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Moyano P, Flores A, Fernández MDLC, García J, Sanjuan J, Plaza JC, Del Pino J. Increased Levels of Phosphorylated-P38α Induce WNT/β-Catenin and NGF/P75NTR/TrkA Pathways Disruption and SN56 Cell Death following Single and Repeated Chlorpyrifos Treatment. Foods 2024; 13:2427. [PMID: 39123618 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) biocide, exposure to which is mainly produced in the human population through diet, induces several neurotoxic effects. CPF single and repeated exposure induces memory and learning disorders, although the mechanisms that produce these outcomes are complex and not well understood. CPF treatment (single and repeated) of cholinergic septal SN56 cells induced an increase in phosphorylated-P38α levels that led to WNT/β-Catenin and NGF/P75NTR/TrkA pathways disruption and cell death. These results provide new knowledge on the mechanisms that mediate CPF basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss induced by CPF single and repeated exposure and can help unravel the way through which this compound produces cognitive decline and develop efficient treatments against these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moyano
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Flores
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jimena García
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sanjuan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Plaza
- Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology Department, Medicine School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Moghe M, Kim SS, Guan M, Rait A, Pirollo KF, Harford JB, Chang EH. scL-2PAM: A Novel Countermeasure That Ameliorates Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Losses in Mice Exposed to an Anticholinesterase Organophosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7539. [PMID: 39062781 PMCID: PMC11276659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, organophosphates are among the most toxic of chemicals. Pralidoxime (a.k.a 2-PAM) is the only acetylcholinesterase reactivator approved in the U.S., but 2-PAM only poorly traverses the blood-brain barrier. Previously, we have demonstrated that scL-2PAM, a nanoformulation designed to enter the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis, is superior to unencapsulated 2-PAM for reactivating brain acetylcholinesterase, ameliorating cholinergic crisis, and improving survival rates for paraoxon-exposed mice. Here, we employ histology and transcriptome analyses to assess the ability of scL-2PAM to prevent neurological sequelae including microglial activation, expression of inflammatory cytokines, and ultimately loss of neurons in mice surviving paraoxon exposures. Levels of the mRNA encoding chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) were significantly upregulated after paraoxon exposures, with CCL2 mRNA levels in the brain correlating well with the intensity and duration of cholinergic symptoms. Our nanoformulation of 2-PAM was found to be superior to unencapsulated 2-PAM in reducing the levels of the CCL2 transcript. Moreover, brain histology revealed that scL-2PAM was more effective than unencapsulated 2-PAM in preventing microglial activation and the subsequent loss of neurons. Thus, scL-2PAM appears to be a new and improved countermeasure for reducing neuroinflammation and mitigating brain damage in survivors of organophosphate exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Moghe
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.M.); (A.R.); (K.F.P.)
| | - Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.M.); (A.R.); (K.F.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD 20854, USA;
| | - Miaoyin Guan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.M.); (A.R.); (K.F.P.)
| | - Antonina Rait
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.M.); (A.R.); (K.F.P.)
| | - Kathleen F. Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.M.); (A.R.); (K.F.P.)
| | | | - Esther H. Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.M.); (A.R.); (K.F.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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3
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Yadav B, Kaur S, Yadav A, Verma H, Kar S, Sahu BK, Pati KR, Sarkar B, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. Implications of organophosphate pesticides on brain cells and their contribution toward progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23660. [PMID: 38356323 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The most widespread neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by severe behavioral abnormalities, cognitive and functional impairments. It is inextricably linked with the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and tau protein in the brain. Loss of white matter, neurons, synapses, and reactive microgliosis are also frequently observed in patients of AD. Although the causative mechanisms behind the neuropathological alterations in AD are not fully understood, they are likely influenced by hereditary and environmental factors. The etiology and pathogenesis of AD are significantly influenced by the cells of the central nervous system, namely, glial cells and neurons, which are directly engaged in the transmission of electrical signals and the processing of information. Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) can trigger inflammatory responses in glial cells, leading to various cascades of events that contribute to neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and ultimately, AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, there are striking similarities between the biomarkers associated with AD and OPPs, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, dysregulation of microRNA, and accumulation of toxic protein aggregates, such as amyloid β. These shared markers suggest a potential mechanistic link between OPP exposure and AD pathology. In this review, we attempt to address the role of OPPs on altered cell physiology of the brain cells leading to neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress linked with AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Swastitapa Kar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Binit Kumar Sahu
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Kumari Riya Pati
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Bibekanada Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Mantha
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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4
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Ruiz-Arias MA, Medina-Díaz IM, Bernal-Hernández YY, Barrón-Vivanco BS, González-Arias CA, Romero-Bañuelos CA, Verdín-Betancourt FA, Herrera-Moreno JF, Ponce-Vélez G, Gaspar-Ramírez O, Bastidas-Bastidas PDJ, González FB, Rojas-García AE. The situation of chlorpyrifos in Mexico: a case study in environmental samples and aquatic organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6323-6351. [PMID: 37301778 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most commonly used organophosphate pesticides. Because CPF was described as a toxic compound without safe levels of exposure for children, certain countries in Latin America and the European Union have banned or restricted its use; however, in Mexico it is used very frequently. The aim of this study was to describe the current situation of CPF in Mexico, as well as its use, commercialization, and presence in soil, water, and aquatic organisms in an agricultural region of Mexico. Structured questionnaires were applied to pesticide retailers to determine the sales pattern of CPF (ethyl and methyl); in addition, monthly censuses were conducted with empty pesticide containers to assess the CPF pattern of use. Furthermore, samples of soil (48 samples), water (51 samples), and fish (31 samples) were collected, which were analyzed chromatographically. Descriptive statistics were performed. The results indicate that CPF was one of the most sold (3.82%) and employed OP (14.74%) during 2021. Only one soil sample was found above the CPF limit of quantification (LOQ); in contrast, all water samples had CPF levels above the LOQ (x̄ = 4614.2 ng/L of CPF). In the case of fish samples, 6.45% demonstrated the presence of methyl-CPF. In conclusion, the information obtained in this study indicates the need for constant monitoring in the area, since the presence of CPF in soil, water, and fish constitutes a threat to the health of wildlife and humans. Therefore, CPF should be banned in Mexico to avoid a serious neurocognitive health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alfonso Ruiz-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias. Área de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Unidad Académica de Agricultura. Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, C.P. 63780, Xalisco, Nayarit, México
| | - Irma Martha Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Yael Yvette Bernal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Briscia Socorro Barrón-Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Cyndia Azucena González-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Carlos Alberto Romero-Bañuelos
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Francisco Alberto Verdín-Betancourt
- Unidad Especializada de Ciencias Ambientales, CENITT, Av. Emilio M. González S/N, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Tepic, Nayarit, C.P. 63173, México
| | - José Francisco Herrera-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Guadalupe Ponce-Vélez
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Cd. de México, México
| | - Octavio Gaspar-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Unidad Noreste (CIATEJ), Apodaca, N.L, C.P. 66629, Mexico
| | - Pedro de Jesús Bastidas-Bastidas
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria (Residuos de Plaguicidas), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación Y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a Eldorado Km. 5.5, Unidad Culiacán, C.P. 80110, Mexico
| | - Fernando Bejarano González
- Red de Acción Sobre Plaguicidas y Alternativas en México, A. C. (RAPAM), Amado Nervo 23, Int. 3, Col. San Juanito, C.P. 56121, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México.
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5
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Lesseur C, Kaur K, Kelly SD, Hermetz K, Williams R, Hao K, Marsit CJ, Caudle WM, Chen J. Effects of prenatal pesticide exposure on the fetal brain and placenta transcriptomes in a rodent model. Toxicology 2023; 490:153498. [PMID: 37019170 PMCID: PMC10152924 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides are among the most extensively used insecticides worldwide. Prenatal exposures to both classes of pesticides have been linked to a wide range of neurobehavioral deficits in the offspring. The placenta is a neuroendocrine organ and the crucial regulator of the intrauterine environment; early-life toxicant exposures could impact neurobehavior by disrupting placental processes. Female C57BL/6 J mice were exposed via oral gavage to an organophosphate, chlorpyrifos (CPF) at 5 mg/kg, a pyrethroid, deltamethrin (DM), at 3 mg/kg, or vehicle only control (CTL). Exposure began two weeks before breeding and continued every three days until euthanasia at gestational day 17. The transcriptomes of fetal brain (CTL n = 18, CPF n = 6, DM n = 8) and placenta (CTL n = 19, CPF n = 16, DM n = 12) were obtained through RNA sequencing, and resulting data was evaluated using weighted gene co-expression networks, differential expression, and pathway analyses. Fourteen brain gene co-expression modules were identified; CPF exposure disrupted the module related to ribosome and oxidative phosphorylation, whereas DM disrupted the modules related to extracellular matrix and calcium signaling. In the placenta, network analyses revealed 12 gene co-expression modules. While CPF exposure disrupted modules related to endocytosis, Notch and Mapk signaling, DM exposure dysregulated modules linked to spliceosome, lysosome and Mapk signaling pathways. Overall, in both tissues, CPF exposure impacted oxidative phosphorylation, while DM was linked to genes involved in spliceosome and cell cycle. The transcription factor Max involved in cell proliferation was overexpressed by both pesticides in both tissues. In summary, gestational exposure to two different classes of pesticide can induce similar pathway-level transcriptome changes in the placenta and the brain; further studies should investigate if these changes are linked to neurobehavioral impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Lesseur
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kirtan Kaur
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sean D Kelly
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Karen Hermetz
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Randy Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - W Michael Caudle
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Ribeiro AC, Hawkins E, Jahr FM, McClay JL, Deshpande LS. Repeated exposure to chlorpyrifos is associated with a dose-dependent chronic neurobehavioral deficit in adult rats. Neurotoxicology 2022; 90:172-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Hood RB, Liang D, Chiu YH, Sandoval-Insausti H, Chavarro JE, Jones D, Hauser R, Gaskins AJ. Pesticide residue intake from fruits and vegetables and alterations in the serum metabolome of women undergoing infertility treatment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 160:107061. [PMID: 34959198 PMCID: PMC8821142 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide exposure is linked to a myriad of negative health effects; however, the mechanisms underlying these associations are less clear. We utilized metabolomics to describe the alterations in the serum metabolome associated with high and low pesticide residue intake from fruits and vegetables (FVs), the most common route of exposure in humans. METHODS This analysis included 171 women undergoing in vitro fertilization who completed a validated food frequency questionnaire and provided a serum sample during controlled ovarian stimulation (2007-2015). FVs were categorized as high or low-to-moderate pesticide residue using a validated method based on pesticide surveillance data from the USDA. We conducted untargeted metabolic profiling using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry and two chromatography columns. We used multivariable generalized linear models to identified metabolic features (p < 0.005) associated with high and low-to-moderate pesticide residue FV intake, followed by enriched pathway analysis. RESULTS We identified 50 and 109 significant features associated with high pesticide residue FV intake in the C18 negative and HILIC positive columns, respectively. Additionally, we identified 90 and 62 significant features associated with low-to-moderate pesticide residue FV intake in the two columns, respectively. Four metabolomic pathways were associated with intake of high pesticide residue FVs including those involved in energy, vitamin, and enzyme metabolism. 12 pathways were associated with intake of low-to-moderate pesticide residue FVs including cellular receptor, energy, intercellular signaling, lipid, vitamin, and xenobiotic metabolism. One energy pathway was associated with both high and low-to-moderate pesticide residue FVs. CONCLUSIONS We identified limited overlap in the pathways associated with intake of high and low-to-moderate pesticide residue FVs, which supports findings of disparate health effects associated with these two exposures. The identified pathways suggest there is a balance between the dietary antioxidant intake associated with FVs intake and heightened oxidative stress as a result of dietary pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Hood
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Donghai Liang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu-Han Chiu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dean Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Audrey J Gaskins
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Moyano P, Garcia JM, García J, Pelayo A, Muñoz-Calero P, Frejo MT, Flores A, Del Pino J. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation Produces Heat Shock Protein 90 and 70 Overexpression, Prostaglandin E2/Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Disruption, and Cell Proliferation in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Cells after 24 h and 14 Days of Chlorpyrifos Treatment. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2019-2023. [PMID: 34424684 PMCID: PMC9132385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The biocide chlorpyrifos (CPF) was
described to increase breast
cancer risk in humans, to produce breast cancer in animals, and to
induce cell proliferation in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells after 1 and
14 days of treatment. The entire mechanisms related to these CPF actions
remain unknown. CPF induced cell proliferation in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231
cells after 1 and 14 days of treatment by AhR activation through the
PGE2/Wnt/β-catenin pathway and HSP90 and HSP70 overexpression.
Our results reveal new information on CPF toxic mechanisms induced
in human breast cancer cell lines, which could assist in elucidating
its involvement in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jimena García
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences School, Alfonso X University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adela Pelayo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Muñoz-Calero
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Frejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Flores
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Dal Pizzol GE, Rosano VA, Rezende E, Kilpp JC, Ferretto MM, Mistura E, da Silva AN, Bertol CD, Rodrigues LB, Friedrich MT, Rossato-Grando LG. Pesticide and trace element bioaccumulation in wild owls in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:37843-37850. [PMID: 33718999 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Owls are outstanding environmental quality bioindicators due to their position at the top of the food chain and susceptibility to pollutant accumulation. Exposure to chemical contaminants is often a risk for these animals. Moreover, studies addressing the bioaccumulation of trace elements and pesticide residues in tropical nocturnal raptor species are scarce. We analyzed the 26 organs (heart, liver, and kidney) of Tyto furcata (n=3), Megascops spp. (n=5), Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana (n=1), and Asio stygius (n=1) carcasses, collected from June 2018 to May 2019 in the Southern region of Brazil. The original vegetation consisted of areas of Araucaria forests and grassy-woody steppes with gallery forests, which were greatly modified by the introduction of agriculture. In four animals and eight organs, the pesticides abamectin, atrazine, chlorpyrifos-ethyl, and diurom were analyzed through high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a mass detector. In six animals and eighteen organs, the trace elements cadmium, lead, chromium, and nickel were identified via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Chlorpyrifos-ethyl was detected in the livers of the genus Megascops. Chromium was found at high concentrations in all matrices analyzed for this trace element. Moreover, P. koeniswaldiana presented lead levels indicative of high exposure. The bioaccumulation of these toxics in owls described here can impact the population levels of these species, impact on its ecological function, and consequently unbalance the ecosystem. Moreover, owls are considered bioindicators; therefore, the occurrence of bioaccumulation indirectly gives us information about the quality of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Elisa Dal Pizzol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação (PPGBioexp), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
- Projeto Corujar - Pesquisa e Educação, Rua Quinze de Novembro 415, 99010-090 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitória Aquino Rosano
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Elinton Rezende
- Museu Zoobotânico Augusto Ruschi, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Jonas Claudiomar Kilpp
- Projeto Corujar - Pesquisa e Educação, Rua Quinze de Novembro 415, 99010-090 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente e Sustentabilidade (PPGAS), Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), Rua Santos Dumont 450, 95400-000, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Menezes Ferretto
- Laboratório de Solos, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Enzo Mistura
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAMV), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Arthur Nery da Silva
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAMV), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Charise Dallazem Bertol
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Envelhecimento Humano (PPGEH), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (PPGCTA), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Beatriz Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação (PPGBioexp), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAMV), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (PPGCTA), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Friedrich
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (PPGCTA), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Grazziotin Rossato-Grando
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação (PPGBioexp), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
- Projeto Corujar - Pesquisa e Educação, Rua Quinze de Novembro 415, 99010-090 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Av Brasil Leste 285, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
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Rodrigues JVF, Vidigal APP, Minassa VS, Batista TJ, de Lima RMS, Funck VR, Antero LS, Resstel LBM, Coitinho JB, Bertoglio LJ, Sampaio KN, Beijamini V. A single dose of the organophosphate triazophos induces fear extinction deficits accompanied by hippocampal acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 82:106929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Acute administration of diazepam or midazolam minimally alters long-term neuropathological effects in the rat brain following acute intoxication with diisopropylfluorophosphate. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173538. [PMID: 32898549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute intoxication with organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors (OPs) can trigger seizures that rapidly progress to life-threatening status epilepticus. Diazepam, long considered the standard of care for treating OP-induced seizures, is being replaced by midazolam. Whether midazolam is more effective than diazepam in mitigating the persistent effects of acute OP intoxication has not been rigorously evaluated. We compared the efficacy of diazepam vs. midazolam in preventing persistent neuropathology in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats acutely intoxicated with the OP diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). Subjects were administered pyridostigmine bromide (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to injection with DFP (4 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle (saline) followed 1 min later by atropine sulfate (2 mg/kg, i.m.) and pralidoxime (25 mg/kg, i.m.), and 40 min later by diazepam (5 mg/kg, i.p.), midazolam (0.73 mg/kg, i.m.), or vehicle. At 3 and 6 months post-exposure, neurodegeneration, reactive astrogliosis, microglial activation, and oxidative stress were assessed in multiple brain regions using quantitative immunohistochemistry. Brain mineralization was evaluated by in vivo micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Acute DFP intoxication caused persistent neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and brain mineralization. Midazolam transiently mitigated neurodegeneration, and both benzodiazepines partially protected against reactive astrogliosis in a brain region-specific manner. Neither benzodiazepine attenuated microglial activation or brain mineralization. These findings indicate that neither benzodiazepine effectively protects against persistent neuropathological changes, and suggest that midazolam is not significantly better than diazepam. Overall, this study highlights the need for improved neuroprotective strategies for treating humans in the event of a chemical emergency involving OPs.
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Moyano P, Garcia JM, Frejo MT, Lobo M, Garcia J, Del Pino J. Proteasome 20S and Rab5 Alteration after 24 h and 14 Days Chlorpyrifos Exposure Lead to β-Amyloid and Tau Protein Level Increases and SN56 Neuronal Cell Death. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1920-1924. [PMID: 31580065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The biocide chlorpyrifos (CPF) was shown to produce cognition impairment following single and long-term exposure. The complete mechanisms that lead to the CPF induced cognitive disorders remain to be discovered. Aβ and tau proteins production was induced in basal forebrain SN56 cholinergic cells, by CPF, through proteasome 20S inhibition and Rab5 overexpression, leading to cell death both after acute and repeated administration, which was related with cognitive disorders induction. The results obtained in our study procure novel information related to the mechanisms involved in CPF neurodegeneration, which could be responsible for cognitive dysfunction and may lead to a promising alternative treatment of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School , Complutense University of Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - José Manuel Garcia
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medicine School , Complutense University of Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - María Teresa Frejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School , Complutense University of Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Margarita Lobo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School , Complutense University of Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Jimena Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences School , Alfonso X University , 28691 Madrid , Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School , Complutense University of Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain
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13
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Chen MX, Wijethunge BDIK, Zhou SM, Yang JF, Dai L, Wang SS, Chen C, Fu LJ, Zhang J, Hao GF, Yang GF. Chemical Modulation of Alternative Splicing for Molecular-Target Identification by Potential Genetic Control in Agrochemical Research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5072-5084. [PMID: 30986354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS), the process of removing introns from pre-mRNA and the rearrangement of exons to produce several types of mature transcripts, is a remarkable step preceding protein synthesis. In particular, it has now been conclusively shown that up to ∼95% of genes are alternatively spliced to generate a complex and diverse proteome in eukaryotic organisms. Consequently, AS is one of the determinants of the functional repertoire of cells. Many studies have revealed that AS in plants can be regulated by cell type, developmental stage, environmental stress, and the circadian clock. Moreover, increasing amounts of evidence reveal that chemical compounds can affect various steps during splicing to induce major effects on plant physiology. Hence, the chemical modulation of AS can serve as a good strategy for molecular-target identification in attempts to potentially control plant genetics. However, the kind of mechanisms involved in the chemical modulation of AS that can be used in agrochemical research remain largely unknown. This review introduces recent studies describing the specific roles AS plays in plant adaptation to environmental stressors and in the regulation of development. We also discuss recent advances in small molecules that induce alterations of AS and the possibility of using this strategy in agrochemical-target identification, giving a new direction for potential genetic control in agrochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , PR China
- Division of Gastroenterology , Shenzhen Children's Hospital , Shenzhen 518038 , PR China
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , PR China
- School of Life Sciences and Shenzhen Research Institute , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen 518063 , PR China
| | - Boyagane D I K Wijethunge
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , PR China
| | - Shao-Ming Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology , Shenzhen Children's Hospital , Shenzhen 518038 , PR China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , PR China
| | - Lei Dai
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Shenzhen Research Institute , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen 518063 , PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanjing Second Hospital , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210003 , PR China
| | - Li-Jun Fu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecology-Toxicological Effects & Control for Emerging Contaminants , Putian University , Putian , Fujian 351100 , PR China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong , PR China
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , PR China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , PR China
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Learning, memory and the expression of cholinergic components in mice are modulated by the pesticide chlorpyrifos depending upon age at exposure and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:693-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Atropine counteracts the depressive-like behaviour elicited by acute exposure to commercial chlorpyrifos in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 71:6-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Moyano P, Frejo MT, Anadon MJ, García JM, Díaz MJ, Lobo M, Sola E, García J, Del Pino J. SN56 neuronal cell death after 24 h and 14 days chlorpyrifos exposure through glutamate transmission dysfunction, increase of GSK-3β enzyme, β-amyloid and tau protein levels. Toxicology 2018; 402-403:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Evaluation of chlorpyrifos toxicity through a 28-day study: Cholinesterase activity, oxidative stress responses, parent compound/metabolite levels, and primary DNA damage in blood and brain tissue of adult male Wistar rats. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 279:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Two cholinesterase inhibitors trigger dissimilar effects on behavior and body weight in C57BL/6 mice: The case of chlorpyrifos and rivastigmine. Behav Brain Res 2017; 318:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Zarei MH, Soodi M, Qasemian-Lemraski M, Jafarzadeh E, Taha MF. Study of the chlorpyrifos neurotoxicity using neural differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1510-1519. [PMID: 26018426 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is the most commonly used organophosphorus insecticide which causes neurodevelopmental toxicity. So far, animals have been used as ideal models for neurotoxicity studies, but working with animals is very expensive, laborious, and ethically challenging. This has encouraged researchers to seek alternatives. During recent years, several studies have reported successful differentiation of embryonic and adult stem cells to neurons. This has provided an excellent model for neurotoxicologic studies. In this study, neural differentiation of mouse adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) was used as an in vitro model for investigation of CPF neurotoxicity. For this purpose, mouse ADSCs were cultured in a medium containing knockout serum replacement and were treated with different concentrations of CPF at several stages of differentiation. Cytotoxic effect of CPF and the expression of neuron-specific genes and proteins were studied in the differentiating ADSCs. Furthermore, the activity of acetylcholinesterase was assessed by Ellman assay at different stages of differentiation. This study showed that up to 500 μM CPF did not alter viability of the undifferentiated ADSCs, whereas viability of the differentiating cells decreased with 500 μM CPF. CPF upregulated the expression of some neuron-specific genes and seemed to decrease the number of β-tubulin III and MAP2 proteins-expressing cells. There was no detectable acetylcholine esterase activity in differentiated ADSCs. In summary, it was shown that CPF treatment can decrease the viability of ADSC-derived neurons and dysregulate the expression of some neuronal markers through acetylcholinesterase-independent mechanisms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1510-1519, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Zarei
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Soodi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Qasemian-Lemraski
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Emad Jafarzadeh
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Fakhr Taha
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.
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De Felice A, Greco A, Calamandrei G, Minghetti L. Prenatal exposure to the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos enhances brain oxidative stress and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in a mouse model of idiopathic autism. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:149. [PMID: 27301868 PMCID: PMC4908699 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are emerging as polygenic and multifactorial disorders in which complex interactions between defective genes and early exposure to environmental stressors impact on the correct neurodevelopment and brain processes. Organophosphate insecticides, among which chlorpyrifos (CPF), are widely diffused environmental toxicants associated with neurobehavioral deficits and increased risk of ASD occurrence in children. Oxidative stress and dysregulated immune responses are implicated in both organophosphate neurodevelopmental effects and ASD etiopathogenesis. BTBR T+tf/J mice, a well-studied model of idiopathic autism, show several behavioral and immunological alterations found in ASD children, and we recently showed that CPF gestational exposure strengthened some of these autistic-like traits. In the present study, we aimed at investigating whether the behavioral effects of gestational CPF administration are associated with brain increased oxidative stress and altered lipid mediator profile. METHODS Brain levels of F2-isoprostanes (15-F2t-IsoP), as index of in vivo oxidative stress, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a major arachidonic acid metabolite released by immune cells and by specific glutamatergic neuron populations mainly in cortex and hippocampus, were assessed by specific enzyme-immuno assays in brain homogenates from BTBR T+tf/J and C57Bl6/J mice, exposed during gestation to either vehicle or CPF. Measures were performed in mice of both sexes, at different postnatal stages (PNDs 1, 21, and 70). RESULTS At birth, BTBR T+tf/J mice exhibited higher baseline 15-F2t-IsoP levels as compared to C57Bl6/J mice, suggestive of greater oxidative stress processes. Gestational treatment with CPF-enhanced 15-F2t-IsoP and PGE2 levels in strain- and age-dependent manner, with 15-F2t-IsoP increased in BTBR T+tf/J mice at PNDs 1 and 21, and PGE2 elevated in BTBR T+tf/J mice at PNDs 21 and 70. At PND 21, CPF effects were sex-dependent being the increase of the two metabolites mainly associated with male mice. CPF treatment also induced a reduction of somatic growth, which reached statistical significance at PND 21. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the autistic-like BTBR T+tf/J strain is highly vulnerable to environmental stressors during gestational period. The results further support the hypothesis that oxidative stress might be the link between environmental neurotoxicants such as CPF and ASD. The increased levels of oxidative stress during early postnatal life could result in delayed and long-lasting alterations in specific pathways relevant to ASD, of which PGE2 signaling represents an important one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia De Felice
- Section of Neurotoxicology and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161, Rome, Italy
- Present address: Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Bettini 31, 38068, Rovereto (TN), Italy
| | - Anita Greco
- Section of Experimental Neurology, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gemma Calamandrei
- Section of Neurotoxicology and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Minghetti
- Section of Experimental Neurology, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161, Rome, Italy.
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SN56 basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss after acute and long-term chlorpyrifos exposure through oxidative stress generation; P75NTR and α7-nAChRs alterations mediated partially by AChE variants disruption. Toxicology 2016; 353-354:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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López-Granero C, Ruiz-Muñoz AM, Nieto-Escámez FA, Colomina MT, Aschner M, Sánchez-Santed F. Chronic dietary chlorpyrifos causes long-term spatial memory impairment and thigmotaxic behavior. Neurotoxicology 2016; 53:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Sánchez-Santed F, Colomina MT, Herrero Hernández E. Organophosphate pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration. Cortex 2016; 74:417-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Valbonesi P, Franzellitti S, Bersani F, Contin A, Fabbri E. Activity and expression of acetylcholinesterase in PC12 cells exposed to intermittent 1.8 GHz 217-GSM mobile phone signal. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 92:1-10. [PMID: 26630175 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1114188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to its role in learning, memory and in many neurodegenerative diseases, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) represents an interesting endpoint to assess possible targets of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) generated by mobile phones. We investigated possible alterations of enzymatic activity, gene and protein expression of AChE in neuronal-like cells exposed to a 1.8 GHz Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) modulated signal (217-GSM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat PC12 cells were exposed for 24 h to 1.8 GHz 217-GSM signal. Specific adsorption rate (SAR) was 2 W/kg. AChE enzyme activity was assessed spectrophotometrically by Ellman's method, mRNA expression level was evaluated by real time polymerase chain reaction, and protein expression was assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS AChE enzymatic activity increased of 1.4-fold in PC12 cells exposed to 217-GSM signal for 24 h, whilst AChE transcriptional or translational pathways were not affected. CONCLUSION Our results provide the first evidence of effects on AChE activity after in vitro exposure of mammalian cells to the RF-EMF generated by GSM mobile phones, at the SAR value 2 W/kg. The obtained evidence promotes further investigations on AChE as a possible target of RF-EMF and confirm the ability of 1.8 GHz 217-GSM signal to induce biological effects in different mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Valbonesi
- a Interdepartmental Centre for Environmental Science Research, University of Bologna , Campus of Ravenna , Italy ;,b Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Silvia Franzellitti
- a Interdepartmental Centre for Environmental Science Research, University of Bologna , Campus of Ravenna , Italy ;,b Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | | | - Andrea Contin
- a Interdepartmental Centre for Environmental Science Research, University of Bologna , Campus of Ravenna , Italy ;,c Department of Physics , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Elena Fabbri
- a Interdepartmental Centre for Environmental Science Research, University of Bologna , Campus of Ravenna , Italy ;,b Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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Pino JD, Moyano P, Anadon MJ, García JM, Díaz MJ, García J, Frejo MT. Acute and long-term exposure to chlorpyrifos induces cell death of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons through AChE variants alteration. Toxicology 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Neier K, Marchlewicz EH, Dolinoy DC, Padmanabhan V. Assessing Human Health Risk to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: a Focus on Prenatal Exposures and Oxidative Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 3. [PMID: 27231701 DOI: 10.1080/23273747.2015.1069916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the health risk posed by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is a challenge that is receiving intense attention. The following study criteria should be considered to facilitate risk assessment for exposure to EDCs: 1) characterization of target health outcomes and their mediators, 2) study of exposures in the context of critical periods of development, 3) accurate estimates of human exposures and use of human-relevant exposures in animal studies, and 4) cross-species comparisons. In this commentary, we discuss the importance and relevance of each of these criteria in studying the effects of prenatal exposure to EDCs. Our discussion focuses on oxidative stress as a mediator of EDC-related health effects due to its association with both EDC exposure and health outcomes. Our recent study (Veiga-Lopez et al. 2015)1 addressed each of the four outlined criteria and demonstrated that prenatal bisphenol-A exposure is associated with oxidative stress, a risk factor for developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Neier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Elizabeth H Marchlewicz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Dana C Dolinoy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Grabovskaya SV, Salyha YT. Do Results of the Open Field Test Depend on the Arena Shape? NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-014-9458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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López-Granero C, Cardona D, Giménez E, Lozano R, Barril J, Aschner M, Sánchez-Santed F, Cañadas F. Comparative study on short- and long-term behavioral consequences of organophosphate exposure: Relationship to AChE mRNA expression. Neurotoxicology 2014; 40:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Carr RL, Graves CA, Mangum LC, Nail CA, Ross MK. Low level chlorpyrifos exposure increases anandamide accumulation in juvenile rat brain in the absence of brain cholinesterase inhibition. Neurotoxicology 2013; 43:82-89. [PMID: 24373905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing dogma is that chlorpyrifos (CPF) mediates its toxicity through inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE). However, in recent years, the toxicological effects of developmental CPF exposure have been attributed to an unknown non-cholinergic mechanism of action. We hypothesize that the endocannabinoid system may be an important target because of its vital role in nervous system development. We have previously reported that repeated exposure to CPF results in greater inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme that metabolizes the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), than inhibition of either forebrain ChE or monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the enzyme that metabolizes the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG). This exposure resulted in the accumulation of 2-AG and AEA in the forebrain of juvenile rats; however, even at the lowest dosage level used (1.0mg/kg), forebrain ChE inhibition was still present. Thus, it is not clear if FAAH activity would be inhibited at dosage levels that do not inhibit ChE. To determine this, 10 day old rat pups were exposed daily for 7 days to either corn oil or 0.5mg/kg CPF by oral gavage. At 4 and 12h post-exposure on the last day of administration, the activities of serum ChE and carboxylesterase (CES) and forebrain ChE, MAGL, and FAAH were determined as well as the forebrain AEA and 2-AG levels. Significant inhibition of serum ChE and CES was present at both 4 and 12h. There was no significant inhibition of the activities of forebrain ChE or MAGL and no significant change in the amount of 2-AG at either time point. On the other hand, while no statistically significant effects were observed at 4h, FAAH activity was significantly inhibited at 12h resulting in a significant accumulation of AEA. Although it is not clear if this level of accumulation impacts brain maturation, this study demonstrates that developmental CPF exposure at a level that does not inhibit brain ChE can alter components of endocannabinoid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L Carr
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Casey A Graves
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Lee C Mangum
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Carole A Nail
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Matthew K Ross
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Cai L, Liao HF, Zhang XJ, Shao Y, Xu M, Yi JL. Acetylcholinesterase function in apoptotic retina pigment epithelial cells induced by H2O2. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:772-7. [PMID: 24392323 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.06.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression involved in retina pigment epithelial (RPE) apoptosis induced by higher concentrations H2O2. METHODS The human retinal pigment epithelium cell line ARPE-19 was from ATCC (Rockville, MD). Cultured ARPE-19 cells were treated with H2O2 at 0, 250, 500, 1 000, 2 000µmol/L and cell viability was measured with MTT assay. AChE expression and DNA fragments were analyzed by immunocytochemistry, TUNEL and PARP-1 Western blotting. RESULTS Immunofluorescence detected AChE exist in the normal human retinal tissue. When H2O2 >500µmol/L, AChE expression showed an increase after 2h, and this concentration was selected for the present study. RPE cell was induced with 1 000µmol/L H2O2 for 2h, compared to the control group, cell activity decline detected by MTT, AChE and PARP-1 protein expression was significantly increased detected by Western blotting. AChE immunofluorescence staining was positive in RPE cell after H2O2 incubate 2h. In addition, pretreatment with 100µmol/L epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), cell viability increased from 31.20%±3.90% to 70.23%±12.96%. CONCLUSION AChE is weakly expressed in normal human RPE cells. Stimulation with H2O2 caused the stable increase of AChE expression in RPE cells, which may indicate that AChE may be an important role in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cai
- Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hong-Fei Liao
- Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xue-Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Man Xu
- Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Lin Yi
- Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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Possible role of oxidative stress and brain derived neurotrophic factor in triazophos induced cognitive impairment in rats. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2136-47. [PMID: 23949197 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Triazophos, O,O-diethyl-1-H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl phosphorothioate, (TZ) is an organophosphate pesticide widely used as an insecticide in agriculture fields, however, its adverse effects on cognitive function remain unknown till date. The present study was designed to identify the effect of TZ on cognitive function in order to gain an insight into the molecular mechanism(s) probably involved in TZ induced toxicity. Wistar male albino rats were orally administered with TZ at 8.2 mg/kg bw daily for 30 days. Cognitive function was assessed by evaluating step down latency (SDL) in passive avoidance apparatus, transfer latency (TL) on elevated plus maze and escape latency (EL) using morris water maze. The biochemical changes, in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were evaluated in hippocampi regions. Relative mRNA expression and protein expression of BDNF were also evaluated. The results demonstrated that rats treated with TZ showed significantly (p < 0.01) reduced SDL and prolonged TL and EL as compared to control group rats. Moreover, significantly low (p < 0.01) mRNA expression and protein levels (p < 0.001) of BDNF, increased MDA and reduced GSH levels were observed in TZ treated rats. The study concludes that chronic exposure to TZ significantly impairs the learning and memory which may be attributed to the significantly reduced mRNA and protein expression of BDNF in hippocampus. Moreover, BDNF is negatively correlated to MDA levels and positively correlated to GSH levels. Hence, it can be suggested that interplay between BDNF and oxidative stress plays an important role in mediating the toxic effects of TZ.
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López-Granero C, Cardona D, Giménez E, Lozano R, Barril J, Sánchez-Santed F, Cañadas F. Chronic dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos causes behavioral impairments, low activity of brain membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase, and increased brain acetylcholinesterase-R mRNA. Toxicology 2013; 308:41-9. [PMID: 23545134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate (OP) insecticide that is metabolically activated to the highly toxic chlorpyrifos oxon. Dietary exposure is the main route of intoxication for non-occupational exposures. However, only limited behavioral effects of chronic dietary exposure have been investigated. Therefore, male Wistar rats were fed a dose of 5mg/kg/day of CPF for thirty-one weeks. Animals were evaluated in spatial learning and impulsivity tasks after 21 weeks of CPF dietary exposure and one week after exposure ended, respectively. In addition, the degree of inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was evaluated for both the soluble and particulate forms of the enzyme, as well as AChE gene expression. Also, brain acylpeptide hydrolase (APH) was investigated as an alternative target for OP-mediated effects. All variables were evaluated at various time points in response to CPF diet and after exposure ended. Results from behavioral procedures suggest cognitive and emotional disorders. Moreover, low levels of activity representing membrane-bound oligomeric forms (tetramers) were also observed. In addition, increased brain AChE-R mRNA levels were detected after four weeks of CPF dietary exposure. However, no changes in levels of brain APH were observed among groups. In conclusion, our data point to a relationship between cognitive impairments and changes in AChE forms, specifically to a high inhibition of the particulate form and a modification of alternative splicing of mRNA during CPF dietary exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caridad López-Granero
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, La Cañada, 04120, Almería, Spain
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Impairment of novel object recognition in adulthood after neonatal exposure to diazinon. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:753-62. [PMID: 23212306 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diazinon is an organophosphate pesticide that is still heavily used in agriculture, home gardening, and indoor pest control in Japan. The present study investigated the effect of neonatal exposure to diazinon on hippocampus-dependent novel object recognition test performance and the expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and its signal transduction pathway-related genes in the hippocampi of young adult and adult mice. Male offspring of C3H/HeN mice were subcutaneously treated with 0, 0.5, or 5 mg/kg of diazinon for 4 consecutive days beginning on postnatal day (PND) 8. Beginning on PND 46 or PND 81, a novel object recognition test was performed on 4 consecutive days. The hippocampi were collected on PND 50 or PND 85 after the completion of the novel object recognition test, and the expression levels of neurotrophins and the NMDA receptor and its signal transduction pathway-related genes were examined using real-time RT-PCR. Diazinon-injected mice exhibited a poor ability to discriminate between novel and familiar objects during both the PND 49 and the PND 84 tests. The NMDA receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B and the related protein kinase calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK)-IV and the transcription factor cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB)-1 mRNA levels were reduced in the PND 50 mice. However, no significant changes in the expressions of the NMDA subunits and their signal transduction molecules were observed in the hippocampi of the PND 85 mice. The expression level of nerve growth factor mRNA was significantly reduced in the PND 50 or 85 mice. These results indicate that neonatal diazinon exposure impaired the hippocampus-dependent novel object recognition ability, accompanied by a modulation in the expressions of the NMDA receptor and neurotrophin in young adult and adult mice.
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