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Du B, Haensch R, Alfarraj S, Rennenberg H. Strategies of plants to overcome abiotic and biotic stresses. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1524-1536. [PMID: 38561998 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In their environment, plants are exposed to a multitude of abiotic and biotic stresses that differ in intensity, duration and severity. As sessile organisms, they cannot escape these stresses, but instead have developed strategies to overcome them or to compensate for the consequences of stress exposure. Defence can take place at different levels and the mechanisms involved are thought to differ in efficiency across these levels. To minimise metabolic constraints and to reduce the costs of stress defence, plants prioritise first-line defence strategies in the apoplastic space, involving ascorbate, defensins and small peptides, as well as secondary metabolites, before cellular processes are affected. In addition, a large number of different symplastic mechanisms also provide efficient stress defence, including chemical antioxidants, antioxidative enzymes, secondary metabolites, defensins and other peptides as well as proteins. At both the symplastic and the apoplastic level of stress defence and compensation, a number of specialised transporters are thought to be involved in exchange across membranes that still have not been identified, and information on the regeneration of different defence compounds remains ambiguous. In addition, strategies to overcome and compensate for stress exposure operate not only at the cellular, but also at the organ and whole-plant levels, including stomatal regulation, and hypersensitive and systemic responses to prevent or reduce the spread of stress impacts within the plant. Defence can also take place at the ecosystem level by root exudation of signalling molecules and the emission of volatile organic compounds, either directly or indirectly into the rhizosphere and/or the aboveground atmosphere. The mechanisms by which plants control the production of these compounds and that mediate perception of stressful conditions are still not fully understood. Here we summarise plant defence strategies from the cellular to ecosystem level, discuss their advantages and disadvantages for plant growth and development, elucidate the current state of research on the transport and regeneration capacity of defence metabolites, and outline insufficiently explored questions for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoguo Du
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ecological Security and Protection Key laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxing Road West 166, Mianyang, 621000, PR China
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, Freiburg, D-79110, Germany
| | - Robert Haensch
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstr. 1, Braunschweig, D-38106, Germany
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, Freiburg, D-79110, Germany
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
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Eisenring M, Gessler A, Frei ER, Glauser G, Kammerer B, Moor M, Perret-Gentil A, Wohlgemuth T, Gossner MM. Legacy effects of premature defoliation in response to an extreme drought event modulate phytochemical profiles with subtle consequences for leaf herbivory in European beech. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2495-2509. [PMID: 38641748 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Extreme droughts can have long-lasting effects on forest community dynamics and species interactions. Yet, our understanding of how drought legacy modulates ecological relationships is just unfolding. We tested the hypothesis that leaf chemistry and herbivory show long-term responses to premature defoliation caused by an extreme drought event in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). For two consecutive years after the extreme European summer drought in 2018, we collected leaves from the upper and lower canopy of adjacently growing drought-stressed and unstressed trees. Leaf chemistry was analyzed and leaf damage by different herbivore-feeding guilds was quantified. We found that drought had lasting impacts on leaf nutrients and on specialized metabolomic profiles. However, drought did not affect the primary metabolome. Drought-related phytochemical changes affected damage of leaf-chewing herbivores whereas damage caused by other herbivore-feeding guilds was largely unaffected. Drought legacy effects on phytochemistry and herbivory were often weaker than between-year or between-canopy strata variability. Our findings suggest that a single extreme drought event bears the potential to long-lastingly affect tree-herbivore interactions. Drought legacy effects likely become more important in modulating tree-herbivore interactions since drought frequency and severity are projected to globally increase in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eisenring
- Forest Health & Biotic Interactions, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Esther R Frei
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, Davos, 7260, Switzerland
- Climate Change and Extremes in Alpine Regions Research Centre CERC, Davos, 7260, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, 79014, Germany
| | - Maurice Moor
- Forest Health & Biotic Interactions, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Anouchka Perret-Gentil
- Forest Health & Biotic Interactions, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wohlgemuth
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Martin M Gossner
- Forest Health & Biotic Interactions, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
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Mueller HM, Franzisky BL, Messerer M, Du B, Lux T, White PJ, Carpentier SC, Winkler JB, Schnitzler JP, El-Serehy HA, Al-Rasheid KAS, Al-Harbi N, Alfarraj S, Kudla J, Kangasjärvi J, Reichelt M, Mithöfer A, Mayer KFX, Rennenberg H, Ache P, Hedrich R, Geilfus CM. Integrative multi-omics analyses of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) roots and leaves reveal how the halophyte land plant copes with sea water. THE PLANT GENOME 2024; 17:e20372. [PMID: 37518859 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is able to grow and complete its life cycle while being rooted in highly saline soils. Which of the many well-known salt-tolerance strategies are combined to fine-tune this remarkable resilience is unknown. The precise location, whether in the shoot or the root, where these strategies are employed remains uncertain, leaving us unaware of how the various known salt-tolerance mechanisms are integrated to fine-tune this remarkable resilience. To address this shortcoming, we exposed date palm to a salt stress dose equivalent to seawater for up to 4 weeks and applied integrative multi-omics analyses followed by targeted metabolomics, hormone, and ion analyses. Integration of proteomic into transcriptomic data allowed a view beyond simple correlation, revealing a remarkably high degree of convergence between gene expression and protein abundance. This sheds a clear light on the acclimatization mechanisms employed, which depend on reprogramming of protein biosynthesis. For growth in highly saline habitats, date palm effectively combines various salt-tolerance mechanisms found in both halophytes and glycophytes: "avoidance" by efficient sodium and chloride exclusion at the roots, and "acclimation" by osmotic adjustment, reactive oxygen species scavenging in leaves, and remodeling of the ribosome-associated proteome in salt-exposed root cells. Combined efficiently as in P. dactylifera L., these sets of mechanisms seem to explain the palm's excellent salt stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike M Mueller
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bastian L Franzisky
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Maxim Messerer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Baoguo Du
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, China
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lux
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Sebastien Christian Carpentier
- Facility for SYstems BIOlogy based MAss Spectrometry, SYBIOMA, Proteomics Core Facility, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jana Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joerg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hamed A El-Serehy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Naif Al-Harbi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus F X Mayer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Ache
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
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Lahuta LB, Górecki RJ, Szablińska-Piernik J, Horbowicz M. Changes in the Carbohydrate Profile in Common Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Seedlings Induced by Cold Stress and Dehydration. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050672. [PMID: 37233712 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant species are sensitive to stresses, especially at the seedling stage, and they respond to these conditions by making metabolic changes to counteract the negative effects of this. The objectives of this study were to determine carbohydrate profile in particular organs (roots, hypocotyl, and cotyledons) of common buckwheat seedlings and to verify whether carbohydrate accumulation is similar or not in the organs in response to cold stress and dehydration. Roots, hypocotyl, and cotyledons of common buckwheat seedlings have various saccharide compositions. The highest concentrations of cyclitols, raffinose, and stachyose were found in the hypocotyl, indicating that they may be transported from cotyledons, although this needs further studies. Accumulation of raffinose and stachyose is a strong indicator of the response of all buckwheat organs to introduced cold stress. Besides, cold conditions reduced d-chiro-inositol content, but did not affect d-pinitol level. Enhanced accumulation of raffinose and stachyose were also a distinct response of all organs against dehydration at ambient temperature. The process causes also a large decrease in the content of d-pinitol in buckwheat hypocotyl, which may indicate its transformation to d-chiro-inositol whose content increased at that time. In general, the sucrose and its galactosides in hypocotyl tissues were subject to the highest changes to the applied cold and dehydration conditions compared to the cotyledons and roots. This may indicate tissue differences in the functioning of the protective system(s) against such threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesław B Lahuta
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1a, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ryszard J Górecki
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1a, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Szablińska-Piernik
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1a, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marcin Horbowicz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1a, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Xiong H, Ma H, Zhao H, Yang L, Hu B, Wang J, Shi X, Zhang Y, Rennenberg H. Integrated physiological, proteome and gene expression analyses provide new insights into nitrogen remobilization in citrus trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1628-1645. [PMID: 35225347 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) remobilization is an important physiological process that supports the growth and development of trees. However, in evergreen broad-leaved tree species, such as citrus, the mechanisms of N remobilization are not completely understood. Therefore, we quantified the potential of N remobilization from senescing leaves of spring shoots to mature leaves of autumn shoots of citrus trees under different soil N availabilities and further explored the underlying N metabolism characteristics by physiological, proteome and gene expression analyses. Citrus exposed to low N had an approximately 38% N remobilization efficiency (NRE), whereas citrus exposed to high N had an NRE efficiency of only 4.8%. Integrated physiological, proteomic and gene expression analyses showed that photosynthesis, N and carbohydrate metabolism interact with N remobilization. The improvement of N metabolism and photosynthesis, the accumulation of proline and arginine, and delayed degradation of storage protein in senescing leaves are the result of sufficient N supply and low N remobilization. Proteome further showed that energy generation proteins and glutamate synthase were hub proteins affecting N remobilization. In addition, N requirement of mature leaves is likely met by soil supply at high N nutrition, thereby resulting in low N remobilization. These results provide insight into N remobilization mechanisms of citrus that are of significance for N fertilizer management in orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaye Xiong
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Haotian Ma
- Health Science Center, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huanyu Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Linsheng Yang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yueqiang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Varela D, Romeiras MM, Silva L. Implications of climate change on the distribution and conservation of Cabo Verde endemic trees. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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