1
|
Kim YR, Han JY, Choi YE. A Pinus strobus transcription factor PsbHLH1 activates the production of pinosylvin stilbenoids in transgenic Pinus koraiensis calli and tobacco leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1342626. [PMID: 38304739 PMCID: PMC10830828 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1342626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) play an important role in regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In Pinus strobus, the level of methylated derivatives of pinosylvin is significantly increased upon pine wood nematode (PWN) infection, and these compounds are highly toxic to PWNs. In a previous study, we found that the expression of a basic helix-loop-helix TF gene, PsbHLH1, strongly increased in P. strobus plants after infection with PWNs. In this study, we elucidated the regulatory role of the PsbHLH1 gene in the production of methylated derivatives of pinosylvin such as pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PME) and dihydropinoylvin monomethyl ether (DPME). When PsbHLH1 was overexpressed in Pinus koraiensis calli, the production of PME and DPME was significantly increased. Overexpression of the stilbene synthase (PsSTS) and pinosylvin methyl transferase (PsPMT) genes, known as key enzymes for the biosynthesis of methylated pinosylvins, did not change PME or DPME production. Moreover, PME and DPME were not produced in tobacco leaves when the PsSTS and PsPMT genes were transiently coexpressed. However, the transient expression of three genes, PsSTS, PsPMT, and PsbHLH1, resulted in the production of PME and DPME in tobacco leaves. These results prove that PsbHLH1 is an important TF for the pinosylvin stilbene biosynthesis in pine plants and plays a regulatory role in the engineered production of PME and DPME in tobacco plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Eui Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paasela T, Lim KJ, Pavicic M, Harju A, Venäläinen M, Paulin L, Auvinen P, Kärkkäinen K, Teeri TH. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Novel Regulators of the Scots Pine Stilbene Pathway. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1204-1219. [PMID: 37674261 PMCID: PMC10579783 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Stilbenes accumulate in Scots pine heartwood where they have important roles in protecting wood from decaying fungi. They are also part of active defense responses, and their production is induced by different (a)biotic stressors. The specific transcriptional regulators as well as the enzyme responsible for activating the stilbene precursor cinnamate in the pathway are still unknown. UV-C radiation was the first discovered artificial stress activator of the pathway. Here, we describe a large-scale transcriptomic analysis of pine needles in response to UV-C and treatment with translational inhibitors, both activating the transcription of stilbene pathway genes. We used the data to identify putative candidates for the missing CoA ligase and for pathway regulators. We further showed that the pathway is transcriptionally activated by phosphatase inhibitor, ethylene and jasmonate treatments, as in grapevine, and that the stilbene synthase promoter retains its inducibility in some of the tested conditions in Arabidopsis, a species that normally does not synthesize stilbenes. Shared features between gymnosperm and angiosperm regulation and partially retained inducibility in Arabidopsis suggest that pathway regulation occurs not only via ancient stress-response pathway(s) but also via species-specific regulators. Understanding which genes control the biosynthesis of stilbenes in Scots pine aids breeding of more resistant trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kean-Jin Lim
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Mirko Pavicic
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Anni Harju
- Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Vipusenkuja 5, Savonlinna 57200, Finland
| | - Martti Venäläinen
- Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Vipusenkuja 5, Savonlinna 57200, Finland
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Katri Kärkkäinen
- Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Paavo Havaksentie 3, Oulu 90570, Finland
| | - Teemu H Teeri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu J, Du R, Wang Y, Chen J. Wound-Induced Temporal Reprogramming of Gene Expression during Agarwood Formation in Aquilaria sinensis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2901. [PMID: 37631113 PMCID: PMC10459772 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood is a resinous heartwood of Aquilaria sinensis that is formed in response to mechanical wounding. However, the transcriptional response of A. sinensis to mechanical wounding during the agarwood formation process is still unclear. Here, three five-year-old A. sinensis trees were mechanically damaged by a chisel, and time-series transcriptomic analysis of xylem tissues in the treated area (TA) was performed at 15 (TA1), 70 (TA2) and 180 days after treatment (TA3). Samples from untreated areas at the corresponding time points (UA1, UA2, UA3, respectively) were collected as controls. A total of 1862 (TA1 vs. UA1), 961 (TA2 vs. UA2), 1370 (TA3 vs. UA3), 3305 (TA2 vs. TA1), 2625 (TA3 vs. TA1), 2899 (TA3 vs. TA2), 782 (UA2 vs. UA1), 4443 (UA3 vs. UA1) and 4031 (UA3 vs. UA2) genes were differentially expressed (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched for secondary metabolic processes, signal transduction and transcriptional regulation processes. Most of the genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were more abundant in the TA groups, which included phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate CoA ligase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase. DEGs involved in sesquiterpene biosynthesis were also identified. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, phosphomevalonate kinase and terpene synthase genes were significantly increased in the TA groups, promoting sesquiterpene biosynthesis in the wounded xylem tissues. The TF-gene transcriptomic networks suggested that MYB DNA-binding, NAM, WRKY, HLH and AP2 TFs co-expressed with genes related to lignin and sesquiterpene synthesis, indicating their critical regulatory roles in the biosynthesis of these compounds. Overall, our study reveals a dynamic transcriptional response of A. sinensis to mechanical wounding, provides a resource for identifying candidate genes for molecular breeding of agarwood quality, and sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of agarwood formation in A. sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Xu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China; (J.X.); (R.D.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ruyue Du
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China; (J.X.); (R.D.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China; (J.X.); (R.D.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China; (J.X.); (R.D.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Piacentini D, Della Rovere F, D’Angeli S, Fattorini L, Falasca G, Betti C, Altamura MM. Convergence between Development and Stress: Ectopic Xylem Formation in Arabidopsis Hypocotyl in Response to 24-Epibrassinolide and Cadmium. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3278. [PMID: 36501318 PMCID: PMC9739498 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic xylary element (EXE) formation in planta is a poorly investigated process, and it is unknown if it occurs as a response to the soil pollutant Cadmium (Cd). The pericycle cells of Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyl give rise to EXEs under specific hormonal inputs. Cadmium triggers pericycle responses, but its role in EXE formation is unknown. Brassinosteroids (BRs) affect numerous developmental events, including xylogenesis in vitro, and their exogenous application by 24-epibrassinolide (eBL) helps to alleviate Cd-stress by increasing lateral/adventitious rooting. Epibrassinolide's effects on EXEs in planta are unknown, as well as its relationship with Cd in the control of the process. The research aims to establish an eBL role in pericycle EXE formation, a Cd role in the same process, and the possible interaction between the two. Results show that 1 nM eBL causes an identity reversal between the metaxylem and protoxylem within the stele, and its combination with Cd reduces the event. All eBL concentrations increase EXEs, also affecting xylary identity by changing from protoxylem to metaxylem in a concentration-dependent manner. Cadmium does not affect EXE identity but increases EXEs when combined with eBL. The results suggest that eBL produces EXEs to form a mechanical barrier against the pollutant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Piacentini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simone D’Angeli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Fattorini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Falasca
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Betti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nematicidal Properties and Chemical Composition of Pinus rigida Mill. Resin against Pinewood Nematodes. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) is native to North America and has a strong resistance to pine wood nematodes (PWNs). The PWN resistance mechanism of this tree species has yet to be discovered. In this work, we found that the spreading of inoculated PWNs in the branch of P. rigida was significantly suppressed compared to those in the branches of Pinus densiflora (Sieb. et Zucc.) and Pinus koraiensis (Sieb. et Zucc.). Dipping of PWNs in the resins isolated from P. rigida significantly suppressed the PWN mobility and conferred significantly higher PWN mortality compared to those in the resins from P. densiflora and P. koraiensis. All PWNs dipped in P. rigida resin were killed after six days, but more than 50% of the PWNs dipped in the resin from P. densiflora, and P. koraiensis were still alive after six days. The phytochemical analysis of resins revealed that P. rigida resin contained little or no amount of sesquiterpenes compared to those from P. densiflora and P. koraiensis. However, P. rigida resin contained rich amounts of diterpenes, among which dehydroabietic aldehyde, methyl dehydroabietate, and methyl abietate were uniquely detected. Particularly, two pinosylvin stilbenes (trans and cis-3,5-dimethoxystilbene) were accumulated in P. rigida resin, which were not detected in the resins from P. densiflora and P. koraiensis. cis-3,5-Dimethoxystilbene showed high nematicidal activity but not in trans-3,5-dimethoxystilbene. Conclusively, PWN resistance of P. rigida may be due to the toxic chemicals in the resin, in which cis-3,5-dimethoxystilbene may contribute to PWN toxicity. This work is the first demonstration that resin from PWN-resistant P. rigida directly affected PWN mobility and mortality, probably due to toxic phytochemicals in the resin.
Collapse
|
6
|
Somatic Embryogenesis of Pinus sylvestris L. from Parent Genotypes with High- and Low Stilbene Content in Their Heartwood. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The increasing concern about ecological impacts of wood preservation chemicals has raised the interest in the natural durability of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) heartwood. Phenolic compounds—stilbenes—have been found to inhibit fungal growth, making heartwood more resistant to decay. There is a strong genetic component in the stilbene content of the heartwood in Scots pine, with a positive correlation between stilbene content in the heartwood of mother trees and their progenies. Vegetative propagation, i.e., somatic embryogenesis (SE) of Scots pine genotypes with high content of stilbenes could provide a way to produce more durable timber, assuming that there is no trade-off between SE propagation and capacity for high stilbene synthesis. To study this, we made SE initiations from parent genotypes with high and low content of stilbenes in their heartwood, using seed embryos from both open-pollinations and controlled crossings as explants. The success of SE was followed from initiation to embling acclimatization, together with measurements of stilbene content in the explants and the established SE lines. The results show that SE can be induced and emblings regenerated from trees with both high and low content of stilbene. Content of stilbenes was generally low in SE cultures and varied widely among the lines. Following the successful initiation, the later phases of SE propagation proceeded with no connection to the parent genotypes or the stilbene level of the ECs and had large variation among SE-lines.
Collapse
|
7
|
Koo HB, Hwang HS, Han JY, Cheong EJ, Kwon YS, Choi YE. Enhanced production of pinosylvin stilbene with aging of Pinus strobus callus and nematicidal activity of callus extracts against pinewood nematodes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:770. [PMID: 35031682 PMCID: PMC8760238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinosylvin stilbenes are phenolic compounds mainly occurring in the Pinaceae family. We previously reported that the accumulation of two pinosylvin stilbene compounds, dihydropinosylvin methyl ether (DPME) and pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PME), in Pinus strobus trees was highly enhanced by infection with pine wood nematodes (PWNs: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), and these two compounds showed strong nematicidal activity against PWNs. In this work, we established a system of pinosylvin stilbene (DPME and PME) production via the in vitro culture of P. strobus calli, and we examined the nematicidal activity of callus extracts. Calli were induced from the culture of mature zygotic embryos of P. strobus. Optimized growth of calli was obtained in 1/2 Litvay medium with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BA. DPME and PME accumulation did not occur in nonaged (one-month-old) calli but increased greatly with prolonged callus culture. The concentrations of DPME and PME in three-month-old dark-brown calli were 6.4 mg/g DW and 0.28 mg/g DW, respectively. The effect of methyl jasmonate treatment on the accumulation of DPME and PME was evaluated in cell suspension culture of P. strobus. However, the treatment appeared to show slight increase of DPME accumulation compared to callus browning. A test solution prepared from crude ethanol extracts from aged calli (three months old) containing 120 µg/ml DPME and 5.16 µg/ml PME treated with PWNs resulted in 100% immobilization of the adult PWNs and 66.7% immobilization of the juvenile PWNs within 24 h. However, nonaged callus extracts did not show any nematicidal activity against juvenile PWNs and showed less than 20% nematicidal activity against adult PWNs. These results indicate that pinosylvin stilbenes can be effectively produced by prolonged culture of P. strobus calli, can be isolated using simple ethanolic extraction, and are applicable as beneficial eco-friendly compounds with nematicidal activity against PWNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Bin Koo
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Su Hwang
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Han
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cheong
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Eui Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hwang HS, Han JY, Choi YE. Enhanced accumulation of pinosylvin stilbenes and related gene expression in Pinus strobus after infection of pine wood nematode. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1972-1987. [PMID: 33891091 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pine wood nematodes (PWNs; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) infect pine trees and cause serious pine wilt disease. Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) has resistance to PWN. However, the detailed defense mechanisms of P. strobus against PWN are not well known. When P. strobus plants were infected with PWNs, the accumulation of stilbenoids, dihydropinosylvin monomethyl ether (DPME) and pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PME) was increased remarkably. Both DPME and PME had high nematicidal activity. The nematicidal activity of the two compounds was resulted in a developmental stage-dependent manner. Pinosylvin monomethyl ether was more toxic to adult PWNs than juveniles, whereas DPME was found more toxic to juvenile PWNs than the adults. The genes involved in PME and DPME biosynthesis such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), pinosylvin synthase (STS) and pinosylvin O-methyltransferase (PMT) were isolated using de novo sequencing of the transcriptome in P. strobus. In addition, transcription factors (TFs; bHLH, MYB and WRKY) related to stilbene biosynthesis were isolated. qPCR analyses of the selected genes (PAL, 4CL, STS and PMT) including TFs (bHLH, MYB and WRKY) revealed that the expression level of the selected genes highly enhanced after PWN infection. Our results suggest that pinosylvin-type stilbenoid biosynthesis is highly responsive to PWN infection and plays an important role in PWN resistance of P. strobus trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Su Hwang
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Han
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Eui Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Belt T, Venäläinen M, Altgen M, Harju A, Rautkari L. Extractive concentrations and cellular-level distributions change radially from outer to inner heartwood in Scots pine. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1034-1045. [PMID: 33291149 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The heartwood of many wood species is rich in extractives, which improve the wood material's resistance to biological attack. Their concentration is generally higher in outer than inner heartwood, but the exact radial changes in aging heartwood remain poorly characterized. This investigation studied these radial changes in detail in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), using radial sample sequences prepared from three different trees. Stilbene and resin acid contents were first measured from bulk samples, after which the extractive contents of individual heartwood annual rings were investigated using Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Raman imaging and fluorescence microscopy were also used to study the cellular-level distributions of extractives in different annual rings. Although there were substantial differences between the trees, the content and distribution of stilbenes seemed to follow a general radial trend. The results suggest that stilbenes are absorbed into heartwood tracheid cell walls from small stilbene-rich extractive deposits over several years and then eventually transform into non-extractable compounds in aging heartwood. Resin acids followed no consistent radial trends, but their content was strongly connected to the frequency of large extractive deposits in latewood tracheid lumens. The results highlight the variability of heartwood extractives: their content and distribution vary not only between trees but also between and even within the annual rings of a single tree. This high variability is likely to have important effects on the properties of heartwood and the utilization of heartwood timber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Belt
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Tietotie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, PO Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Martti Venäläinen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Vipusenkuja 5, 57200 Savonlinna, Finland
| | - Michael Altgen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, PO Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department of Biology, Institute of Wood Science, Wood Physics, Universität Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91 c, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anni Harju
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Vipusenkuja 5, 57200 Savonlinna, Finland
| | - Lauri Rautkari
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, PO Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A transcriptomic view to wounding response in young Scots pine stems. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3778. [PMID: 33580160 PMCID: PMC7881122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the stress response of five-year-old Scots pine xylem to mechanical wounding using RNA sequencing. In general, we observed a bimodal response in pine xylem after wounding. Transcripts associated with water deficit stress, defence, and cell wall modification were induced at the earliest time point of three hours; at the same time, growth-related processes were down-regulated. A second temporal wave was triggered either at the middle and/or at the late time points (one and four days). Secondary metabolism, such as stilbene and lignan biosynthesis started one day after wounding. Scots pine synthesises the stilbenes pinosylvin and its monomethyl ether both as constitutive and induced defence compounds. Stilbene biosynthesis is induced by wounding, pathogens and UV stress, but is also developmentally regulated when heartwood is formed. Comparison of wounding responses to heartwood formation shows that many induced processes (in addition to stilbene biosynthesis) are similar and relate to defence or desiccation stress, but often specific transcripts are up-regulated in the developmental and wounding induced contexts. Pine resin biosynthesis was not induced in response to wounding, at least not during the first four days.
Collapse
|
11
|
Extractives of Stemwood and Sawmill Residues of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) for Biorefining in Four Climatic Regions in Finland—Phenolic and Resin Acid Compounds. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify and quantify phenolic and resin acid extractive compounds in Scots pine stemwood and sawmill residues in four climatic regions of Finland to evaluate their most optimal sources for bio-based chemical biorefining and bioenergy products. The sample consisted of 140 trees from 28 stands, and sawdust lots from 11 log stands. NMR for the overall extractive analysis and HPLC for the quantitative estimation of phenolic and resin acid compounds were employed. Correlation analysis, multivariate factor analysis, principle component analysis and multiple linear regression modelling were applied for statistical analysis. HPLC identified 12 extractive compounds and NMR five more resin acids. Pinosylvin (PS), pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PSMME), and partly neolignans/lignans occurred in the largest concentrations. Wood type caused the most variation, heartwood having larger concentrations than sapwood (sawdust between them). Regional differences in the concentrations were smaller, but factor analysis distinguished the northern and the southern regions into their own groups. The results indicated higher concentrations of PS, PSMME, and vanillic acid in southern regions and those of, e.g., PSMME glycoside, lignan 2, and neolignan 1 in northern regions. The rather low concentrations of extractives in stemwood and sawdust imply value-added products, efficient sorting and/or large raw material volumes.
Collapse
|
12
|
Jeandet P, Vannozzi A, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Uddin MS, Bru R, Martínez-Márquez A, Clément C, Cordelier S, Manayi A, Nabavi SF, Rasekhian M, El-Saber Batiha G, Khan H, Morkunas I, Belwal T, Jiang J, Koffas M, Nabavi SM. Phytostilbenes as agrochemicals: biosynthesis, bioactivity, metabolic engineering and biotechnology. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1282-1329. [PMID: 33351014 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00030b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1976 to 2020. Although constituting a limited chemical family, phytostilbenes represent an emblematic group of molecules among natural compounds. Ever since their discovery as antifungal compounds in plants and their ascribed role in human health and disease, phytostilbenes have never ceased to arouse interest for researchers, leading to a huge development of the literature in this field. Owing to this, the number of references to this class of compounds has reached the tens of thousands. The objective of this article is thus to offer an overview of the different aspects of these compounds through a large bibliography analysis of more than 500 articles. All the aspects regarding phytostilbenes will be covered including their chemistry and biochemistry, regulation of their biosynthesis, biological activities in plants, molecular engineering of stilbene pathways in plants and microbes as well as their biotechnological production by plant cell systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit "Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection", EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France.
| | - Alessandro Vannozzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain and Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Chile
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh and Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Roque Bru
- Plant Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ascension Martínez-Márquez
- Plant Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Christophe Clément
- Research Unit "Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection", EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France.
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- Research Unit "Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection", EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France.
| | - Azadeh Manayi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417614411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14359-16471, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rasekhian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tarun Belwal
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Hangzhou 310058, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjie Jiang
- Dorothy and Fred Chau '71 Constellation Professor, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Room 4005D, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Mattheos Koffas
- Dorothy and Fred Chau '71 Constellation Professor, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Room 4005D, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14359-16471, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wongshaya P, Chayjarung P, Tothong C, Pilaisangsuree V, Somboon T, Kongbangkerd A, Limmongkon A. Effect of light and mechanical stress in combination with chemical elicitors on the production of stilbene compounds and defensive responses in peanut hairy root culture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:93-104. [PMID: 33096514 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants encounter diverse stressors simultaneously with changing environmental factors. The combined effect of different types of stresses can have a wide range of effects on plants. The present study demonstrated that various stress factors such as the combination of chemical elicitors, namely paraquat (PQ), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (CD), light exposure versus darkness, and mechanical shearing stress affected the defence response in peanut hairy root culture. The antioxidant activities were dramatically increased at all time points after hairy roots were subjected to elicitation with PQ + MeJA + CD under root cutting in both light and dark conditions. The stilbene compounds were highly increased in the culture medium after elicitor treatment of uncut hairy roots under dark conditions. In contrast to the high stilbene contents detected in culture medium under dark conditions, the transcription of the stilbene biosynthesis genes PAL, RS and RS3 was enhanced by the effect of light in uncut hairy root tissues. The antioxidant enzyme genes APX, GPX and CuZn-SOD of uncut and cut hairy roots were more highly expressed in light conditions than in dark conditions. The pathogenesis-related protein (PR)-encoding genes chitinase, PR4A, PR5 and PR10 of uncut hairy roots were highly expressed in response to light conditions compared to dark conditions at all time points. Recent evidence of the production of antioxidant stilbene compounds and defence response genes has implicated plant protective functions through defence responses under different stress challenges. Plant responses might therefore be regulated by the coordination of different signal responses through dynamic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pakwuan Wongshaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Phadtraphorn Chayjarung
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Chonnikan Tothong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Vijakhana Pilaisangsuree
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Thapakorn Somboon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Anupan Kongbangkerd
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Apinun Limmongkon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Assunção M, Santos C, Brazão J, Eiras-Dias JE, Fevereiro P. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying graft success in grapevine. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:396. [PMID: 31510937 PMCID: PMC6737599 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grafting is an intensive commercial practice required to protect the European grapevine against the Phylloxera pest. Rootstocks resistant to this pest are hybrids of American vine species with different levels of compatibility with European Vitis vinifera varieties. Aiming to understand what drives grafting compatibility in grapevine, a transcriptomic approach was used to search for master regulators of graft success. Two scion/rootstock combinations, with different levels of compatibility, were compared in a nursery-grafting context at two stages, at 21 and 80 days after grafting. RESULTS In the most compatible combination, an earlier and higher expression of genes signaling the metabolic and hormonal pathways as well as a reduced expression of genes of the phenolic metabolism and of the oxidative stress response was observed. At 80 days after grafting a higher expression of transcription factors regulating vascular maintenance, differentiation and proliferation was obtained in the most compatible combination. Moreover, lower expression levels of microRNAs potentially targeting important transcription factors related to plant development was observed in the more compatible combination when compared to the less compatible one. CONCLUSION In this context, a set of regulators was selected as potential expression markers for early prediction of a compatible grafting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Assunção
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - C. Santos
- Genetics and Genomics of Plant Complex Traits (PlantX) Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - J. Brazão
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (Biotechnology and Genetic Genetic Resources Unit) INIAV-Dois Portos, Quinta da Almoínha, 2565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - J. E. Eiras-Dias
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (Biotechnology and Genetic Genetic Resources Unit) INIAV-Dois Portos, Quinta da Almoínha, 2565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - P. Fevereiro
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Assunção M, Santos C, Brazão J, Eiras-Dias JE, Fevereiro P. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying graft success in grapevine. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:396. [PMID: 31510937 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1967-1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grafting is an intensive commercial practice required to protect the European grapevine against the Phylloxera pest. Rootstocks resistant to this pest are hybrids of American vine species with different levels of compatibility with European Vitis vinifera varieties. Aiming to understand what drives grafting compatibility in grapevine, a transcriptomic approach was used to search for master regulators of graft success. Two scion/rootstock combinations, with different levels of compatibility, were compared in a nursery-grafting context at two stages, at 21 and 80 days after grafting. RESULTS In the most compatible combination, an earlier and higher expression of genes signaling the metabolic and hormonal pathways as well as a reduced expression of genes of the phenolic metabolism and of the oxidative stress response was observed. At 80 days after grafting a higher expression of transcription factors regulating vascular maintenance, differentiation and proliferation was obtained in the most compatible combination. Moreover, lower expression levels of microRNAs potentially targeting important transcription factors related to plant development was observed in the more compatible combination when compared to the less compatible one. CONCLUSION In this context, a set of regulators was selected as potential expression markers for early prediction of a compatible grafting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Assunção
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - C Santos
- Genetics and Genomics of Plant Complex Traits (PlantX) Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - J Brazão
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (Biotechnology and Genetic Genetic Resources Unit) INIAV-Dois Portos, Quinta da Almoínha, 2565-191, Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - J E Eiras-Dias
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (Biotechnology and Genetic Genetic Resources Unit) INIAV-Dois Portos, Quinta da Almoínha, 2565-191, Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - P Fevereiro
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nybakken L, Lie MH, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Asplund J, Ohlson M. Fertilization Changes Chemical Defense in Needles of Mature Norway Spruce ( Picea abies). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:770. [PMID: 29930566 PMCID: PMC6000156 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen availability limits growth in most boreal forests. However, parts of the boreal zone receive significant levels of nitrogen deposition. At the same time, forests are fertilized to increase volume growth and carbon sequestration. No matter the source, increasing nitrogen in the boreal forest ecosystem will influence the resource situation for its primary producers, the plants, with possible implications for their defensive chemistry. In general, fertilization reduces phenolic compound concentrations in trees, but existing evidence mainly comes from studies on young plants. Given the role of the phenolic compounds in protection against herbivores and other forest pests, it is important to know if phenolics are reduced with fertilization also in mature trees. The evergreen Norway spruce is long-lived, and it is reasonable that defensive strategies could change from the juvenile to the reproductive and mature phases. In addition, as the needles are kept for several years, defense could also change with needle age. We sampled current and previous year needles from an N fertilization experiment in a Norway spruce forest landscape in south-central Norway to which N had been added annually for 13 years. We analyzed total nitrogen (N) and carbon (C), as well as low-molecular phenolics and condensed tannins. Needles from fertilized trees had higher N than those from controls plots, and fertilization decreased concentrations of many flavonoids, as well as condensed tannins in current year needles. In previous year needles, some stilbenes and condensed tannins were higher in fertilized trees. In control trees, the total phenolic concentration was almost five times as high in previous year needles compared with those from the current year, and there were great compositional differences. Previous year needles contained highest concentrations of acetophenone and stilbenes, while in the current year needles the flavonoids, and especially coumaroyl-astragalins dominated. Condensed tannins did not differ between current and previous year needles from control trees. In conclusion, the phenolic defense of current year needles of mature P.abies trees was strongly changed upon fertilization. This may imply that nitrogen deposition and forest fertilization leave forests less robust in a time when pests may take advantages of a changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Line Nybakken
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Akershus, Norway
| | - Marit H. Lie
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Akershus, Norway
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Johan Asplund
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Akershus, Norway
| | - Mikael Ohlson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Akershus, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dubrovina AS, Kiselev KV. Regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plants. PLANTA 2017; 246:597-623. [PMID: 28685295 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2730-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review analyzes the advances in understanding the natural signaling pathways and environmental factors regulating stilbene biosynthesis. We also discuss the studies reporting on stilbene content and repertoire in plants. Stilbenes, including the most-studied stilbene resveratrol, are a family of phenolic plant secondary metabolites that have been the subject of intensive research due to their valuable pharmaceutical effects and contribution to plant disease resistance. Understanding the natural mechanisms regulating stilbene biosynthesis in plants could be useful for both the development of new plant protection strategies and for commercial stilbene production. In this review, we focus on the environmental factors and cell signaling pathways regulating stilbene biosynthesis in plants and make a comparison with the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. This review also analyzes the recent data on stilbene biosynthetic genes and summarizes the available studies reporting on both stilbene content and stilbene composition in different plant families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Dubrovina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
| | - K V Kiselev
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, The School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690090, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Paasela T, Lim KJ, Pietiäinen M, Teeri TH. The O-methyltransferase PMT2 mediates methylation of pinosylvin in Scots pine. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1537-1550. [PMID: 28248427 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heartwood extractives are important determinants of the natural durability of pine heartwood. The most important phenolic compounds affecting durability are the stilbenes pinosylvin and its monomethylether, which in addition have important functions as phytoalexins in active defense. A substantial portion of the synthesized pinosylvin is 3-methoxylated but the O-methyltransferase responsible for this modification has not been correctly identified. We studied the expression of the stilbene pathway during heartwood development as well as in response to wounding of xylem and UV-C treatment of needles. We isolated and enzymatically characterized a novel O-methyltransferase, PMT2. The methylated product was verified as pinosylvin monomethylether using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography analyses. The PMT2 enzyme was highly specific for stilbenes as substrate, in contrast to caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) and PMT1 that were multifunctional. Expression profile and multifunctional activity of CCoAOMT suggest that it might have additional roles outside lignin biosynthesis. PMT1 is not involved in the stilbene pathway and its biological function remains an open question. We isolated a new specific O-methyltransferase responsible for 3-methoxylation of pinosylvin. Expression of PMT2 closely follows stilbene biosynthesis during developmental and stress induction. We propose that PMT2 is responsible for pinosylvin methylation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), instead of the previously characterized methyltransferase, PMT1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Paasela
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Kean-Jin Lim
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Milla Pietiäinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Teemu H Teeri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|