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Villalobos-González L, Carreras C, Beltrán MF, Figueroa F, Rubilar-Hernández C, Opazo I, Toro G, Salvatierra A, Sagredo B, Pizarro L, Fiore N, Pinto M, Arbona V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Pimentel P. Sweet Cherry Plants Prioritize Their Response to Cope with Summer Drought, Overshadowing the Defense Response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1737. [PMID: 38999578 PMCID: PMC11243571 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Disease severity and drought due to climate change present significant challenges to orchard productivity. This study examines the effects of spring inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) on sweet cherry plants, cvs. Bing and Santina with varying defense responses, assessing plant growth, physiological variables (water potential, gas exchange, and plant hydraulic conductance), and the levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) under two summer irrigation levels. Pss inoculation elicited a more pronounced response in 'Santina' compared to 'Bing' at 14 days post-inoculation (dpi), and those plants inoculated with Pss exhibited a slower leaf growth and reduced transpiration compared to control plants during 60 dpi. During differential irrigations, leaf area was reduced 14% and 44% in Pss inoculated plants of 'Bing' and 'Santina' respectively, under well-watered (WW) conditions, without changes in plant water status or gas exchange. Conversely, water-deficit (WD) conditions led to gas exchange limitations and a 43% decrease in plant biomass compared to that under WW conditions, with no differences between inoculation treatments. ABA levels were lower under WW than under WD at 90 dpi, while SA levels were significantly higher in Pss-inoculated plants under WW conditions. These findings underscore the influence on plant growth during summer in sweet cherry cultivars that showed a differential response to Pss inoculations and how the relationship between ABA and SA changes in plant drought level responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Carreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana 8820808, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuaria y Veterinarias, Campus Sur, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana 8820808, Chile
| | - María Francisca Beltrán
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana 8820808, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuaria y Veterinarias, Campus Sur, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana 8820808, Chile
| | - Franco Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando 3070000, Chile
| | - Carlos Rubilar-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando 3070000, Chile
| | - Ismael Opazo
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Fruticultura (CEAF), Rengo 2940000, Chile
| | - Guillermo Toro
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Fruticultura (CEAF), Rengo 2940000, Chile
| | - Ariel Salvatierra
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Fruticultura (CEAF), Rengo 2940000, Chile
| | - Boris Sagredo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA Rayentué, Rengo 2940000, Chile
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando 3070000, Chile
- Centro de Biología de Sistemas para el Estudio de Comunidades Extremófilas de Relaves Mineros (SYSTEMIX), Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Nicola Fiore
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana 8820808, Chile
| | - Manuel Pinto
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando 3070000, Chile
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Department Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat de Jaume I, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Department Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat de Jaume I, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | - Paula Pimentel
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Fruticultura (CEAF), Rengo 2940000, Chile
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Blumstein M, Oseguera M, Caso-McHugh T, Des Marais DL. Nonstructural carbohydrate dynamics' relationship to leaf development under varying environments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:102-113. [PMID: 37882355 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-out in temperate forests is a critical transition point each spring and advancing with global change. The mechanism linking phenological variation to external cues is poorly understood. Nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) availability may be key. Here, we use branch cuttings from northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and measure NSCs throughout bud development in branch tissue. Given genes and environment influence phenology, we placed branches in an arrayed factorial experiment (three temperatures × two photoperiods, eight genotypes) to examine their impact on variation in leaf-out timing and corresponding NSCs. Despite significant differences in leaf-out timing between treatments, NSC patterns were much more consistent, with all treatments and genotypes displaying similar NSC concentrations across phenophases. Notably, the moderate and hot temperature treatments reached the same NSC concentrations and phenophases at the same growing degree days (GDD), but 20 calendar days apart, while the cold treatment achieved only half the GDD of the other two. Our results suggest that NSCs are coordinated with leaf-out and could act as a molecular clock, signaling to cells the passage of time and triggering leaf development to begin. This link between NSCs and budburst is critical for improving predictions of phenological timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Blumstein
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 15 Vassar St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Miranda Oseguera
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19131, USA
| | - Theresa Caso-McHugh
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 15 Vassar St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David L Des Marais
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 15 Vassar St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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3
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Qiao Y, Gu H, Xu H, Ma Q, Zhang X, Yan Q, Gao J, Yang Y, Rossi S, Smith NG, Liu J, Chen L. Accelerating effects of growing-season warming on tree seasonal activities are progressively disappearing. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3625-3633.e3. [PMID: 37567171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The phenological changes induced by climate warming have profound effects on water, energy, and carbon cycling in forest ecosystems. In addition to pre-season warming, growing-season warming may drive tree phenology by altering photosynthetic carbon uptake. It has been reported that the effect of pre-season warming on tree phenology is decreasing. However, temporal change in the effect of growing-season warming on tree phenology is not yet clear. Combining long-term ground observations and remote-sensing data, here we show that spring and autumn phenology were advanced by growing-season warming, while the accelerating effects of growing-season warming on tree phenology were progressively disappearing, manifesting as phenological events converted from being advanced to being delayed, in the temperate deciduous broadleaved forests across the Northern Hemisphere between 1983 and 2014. We further observed that the effect of growing-season warming on photosynthetic productivity showed a synchronized decline over the same period. The responses of phenology and photosynthetic productivity had a strong linear relationship with each other, and both showed significant negative correlations with the elevated temperature and vapor pressure deficit during the growing season. These findings indicate that warming-induced water stress may drive the observed decline in the responses of tree phenology to growing-season warming by decelerating photosynthetic productivity. Our results not only demonstrate a close link between photosynthetic carbon uptake and tree seasonal activities but also provide a physiological perspective of the nonlinear phenological responses to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hongshuang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hanfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qimei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yuchuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Wang N, Song M, Zhang Y, Liu X, Wu P, Qi L, Song H, Du N, Wang H, Zheng P, Wang R. Physiological responses of Quercus acutissima and Quercus rubra seedlings to drought and defoliation treatments. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:737-750. [PMID: 36708029 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing global climate change is increasing the risk of drought stress in some areas, which may compromise forest health. Such drought events also increase outbreaks of insect herbivores, resulting in plant defoliation. Interactions between drought and defoliation are poorly understood. In a greenhouse experiment, we selected a native species, Quercus acutissima Carr. and an alien species, Quercus rubra L. to explore their physiological responses to drought and defoliation treatments. After the treatments, we determined the seedlings' physiological responses on Days 10 and 60. Our results showed that the defoliation treatment accelerated the carbon reserve consumption of plants under drought stress and inhibited the growth of both seedling types. Under the drought condition, Q. rubra maintained normal stem-specific hydraulic conductivity and normal growth parameters during the early stage of stress, whereas Q. acutissima used less water and grew more slowly during the experiment. Sixty days after defoliation treatment, the stem starch concentration of Q. acutissima was higher than that of the control group, but the stem biomass was lower. This indicates that Q. acutissima adopted a 'slow strategy' after stress, and more resources were used for storage rather than growth, which was conducive to the ability of these seedlings to resist recurrent biotic attack. Thus, Q. acutissima may be more tolerant to drought and defoliation than Q. rubra. The resource acquisition strategies of Quercus in this study suggest that the native Quercus species may be more successful at a long-term resource-poor site than the alien Quercus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Meixia Song
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pan Wu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Luyu Qi
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Huijia Song
- Beijing Museum of Natural History, 126 Tianqiao South Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ning Du
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Peiming Zheng
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Renqing Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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5
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Piper FI, Fajardo A. Carbon stress causes earlier budbreak in shade-tolerant species and delays it in shade-intolerant species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:1-11. [PMID: 36696584 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Climate change may lead to C stress (negative C balance) in trees. Because nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) are required during metabolic reactivation in the spring, C stress might delay budbreak timing. This effect is expected to be greater in shade-intolerant than in shade-tolerant species, owing to the faster C economy in the shade-intolerant. METHODS We experimentally induced C stress in saplings of six temperate tree species that differed in their light requirements by exposing them to either full light or shade from summer to spring, then recorded the date of first budbreak for the individuals. Because the levels of C reserves that represent effective C stress may differ among species, we estimated the degree of C stress by recording survival during the experiment and measuring whole-sapling NSC concentrations after budbreak. RESULTS Shade reduced NSC concentrations and increased the sugar fraction in the NSC in all species. In the shade, shade-intolerant species had higher mortality and generally lower NSC concentrations than the shade-tolerant species, indicating a trend for more severe C stress in species with faster C economy. In shade-intolerant species, budbreak started earlier and proceeded faster in full light than in shade, but in shade-tolerant species budbreak was delayed in full light. The effects of the light environments on budbreak were not greater in shade-intolerant than in shade-tolerant species. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a correspondence between budbreak responses to light and the light requirements of the species. This finding confirms that C metabolism has a significant role in triggering budbreak and demonstrates that whether C stress accelerates or delays budbreak depends on the species' light requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida I Piper
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas (ICB), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, 3460000, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Chile. Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile
- Millenium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi), Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria (I3), Vicerrectoría Académica, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, 3460000, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Chile. Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile
- Millenium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi), Universidad de Talca, Chile
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Wang X, Schönbeck L, Gessler A, Yang Y, Rigling A, Yu D, He P, Li M. The effects of previous summer drought and fertilization on winter non-structural carbon reserves and spring leaf development of downy oak saplings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1035191. [PMID: 36407605 PMCID: PMC9669721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1035191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is still unknown whether the previous summer season drought and fertilization will affect the winter non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves, spring leaf development, and mortality of trees in the next year. We, therefore, conducted an experiment with Quercus pubescens (downy oaks) saplings grown under four drought levels from field capacity (well-watered; ~25% volumetric water content) to wilting point (extreme drought; ~6%), in combination with two fertilizer treatments (0 vs. 50 kg/ha/year blended) for one growing season to answer this question. We measured the pre- and post-winter NSC, and calculated the over-winter NSC consumption in storage tissues (i.e. shoots and roots) following drought and fertilization treatment, and recorded the spring leaf phenology, leaf biomass, and mortality next year. The results showed that, irrespective of drought intensity, carbon reserves were abundant in storage tissues, especially in roots. Extreme drought did not significantly alter NSC levels in tissues, but delayed the spring leaf expansion and reduced the leaf biomass. Previous season fertilization promoted shoot NSC use in extreme drought-stressed saplings over winter (showing reduced carbon reserves in shoots after winter), but it also showed positive effects on survival next year. We conclude that: (1) drought-stressed downy oak saplings seem to be able to maintain sufficient mobile carbohydrates for survival, (2) fertilization can alleviate the negative effects of extreme drought on survival and recovery growth of tree saplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Leonie Schönbeck
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, United States
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yue Yang
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dapao Yu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng He
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Maihe Li
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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7
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Rademacher T, Fonti P, LeMoine JM, Fonti MV, Bowles F, Chen Y, Eckes-Shephard AH, Friend AD, Richardson AD. Insights into source/sink controls on wood formation and photosynthesis from a stem chilling experiment in mature red maple. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1296-1309. [PMID: 35927942 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Whether sources or sinks control wood growth remains debated with a paucity of evidence from mature trees in natural settings. Here, we altered carbon supply rate in stems of mature red maples (Acer rubrum) within the growing season by restricting phloem transport using stem chilling; thereby increasing carbon supply above and decreasing carbon supply below the restrictions, respectively. Chilling successfully altered nonstructural carbon (NSC) concentrations in the phloem without detectable repercussions on bulk NSC in stems and roots. Ring width responded strongly to local variations in carbon supply with up to seven-fold differences along the stem of chilled trees; however, concurrent changes in the structural carbon were inconclusive at high carbon supply due to large local variability of wood growth. Above chilling-induced bottlenecks, we also observed higher leaf NSC concentrations, reduced photosynthetic capacity, and earlier leaf coloration and fall. Our results indicate that the cambial sink is affected by carbon supply, but within-tree feedbacks can downregulate source activity, when carbon supply exceeds demand. Such feedbacks have only been hypothesized in mature trees. Consequently, these findings constitute an important advance in understanding source-sink dynamics, suggesting that mature red maples operate close to both source- and sink-limitation in the early growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Rademacher
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, 01366, USA
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems and Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Ripon, J0V 1V0, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - James M LeMoine
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems and Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Marina V Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | | | - Yizhao Chen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1BY, UK
| | - Annemarie H Eckes-Shephard
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1BY, UK
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Andrew D Friend
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1BY, UK
| | - Andrew D Richardson
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems and Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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8
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Trainin T, Brukental H, Shapira O, Attia Z, Tiwari V, Hatib K, Gal S, Zemach H, Belausov E, Charuvi D, Holland D, Azoulay-Shemer T. Physiological characterization of the wild almond Prunus arabica stem photosynthetic capability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:941504. [PMID: 35968090 PMCID: PMC9372545 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.941504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are the major plant tissue for transpiration and carbon fixation in deciduous trees. In harsh habitats, atmospheric CO2 assimilation via stem photosynthesis is common, providing extra carbon gain to cope with the detrimental conditions. We studied two almond species, the commercial Prunus dulcis cultivar "Um-el-Fahem" and the rare wild Prunus arabica. Our study revealed two distinctive strategies for carbon gain in these almond species. While, in P. dulcis, leaves possess the major photosynthetic surface area, in P. arabica, green stems perform this function, in particular during the winter after leaf drop. These two species' anatomical and physiological comparisons show that P. arabica carries unique features that support stem gas exchange and high-gross photosynthetic rates via stem photosynthetic capabilities (SPC). On the other hand, P. dulcis stems contribute low gross photosynthesis levels, as they are designed solely for reassimilation of CO2 from respiration, which is termed stem recycling photosynthesis (SRP). Results show that (a) P. arabica stems are covered with a high density of sunken stomata, in contrast to the stomata on P. dulcis stems, which disappear under a thick peridermal (bark) layer by their second year of development. (b) P. arabica stems contain significantly higher levels of chlorophyll compartmentalized to a mesophyll-like, chloroplast-rich, parenchyma layer, in contrast to rounded-shape cells of P. dulcis's stem parenchyma. (c) Pulse amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorometry of P. arabica and P. dulcis stems revealed differences in the chlorophyll fluorescence and quenching parameters between the two species. (d) Gas exchange analysis showed that guard cells of P. arabica stems tightly regulate water loss under elevated temperatures while maintaining constant and high assimilation rates throughout the stem. Our data show that P. arabica uses a distinctive strategy for tree carbon gain via stem photosynthetic capability, which is regulated efficiently under harsh environmental conditions, such as elevated temperatures. These findings are highly important and can be used to develop new almond cultivars with agriculturally essential traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taly Trainin
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Volcani Center, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Hillel Brukental
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Volcani Center, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
- Faculty of Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Or Shapira
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Volcani Center, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Ziv Attia
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Volcani Center, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Vivekanand Tiwari
- Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Kamel Hatib
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Volcani Center, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Shira Gal
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Volcani Center, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dana Charuvi
- Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Doron Holland
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Volcani Center, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Tamar Azoulay-Shemer
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Volcani Center, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
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9
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Gu H, Qiao Y, Xi Z, Rossi S, Smith NG, Liu J, Chen L. Warming-induced increase in carbon uptake is linked to earlier spring phenology in temperate and boreal forests. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3698. [PMID: 35760820 PMCID: PMC9237039 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Under global warming, advances in spring phenology due to rising temperatures have been widely reported. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the advancement in spring phenology still remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of temperature during the previous growing season on spring phenology of current year based on the start of season extracted from multiple long-term and large-scale phenological datasets between 1951 and 2018. Our findings indicate that warmer temperatures during previous growing season are linked to earlier spring phenology of current year in temperate and boreal forests. Correspondingly, we observed an earlier spring phenology with the increase in photosynthesis of the previous growing season. These findings suggest that the observed warming-induced earlier spring phenology is driven by increased photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the previous growing season. Therefore, the vital role of warming-induced changes in carbon assimilation should be considered to accurately project spring phenology and carbon cycling in forest ecosystems under future climate warming. The mechanisms underlying plant phenological shifts are debated. Here, based on phenological observations and ecosystem flux and climate data, Gu and colleagues provide evidence that warming-enhanced photosynthesis in a growing season contributes to earlier spring phenology in the following year in temperate and boreal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenxiang Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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10
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The impact of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) concentration on yield in Prunus dulcis, Pistacia vera, and Juglans regia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4360. [PMID: 35288613 PMCID: PMC8921269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful yield in orchards is the culmination of a series of events that start with plants entering dormancy with adequate energy reserves (non-structural carbohydrates; NSC). These NSC are responsible for the maintenance of activities during dormancy and extending onto the period of activeness. Using multi-year yield information and monthly NSC content in twigs, we show that high levels of carbohydrate in Prunus dulcis, Pistachio vera, and Juglans regia during the winter months are indeed associated with high yield, while high levels of the NSC in late summer often correlate with low yield. An evaluation of monthly NSC level importance on yield revealed that for P. dulcis high levels in February were a good predictor of yield and that low levels throughout summer were associated with high yield. In P. vera, high levels of NSC in December were best predictors of yield. J. regia exhibited peculiar patterns; while high pre-budbreak reserves were associated with high yields they only played a minor role in explaining crop, the most important months for predicting yields were June and July. Results suggest that NSC levels can serve as good predictors of orchard yield potential and should be monitored to inform orchard management.
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