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Milliken P, Aylott M, Edmunds N, Engle S, Ewart L, Fleurance R, Guffroy M, Hargreaves A, Heinz-Taheny K, Kirk S, Leishman D, Leong L, McMahon N, Valentin JP, Watson D, Wallis R, Clements P. Evaluating Associations Between Nonclinical Cardiovascular Functional Endpoints and Repeat-dose Cardiovascular Toxicity in the Beagle Dog: A Cross-company Initiative. Toxicol Sci 2020; 176:224-235. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Integrating nonclinical in vitro, in silico, and in vivo datasets holistically can improve hazard characterization and risk assessment. In pharmaceutical development, cardiovascular liabilities are a leading cause of compound attrition. Prior to clinical studies, functional cardiovascular data are generated in single-dose safety pharmacology telemetry studies, with structural pathology data obtained from repeat-dose toxicology studies with limited concurrent functional endpoints, eg, electrocardiogram via jacketed telemetry. Relationships between datasets remain largely undetermined. To address this gap, a cross-pharma collaboration collated functional and structural data from 135 compounds. Retrospective functional data were collected from good laboratory practice conscious dog safety pharmacology studies: effects defined as hemodynamic blood pressure or heart rate changes. Morphologic pathology findings (mainly degeneration, vacuolation, inflammation) from related toxicology studies in the dog (3–91 days repeat-dosing) were reviewed, harmonized, and location categorized: cardiac muscle (myocardium, epicardium, endocardium, unspecified), atrioventricular/aortic valves, blood vessels. The prevalence of cardiovascular histopathology changes was 11.1% of compounds, with 53% recording a functional blood pressure or heart rate change. Correlations were assessed using the Mantel-Haenszel Chi-square trend test, identifying statistically significant associations between cardiac muscle pathology and (1) decreased blood pressure, (2) increased heart rate, and between cardiovascular vessel pathology and increased heart rate. Negative predictive values were high, suggesting few compounds cause repeat-dose cardiovascular structural change in the absence of functional effects in single-dose safety pharmacology studies. Therefore, observed functional changes could prompt moving (sub)chronic toxicology studies forward, to identify cardiovascular liabilities earlier in development, and reduce late-stage attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mike Aylott
- GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 ODP, UK
- Consultant, St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Nick Edmunds
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
- Mission Therapeutics, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK
| | - Steven Engle
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Lorna Ewart
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
- Emulate, Inc., Boston, MA 02210
| | - Renaud Fleurance
- UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Magali Guffroy
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
- Abbvie, Chicago, IL
| | - Adam Hargreaves
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
- PathCelerate Ltd, The BioHub at Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | - Sarah Kirk
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
- AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Derek Leishman
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Louise Leong
- Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry, London SW1E 6QT, UK
| | - Nick McMahon
- GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 ODP, UK
| | - Jean-Pierre Valentin
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
- UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - David Watson
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
- Resero Analytics, Indianapolis, IN 46228
| | - Rob Wallis
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
- Safety Pharmacology Consultant, Canterbury, UK
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2
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Peters MF, Landry T, Pin C, Maratea K, Dick C, Wagoner MP, Choy AL, Barthlow H, Snow D, Stevens Z, Armento A, Scott CW, Ayehunie S. Human 3D Gastrointestinal Microtissue Barrier Function As a Predictor of Drug-Induced Diarrhea. Toxicol Sci 2020; 168:3-17. [PMID: 30364994 PMCID: PMC6390652 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicities (GITs) rank among the most common clinical side effects. Preclinical efforts to reduce incidence are limited by inadequate predictivity of in vitro assays. Recent breakthroughs in in vitro culture methods support intestinal stem cell maintenance and continual differentiation into the epithelial cell types resident in the intestine. These diverse cells self-assemble into microtissues with in vivo-like architecture. Here, we evaluate human GI microtissues grown in transwell plates that allow apical and/or basolateral drug treatment and 96-well throughput. Evaluation of assay utility focused on predictivity for diarrhea because this adverse effect correlates with intestinal barrier dysfunction which can be measured in GI microtissues using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). A validation set of widely prescribed drugs was assembled and tested for effects on TEER. When the resulting TEER inhibition potencies were adjusted for clinical exposure, a threshold was identified that distinguished drugs that induced clinical diarrhea from those that lack this liability. Microtissue TEER assay predictivity was further challenged with a smaller set of drugs whose clinical development was limited by diarrhea that was unexpected based on 1-month animal studies. Microtissue TEER accurately predicted diarrhea for each of these drugs. The label-free nature of TEER enabled repeated quantitation with sufficient precision to develop a mathematical model describing the temporal dynamics of barrier damage and recovery. This human 3D GI microtissue is the first in vitro assay with validated predictivity for diarrhea-inducing drugs. It should provide a platform for lead optimization and offers potential for dose schedule exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Peters
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
| | - Tim Landry
- MatTek Corporation, Ashland, Massachusetts 01721
| | - Carmen Pin
- Mechanistic Safety and ADME Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Kim Maratea
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
| | - Cortni Dick
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
| | - Matthew P Wagoner
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
| | - Allison L Choy
- Science and Enabling Units IT, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
| | - Herb Barthlow
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
| | - Deb Snow
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
| | | | - Alex Armento
- MatTek Corporation, Ashland, Massachusetts 01721
| | - Clay W Scott
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
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Sanger GJ, Andrews PLR. A History of Drug Discovery for Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting and the Implications for Future Research. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:913. [PMID: 30233361 PMCID: PMC6131675 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The origins of the major classes of current anti-emetics are examined. Serendipity is a recurrent theme in discovery of their anti-emetic properties and repurposing from one indication to another is a continuing trend. Notably, the discoveries have occurred against a background of company mergers and changing anti-emetic requirements. Major drug classes include: (i) Muscarinic receptor antagonists-originated from historical accounts of plant extracts containing atropine and hyoscine with development stimulated by the need to prevent sea-sickness among soldiers during beach landings; (ii) Histamine receptor antagonists-searching for replacements for the anti-malaria drug quinine, in short supply because of wartime shipping blockade, facilitated the discovery of histamine (H1) antagonists (e.g., dimenhydrinate), followed by serendipitous discovery of anti-emetic activity against motion sickness in a patient undergoing treatment for urticaria; (iii) Phenothiazines and dopamine receptor antagonists-investigations of their pharmacology as "sedatives" (e.g., chlorpromazine) implicated dopamine receptors in emesis, leading to development of selective dopamine (D2) receptor antagonists (e.g., domperidone with poor ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier) as anti-emetics in chemotherapy and surgery; (iv) Metoclopramide and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine3(5-HT3) receptor antagonists-metoclopramide was initially assumed to act only via D2 receptor antagonism but subsequently its gastric motility stimulant effect (proposed to contribute to the anti-emetic action) was shown to be due to 5-hydroxytryptamine4 receptor agonism. Pre-clinical studies showed that anti-emetic efficacy against the newly-introduced, highly emetic, chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin was due to antagonism at 5-HT3 receptors. The latter led to identification of selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., granisetron), a major breakthrough in treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis; (v) Neurokinin1receptor antagonists-antagonists of the actions of substance P were developed as analgesics but pre-clinical studies identified broad-spectrum anti-emetic effects; clinical studies showed particular efficacy in the delayed phase of chemotherapy-induced emesis. Finally, the repurposing of different drugs for treatment of nausea and vomiting is examined, particularly during palliative care, and also the challenges in identifying novel anti-emetic drugs, particularly for treatment of nausea as compared to vomiting. We consider the lessons from the past for the future and ask why there has not been a major breakthrough in the last 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J. Sanger
- Blizard Institute and the National Centre for Bowel Research, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L. R. Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP, Choleris E. Social neuroscience of disgust. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12508. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kavaliers
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Klaus-Peter Ossenkopp
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Elena Choleris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
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Brown AP, Drew P, Knight B, Marc P, Troth S, Wuersch K, Zandee J. Graphical display of histopathology data from toxicology studies for drug discovery and development: An industry perspective. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 82:167-172. [PMID: 27769829 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Histopathology data comprise a critical component of pharmaceutical toxicology studies and are typically presented as finding incidence counts and severity scores per organ, and tabulated on multiple pages which can be challenging for review and aggregation of results. However, the SEND (Standard for Exchange of Nonclinical Data) standard provides a means for collecting and managing histopathology data in a uniform fashion which can allow informatics systems to archive, display and analyze data in novel ways. Various software applications have become available to convert histopathology data into graphical displays for analyses. A subgroup of the FDA-PhUSE Nonclinical Working Group conducted intra-industry surveys regarding the use of graphical displays of histopathology data. Visual cues, use-cases, the value of cross-domain and cross-study visualizations, and limitations were topics for discussion in the context of the surveys. The subgroup came to the following conclusions. Graphical displays appear advantageous as a communication tool to both pathologists and non-pathologists, and provide an efficient means for communicating pathology findings to project teams. Graphics can support hypothesis-generation which could include cross-domain interactive visualizations and/-or aggregating large datasets from multiple studies to observe and/or display patterns and trends. Incorporation of the SEND standard will provide a platform by which visualization tools will be able to aggregate, select and display information from complex and disparate datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Brown
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Philip Drew
- PDS Consultants, Innovation Centre, 49 Oxford Street, Leicester, LE1 5XY England, UK
| | - Brian Knight
- Boehringer-Ingelheim, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Philippe Marc
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4200, Switzerland
| | - Sean Troth
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP81-404, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Kuno Wuersch
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4200, Switzerland
| | - Joyce Zandee
- Integrated Nonclinical Development Solutions (INDS) Incorporated, 6111 Jackson Road, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
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6
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Mead AN, Amouzadeh HR, Chapman K, Ewart L, Giarola A, Jackson SJ, Jarvis P, Jordaan P, Redfern W, Traebert M, Valentin JP, Vargas HM. Assessing the predictive value of the rodent neurofunctional assessment for commonly reported adverse events in phase I clinical trials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80:348-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Grant C, Ewart L, Muthas D, Deavall D, Smith SA, Clack G, Newham P. The value of integrating pre-clinical data to predict nausea and vomiting risk in humans as illustrated by AZD3514, a novel androgen receptor modulator. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 296:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Al-Saffar A, Nogueira da Costa A, Delaunois A, Leishman DJ, Marks L, Rosseels ML, Valentin JP. Gastrointestinal Safety Pharmacology in Drug Discovery and Development. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 229:291-321. [PMID: 26091645 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-46943-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the basic structure of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is similar across species, there are significant differences in the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry between humans and laboratory animals, which should be taken into account when conducting a gastrointestinal (GI) assessment. Historically, the percentage of cases of drug attrition associated with GI-related adverse effects is small; however, this incidence has increased over the last few years. Drug-related GI effects are very diverse, usually functional in nature, and not limited to a single pharmacological class. The most common GI signs are nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and gastric ulceration. Despite being generally not life-threatening, they can greatly affect patient compliance and quality of life. There is therefore a real need for improved and/or more extensive GI screening of candidate drugs in preclinical development, which may help to better predict clinical effects. Models to identify drug effects on GI function cover GI motility, nausea and emesis liability, secretory function (mainly gastric secretion), and absorption aspects. Both in vitro and in vivo assessments are described in this chapter. Drug-induced effects on GI function can be assessed in stand-alone safety pharmacology studies or as endpoints integrated into toxicology studies. In silico approaches are also being developed, such as the gut-on-a-chip model, but await further optimization and validation before routine use in drug development. GI injuries are still in their infancy with regard to biomarkers, probably due to their greater diversity. Nevertheless, several potential blood, stool, and breath biomarkers have been investigated. However, additional validation studies are necessary to assess the relevance of these biomarkers and their predictive value for GI injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al-Saffar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Farmer AD, Al Omran Y, Aziz Q, Andrews PL. The role of the parasympathetic nervous system in visually induced motion sickness: systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2665-73. [PMID: 24792503 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) has been implicated in the development of visually induced motion sickness. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of visually induced motion sickness on validated parameters of PNS tone. Methods followed PRISMA recommendations. Controlled trials reporting validated measures of PNS tone in visually induced motion sickness in healthy adults were included. One reviewer performed the screening of articles and data extraction, and two reviewers independently performed methodological evaluation. Data were synthesised using standardised mean differences (SMDs) for all relevant outcomes using a random-effects model. Publication bias was assessed via funnel plots and Egger's test. The search strategy identified seven citations comprising 237 healthy individuals. The mean quality score was 4/10 (range 3-7). There was no difference between baseline PNS tone between individuals who developed visually induced motion sickness and those that did not. Visually induced motion sickness (VIMS)-sensitive individuals had a reduction in PNS tone, following exposure to the stimulus (mean weighted SMD = -0.45, 95% confidence interval -0.64 to -0.27, Z = -4.8, p < 0.0001). There was no evidence of heterogeneity or publication bias. These data suggest that baseline PNS parameters do not provide a useful measure of predicting the probability of developing visually induced motion sickness. However, a fall in PNS tone, as indicated by cardiac activity, is characteristic in sensitive individuals. Further work is needed to characterise these responses in clinical populations, in conjunction with improvements and standardisation in study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Farmer
- Neurogastroenterology Group, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 26 Ashfield Street, London, E1 2AJ, UK,
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10
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Andrews PL, Sanger GJ. Nausea and the quest for the perfect anti-emetic. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 722:108-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Vaudano E. The innovative medicines initiative: a public private partnership model to foster drug discovery. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2013; 6:e201303017. [PMID: 24688725 PMCID: PMC3962198 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201303017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) is a large-scale public–private partnership between the European Commission and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA). IMI aims to boost the development of new medicines across Europe by implementing new collaborative endeavours between large pharmaceutical companies and other key actors in the health-care ecosystem, i.e., academic institutions, small and medium enterprises, patients, and regulatory authorities. Currently there are more than 40 IMI projects covering the whole value chain of pharmaceutical R&D, but with a strong focus on drug discovery, as an ideal arena where the PPP concept of pre-competitive collaboration can rapidly deliver results. This article review recent achievements of the IMI consortia of relevance to drug discovery, providing proof-of-concept evidence for the efficiency of this new model of collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Vaudano
- Innovative Medicines Initiative, Avenue de la Toison d'Or 56-60, B-1060, Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Magda G, Vaudano E, Goldman M. The rational use of animals in drug development: contribution of the innovative medicines initiative. Altern Lab Anim 2013; 40:307-12. [PMID: 23398335 DOI: 10.1177/026119291204000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are still widely used to assess the efficacy or safety of new pharmaceutical products. Since their limitations in predicting actions of drugs in humans are becoming more and more apparent, there is an urgent need to revisit the use of animals in pharmaceutical research. Herein, we review how the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI), the largest public-private partnership in the life sciences, is reducing, refining and replacing the use of animals in the context of its global mission, namely, to boost research and the development of new medicines across the European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunn Magda
- Innovative Medicines Initiative, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Muthas D, Boyer S, Hasselgren C. A critical assessment of modeling safety-related drug attrition. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Redfern WS, Ewart LC, Lainée P, Pinches M, Robinson S, Valentin JP. Functional assessments in repeat-dose toxicity studies: the art of the possible. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx20093k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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15
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Moggs J, Moulin P, Pognan F, Brees D, Leonard M, Busch S, Cordier A, Heard DJ, Kammüller M, Merz M, Bouchard P, Chibout SD. Investigative safety science as a competitive advantage for Pharma. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:1071-82. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.693914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Prior H, Ewart L, Bright J, Valentin JP. Refinement of the Charcoal Meal Study by Reduction of the Fasting Period. Altern Lab Anim 2012; 40:99-107. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291204000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine whether a shorter fasting period than the one historically employed for the charcoal meal test, could be used when measuring gastric emptying and intestinal transit within the same animal, and to ascertain whether the scientific outcome would be affected by this benefit to animal welfare. Rats and mice were fasted for 0, 3, 6 or 18 hours before the oral administration of vehicle or atropine. One hour later, the animals were orally administered a charcoal meal, then 20 minutes later, they were killed and the stomach and small intestine were removed. Intestinal transit time (the position of the charcoal front as a percentage of the total length of the small intestine) and relative gastric emptying (weight of stomach contents) were measured. Rats and mice fasted for six hours showed results for gastric emptying and intestinal transit which were similar to those obtained in animals fasted for 18 hours. Reducing the fasting period reduced the body weight loss in both species, and mice on shorter fasts could be group-housed, as hunger-induced fighting was lessened. Therefore, a fasting period of six hours was subsequently adopted for charcoal meal studies at our institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Prior
- Safety Pharmacology, Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca UK Ltd, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Lorna Ewart
- Safety Pharmacology, Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca UK Ltd, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Jonathan Bright
- Safety Pharmacology, Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca UK Ltd, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Jean-Pierre Valentin
- Safety Pharmacology, Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca UK Ltd, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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