Exposure to As-, Cd-, and Pb-mixture induces Aβ, amyloidogenic APP processing and cognitive impairments via oxidative stress-dependent neuroinflammation in young rats. Toxicol Sci 2014; 143:64-80. [PMID: 25288670 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants act as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), mainly affecting the aging population. We investigated early manifestations of AD-like pathology by a mixture of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), reported to impair neurodevelopment. We treated rats with As+Cd+Pb at their concentrations detected in groundwater of India, ie, 0.38, 0.098, and 0.22 ppm or 10 times of each, respectively, from gestation-05 to postnatal day-180. We identified dose-dependent increase in amyloid-beta (Aβ) in frontal cortex and hippocampus as early as post-weaning. The effect was strongly significant during early-adulthood, reaching levels comparable to an Aβ-infused AD-like rat model. The metals activated the proamyloidogenic pathway, mediated by increase in amyloid precursor protein (APP), and subsequent beta secretase (BACE) and presenilin (PS)-mediated APP-processing. Investigating the mechanism of Aβ-induction revealed an augmentation in oxidative stress-dependent neuroinflammation that stimulated APP expression through interleukin-responsive-APP-mRNA 5'-untranslated region. We then examined the effects of individual metals and binary mixtures in comparison with the tertiary. Among individual metals, Pb triggered maximum induction of Aβ, whereas individual As or Cd had a relatively non-significant effect on Aβ despite enhanced APP, owing to reduced induction of BACE and PS. Interestingly, when combined the metals demonstrated synergism, with a major contribution by As. The synergistic effect was significant and consistent in tertiary mixture, resulting in the augmentation of Aβ. Eventually, increase in Aβ culminated in cognitive impairments in the young rats. Together, our data demonstrate that exposure to As+Cd+Pb induces premature manifestation of AD-like pathology that is synergistic, and oxidative stress and inflammation dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushruti Ashok
- *Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow and Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow 226001, India *Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow and Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Nagendra Kumar Rai
- *Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow and Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow 226001, India *Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow and Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Sachin Tripathi
- *Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow and Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay
- *Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow and Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow 226001, India *Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow and Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow 226001, India
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24
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Raszewski G, Lemieszek MK, Łukawski K, Juszczak M, Rzeski W. Chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin induce apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:158-67. [PMID: 24975276 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our previous in vivo studies showed that chlorpyrifos (CPF) and cypermethrin (CM) in a mixture dermally administered, strongly inhibited cholinesterase activity in plasma and the brain and were very toxic to the rat central nervous system. In this work, the mechanisms of neurotoxicity have not been elucidated. We used human undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells to study mechanisms of pesticide-induced neuronal cell death. It was found that chlorpyrifos (CPF) and its mixture with cypermethrin (CPF+CM) induced cell death of SH-SY5Y cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as shown by MTT assays. Pesticide-induced SH-SY5Y cell death was characterized by concentration-dependent down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL as well as an increase in the caspase 3 activation. Pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh produced a slight but significant reversal effect of pesticide-induced toxicity indicating that the major caspase pathways are not integral to CPF- and CPF+CM-induced cell death. Furthermore, signal transduction inhibitors PD98059, SL-327, SB202190, SP600125 and mecamylamine failed to attenuate pesticides effect. Atropine exhibited minimal ability to reverse toxicity. Finally, it was shown that inhibition of TNF-α by pomalidomide attenuated CPF-/CPF+CM-induced apoptosis. Overall, our data suggest that FAS/TNF signalling pathways may participate in CPF and CPF+CM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Raszewski
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
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25
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Maurya SK, Mishra J, Tripathi VK, Sharma R, Siddiqui MH. Cypermethrin induces astrocyte damage: role of aberrant Ca(2+), ROS, JNK, P38, matrix metalloproteinase 2 and migration related reelin protein. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 111:51-59. [PMID: 24861934 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cypermethrin is a synthetic type II pyrethroid, derived from a natural pyrethrin of the chrysanthemum plant. Cypermethrin-mediated neurotoxicity is well studied; however, relatively less is known of its effect on astrocyte development and migration. Astrocytes are the major components of blood brain barrier (BBB), and astrocyte damage along with BBB dysfunction impair the tight junction (TJ) proteins resulting in altered cell migration and neurodegeneration. Here, we studied the mechanism of cypermethin mediated rat astrocyte damage and BBB disruption, and determined any change in expression of proteins associated with cell migration. Through MTT assay we found that cypermethrin reduced viability of cultured rat astrocytes. Immunolabelling with astrocyte marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein, revealed alteration in astrocyte morphology. The astrocytes demonstrated an enhanced release of intracellular Ca(++) and ROS, and up-regulation in p-JNK and p-P38 levels in a time-dependent manner. Cypermethrin disrupted the BBB (in vivo) in developing rats and attenuated the expression of the extracellular matrix molecule (ECM) and claudin-5 in cultured astrocytes. We further observed an augmentation in the levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), known to modulate cellular migration and disrupt the developmental ECM and BBB. We observed an increase in the levels of reelin, involved in cell migration, in cultured rat astrocytes. The reelin receptor, α3β1integrin, and a mammalian cytosolic protein Disabled1 (Dab1) were also up-regulated. Overall, our study demonstrates that cypermethrin induces astrocyte injury via modulation in Ca(++), ROS, JNK and P38 pathways, which may alter MMP expression and reelin dependent astrocyte migration during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India; Developmental Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India.
| | - Juhi Mishra
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Tripathi
- In vitro Toxicology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rolee Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
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26
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Guvenc D, Aksoy A, Gacar A, Atmaca E, Das KY, Guvenc T. Evaluation of changes in monoamine levels and apoptosis induced by cyfluthrin in rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00041b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate monoamine and mitochondrial cytochrome c levels and lipid peroxidation in adult male rats treated with cyfluthrin (14 mg kg−1dose; approximately 1/10 of the LD50value) for 14 days. This study also examined cyfluthrin induced-apoptosisviathe signaling proteins Bcl-2, caspase-9 and caspase-3, and possible anti-apoptotic effects of Alfa-basic crystallin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Guvenc
- University of Ondokuz Mayis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Samsun, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Aksoy
- University of Ondokuz Mayis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Gacar
- University of Ondokuz Mayis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
- Department of Pathology
- Samsun, Turkey
| | - Enes Atmaca
- University of Ondokuz Mayis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kursad Y. Das
- University of Ondokuz Mayis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Samsun, Turkey
| | - Tolga Guvenc
- University of Ondokuz Mayis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
- Department of Pathology
- Samsun, Turkey
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27
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Abbas S, Khan K, Khan MP, Nagar GK, Tewari D, Maurya SK, Dubey J, Ansari NG, Bandyopadhyay S, Chattopadhyay N. Developmental Exposure to As, Cd, and Pb Mixture Diminishes Skeletal Growth and Causes Osteopenia at Maturity via Osteoblast and Chondrocyte Malfunctioning in Female Rats. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:207-20. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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28
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Rai A, Maurya SK, Sharma R, Ali S. Down-regulated GFAPα: a major player in heavy metal induced astrocyte damage. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 23:99-107. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.721809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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