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Kirker GT, Hassan B, Mankowski ME, Eller FJ. Critical Review on the Use of Extractives of Naturally Durable Woods as Natural Wood Protectants. Insects 2024; 15:69. [PMID: 38249075 PMCID: PMC10816604 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Naturally durable wood pre-dates preservative-treated wood and has been demonstrated to offer a suitable service life for certain applications where preservative-treated wood is not feasible. Heartwood extractives have been demonstrated to impart bio-deteriorative resistance to naturally durable wood species. These extractives are typically found in the heartwood of living trees and are produced either by the death of parenchyma cells or as the result of external stimuli. The mechanisms of natural durability are not well understood, as heartwood extractives can be extremely variable in their distribution, composition, and efficacy in both living and harvested trees. The underlying complexity of heartwood extractives has hindered their standardization in residential building codes for use as wood preservatives. The use of naturally durable lumber is not always feasible, as woods with exceptionally durable heartwood do not typically yield lumber with acceptable machining properties. A potential approach to overcome the inherent difficulty in establishing guidelines for the appropriate use of naturally durable wood is to focus solely on the extractives as a source of bioactive protectants based on the strategies used on living and dead wood to repel the agents of biodeterioration. This critical review summarizes the relevant literature on naturally durable woods, their extractives, and their potential use as bio-inspired wood protectants. An additional discussion will be aimed at underscoring the past difficulties in adopting this approach and how to overcome the future hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant T. Kirker
- Durability and Wood Protection, USDA-FS Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Babar Hassan
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 50 Evans Road, Salisbury, QLD 4107, Australia;
| | - Mark E. Mankowski
- Durability and Wood Protection, USDA-FS Forest Products Laboratory, Starkville, MS 39759, USA;
| | - Fred J. Eller
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Functional Foods Research, 1815 N University, Peoria, IL 61604, USA;
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Jurczyková T, Šárovec O, Kačík F, Hájková K, Jurczyk T, Hrčka R. Chromophores' Contribution to Color Changes of Thermally Modified Tropical Wood Species. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4000. [PMID: 37836049 PMCID: PMC10574906 DOI: 10.3390/polym15194000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This work examines the effect of thermal modification temperature (180, 200, and 220 °C) in comparison with reference (untreated) samples on selected optical properties of six tropical wood species-Sp. cedar (Cedrala odorata), iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), merbau (Intsia spp.), meranti (Shorea spp.), padouk (Pterocarpus soyauxii), and teak (Tectona grandis). The main goal is to expand the existing knowledge in the field of wood thermal modification by understanding the related degradation mechanisms associated with the formation of chromophoric structures and, above all, to focus on the change in the content of extractive substances. For solid wood, the CIELAB color space parameters (L*, a*, b*, and ΔE*), yellowness (Y), ISO brightness, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra were obtained. Subsequently, these wood samples were extracted into three individual solvents (acetone, ethanol, and ethanol-toluene). The yields of the extracted compounds, their absorption spectra, and again L*, a*, b*, ΔE*, and Yi parameters were determined. With increasing temperatures, the samples lose brightness and darken, while their total color difference grows (except merbau). The highest yield of extractives (mainly phenolic compounds, glycosides, and dyes) from thermally modified samples was usually obtained using ethanol. New types of extractives (e.g., 2-furaldehyde, lactones, formic acid, some monomer derivatives of phenols, etc.) are already created around a temperature of 180 °C and may undergo condensation reactions at higher temperatures. For padouk, merbau, teak, and partially iroko modified at temperatures of 200 and 220 °C, there was a detected similarity in the intensities of their UV-Vis DR spectra at the wavelength regions corresponding to phenolic aldehydes, unsaturated ketones, quinones, stilbenes, and other conjugated carbonyl structures. Overall, a statistical assessment using PCA sorted the samples into five clusters. Cluster 3 consists of almost all samples modified at 200 and 220 °C, and in the other four, the reference and thermally modified samples at 180 °C were distributed. The yellowness of wood (Y) has a very high dependence (r = 0.972) on its brightness (L*) and the yellowness index of the extractives in acetone Yi(Ac), whose relationship was described by the equation Y = -0.0951 × Y(Ac) + 23.3485.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Jurczyková
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Science Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (O.Š.); (K.H.)
| | - Ondřej Šárovec
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Science Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (O.Š.); (K.H.)
| | - František Kačík
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia;
| | - Kateřina Hájková
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Science Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (O.Š.); (K.H.)
| | - Tomáš Jurczyk
- TIBCO Software s.r.o., Klimentská 1216/46, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Richard Hrčka
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia;
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Molokoane TL, Kemboi D, Siwe-Noundou X, Famuyide IM, McGaw LJ, Tembu VJ. Extractives from Artemisia afra with Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Fungal Properties. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3369. [PMID: 37836110 PMCID: PMC10574767 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites were isolated using chromatographic techniques after being extracted sequentially from the roots of Artemisia afra using organic solvents such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-hexane. The isolated compounds were evaluated for anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and cytotoxicity activities. Spectroscopic techniques, including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), were used to elucidate the structures of the isolated compounds. The phytochemical investigation of A. afra led to the isolation of eight (A-H) compounds which were identified as 3β-taraxerol (A), 3β-taraxerol acetate (B), dodecyl-p-coumarate (C), ferulic acid (D), scopoletin (E), sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (F), 3,5-di-O-feruloylquinic acid (G) and Isofraxidin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (H) based on spectroscopic data. Compounds A, B, C, F, G, and H are known but were isolated for the first time from the roots of A. afra. The isolated compounds and extracts from A. afra exhibited good anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activity with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate crude extracts (0.078 mg/mL) and compound E (62.5 µg/mL) showed good activities against Escherichia coli. Compounds C and F also showed good activity against Enterococcus faecalis with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 62.5 and 31.25 µg/mL, respectively. Extracts and compounds (A-H) exhibited anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties and showed no toxicity when tested on Vero monkey kidney (Vero) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tumelo L. Molokoane
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Douglas Kemboi
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kabianga, Kericho 2030, Kenya
| | - Xavier Siwe-Noundou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa;
| | - Ibukun M. Famuyide
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (I.M.F.); (L.J.M.)
| | - Lyndy J. McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (I.M.F.); (L.J.M.)
| | - Vuyelwa J. Tembu
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
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Yu Z, Xu D, Hu J, Chang S, Liu G, Huang Q, Han J, Li T, Liu Y, Wang X(A. Improving the Autofluorescence of Lophira alata Woody Cells via the Removal of Extractives. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3269. [PMID: 37571163 PMCID: PMC10422229 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The autofluorescence phenomenon is an inherent characteristic of lignified cells. However, in the case of Lophira alata (L. alata), the autofluorescence is nearly imperceptible during occasional fluorescence observations. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism behind the quenching of lignin's autofluorescence in L. alata by conducting associated experiments. Notably, the autofluorescence image of L. alata observed using optical microscopy appears to be quite indistinct. Abundant extractives are found in the longitudinal parenchyma, fibers, and vessels of L. alata. Remarkably, when subjected to a benzene-alcohol extraction treatment, the autofluorescence of L. alata becomes progressively enhanced under a fluorescence microscope. Additionally, UV-Vis absorption spectra demonstrate that the extractives derived from L. alata exhibit strong light absorption within the wavelength range of 200-500 nm. This suggests that the abundant extractives in L. alata are probably responsible for the autofluorescence quenching observed in the cell walls. Moreover, the presence and quantity of these extractives have a significant impact on the fluorescence intensity of lignin in wood, resulting in a significant decrease therein. In future studies, it would be interesting to explore the role of complex compounds such as polyphenols or terpenoids, which are present in the abundant extractives, in interfering with the fluorescence quenching of lignin in L. alata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China (G.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Dongnian Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China (G.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Jinbo Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China (G.L.); (J.H.)
- Department of Research and Development Center, Yihua Lifestyle Technology Co., Ltd., Shantou 515834, China
- Hunan Taohuajiang Bamboo Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Taojiang 413400, China
| | - Shanshan Chang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China (G.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Gonggang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China (G.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Qiongtao Huang
- Department of Research and Development Center, Yihua Lifestyle Technology Co., Ltd., Shantou 515834, China
| | - Jin Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China (G.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Ting Li
- Hunan Taohuajiang Bamboo Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Taojiang 413400, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China (G.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Xiaodong (Alice) Wang
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Faleva AV, Ul'yanovskii NV, Onuchina AA, Falev DI, Kosyakov DS. Comprehensive Characterization of Secondary Metabolites in Fruits and Leaves of Cloudberry ( Rubus chamaemorus L.). Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050598. [PMID: 37233639 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) is a circumpolar boreal plant rich in bioactive compounds and is widely used in food and in folk medicine. In this study, a combination of two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for the comprehensive characterization of secondary metabolites in cloudberry lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts. Special attention was paid to the leaf extractives, which are highly enriched in polyphenolic compounds, the content of which reaches 19% in the extract (in gallic acid equivalent). The chemical composition of the polyphenolic fraction is represented mainly by the glycosylated derivatives of flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic (primarily caffeic), gallic (including the structure of galloyl ascorbate) and ellagic acids, catechin, and procyanidins. The contents of aglycones in the polyphenolic fraction were 64 and 100 mg g-1 for flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids, respectively, while the content of free caffeic acid was 1.2 mg g-1. This determines the exceptionally high antioxidant activity of this fraction (750 mg g-1 in gallic acid equivalent) and the ability to scavenge superoxide anion radicals, which is 60% higher than that of Trolox. The lower polar fractions consist mainly of glycolipids, which include polyunsaturated linolenic acid (18:3), pentacyclic triterpenic acids, carotenoid lutein, and chlorophyll derivatives, among which pheophytin a dominates. Along with the availability, the high antioxidant and biological activities of cloudberry leaf extracts make them a promising source of food additives, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Faleva
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Ul'yanovskii
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A Onuchina
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Danil I Falev
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Kosyakov
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
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Ul'yanovskii NV, Onuchina AA, Faleva AV, Gorbova NS, Kosyakov DS. Comprehensive Characterization of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Lignan-Rich Coniferous Knotwood Extractives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11. [PMID: 36552546 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A knotwood of coniferous trees containing large amounts of polyphenolic extractives is considered a promising industrial-scale source of lignans possessing antioxidant properties and other bioactivities. The present study is aimed at a detailed characterization of the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of lignan-rich extractives obtained from the knotwood of the Norway spruce, Scotch pine, Siberian fir, and Siberian larch growing in the European North of Russia as a region with a highly developed forest industry. To achieve this, a comprehensive approach based on a combination of two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy with high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and the determination of antioxidant activity by the three complementary methods were proposed. The studied knotwood samples contained from 3.9 to 17% of extractive substances and were comparable to Trolox's antioxidant activity in the single-electron transfer processes and superoxide radical scavenging, which is associated with the predominance of polyphenolic compounds. The latter was represented by 12 tentatively identified monolignans and 27 oligolignans containing 3-5 phenylpropane units in their structure. The extracts were characterized by an identical set of lignans and differed only in the ratios of their individual compounds. Other components of the knotwood were flavonoids taxifolin, quercetin (Siberian larch), and three stilbenes (pinosylvin, its methyl ester, and pterostilbene), which were identified in the Scotch pine extractives. Sesquiterpene juvabione and its derivatives were found in extracts of Siberian larch knotwood.
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Chen G, Pan F, Gao Y, Li H, Qin X, Jiang Y, Qi J, Xie J, Jia S. Analysis of Components and Properties of Extractives from Alnus cremastogyne Pods from Different Provenances. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227802. [PMID: 36431903 PMCID: PMC9699184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical components with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties extracted from Alnus bark and leaves have been extensively studied. However, less attention has been paid to extractives from Alnus pods, which are mostly treated as waste. Here, extractives of Alnus cremastogyne pods from 12 provenances in Sichuan Province were studied for high value-added utilization of Alnus waste. The extractives were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis spectra), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. A total of 58, 49, and 51 chemical components were found when the organic solvents of ethanol, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate were used to collect extractives, respectively. These chemical components including Phytol, CIS-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid, Germacrene D, Lupeol, and β-sitosterol, etc., have wide applications in the fields of pharmacy and cosmetics. Moreover, it was also found that extractives in ethanol and ethyl acetate had impressive UV resistance, especially for UV-C and UV-B blocking. The results showed that the maximum block ratio towards UV-C and UV-B could reach 99%. In addition, the ethanol extract showed good anti-oxidant activity with a maximum free radical scavenging rate of 96.19%. This comprehensive and systematic study on extractives from Alnus cremastogyne pods promotes the development of high-value utilization of Alnus components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxi Chen
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fangya Pan
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yemei Gao
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaqing Qin
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yongze Jiang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jinqiu Qi
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiulong Xie
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shanshan Jia
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence:
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Smit AT, van Zomeren A, Dussan K, Riddell LA, Huijgen WJJ, Dijkstra JW, Bruijnincx PCA. Biomass Pre-Extraction as a Versatile Strategy to Improve Biorefinery Feedstock Flexibility, Sugar Yields, and Lignin Purity. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2022; 10:6012-6022. [PMID: 35571525 PMCID: PMC9092456 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Feedstock flexibility is highly advantageous for the viability of (solvent-based) biorefineries but comes with the considerable challenge of having to cope with the varying nature and typically high abundance of nonlignocellulose compounds in the most readily available residual biomass streams. Here, we demonstrate that mild aqueous acetone organosolv fractionation of various complex lignocellulosic raw materials (roadside grass, wheat straw, birch branches, almond shells, and a mixed stream thereof) is indeed negatively affected by these compounds and present a versatile strategy to mitigate this bottleneck in biorefining. A biomass pre-extraction approach has been developed to remove the detrimental extractives with (aqueous) acetone prior to fractionation. Pre-extraction removed organic extractives as well as minerals, primarily reducing acid dose requirements for fractionation and loss of hemicellulose sugars by degradation and improved the purity of the isolated lignin. We show how pre-extraction affects the effectiveness of the biorefinery process, including detailed mass balances for pretreatment, downstream processing, and product characteristics, and how it affects solvent and energy use with a first conceptual process design. The integrated biorefining approach allows for the improved compatibility of biorefineries with sustainable feedstock supply chains, enhanced biomass valorization (i.e., isolation of bioactive compounds from the extract), and more effective biomass processing with limited variation in product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan T. Smit
- Unit
Energy Transition, Biobased & Circular Technologies Group, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific
Research (TNO), P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands
- Organic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André van Zomeren
- Unit
Energy Transition, Biobased & Circular Technologies Group, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific
Research (TNO), P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Karla Dussan
- Unit
Energy Transition, Biobased & Circular Technologies Group, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific
Research (TNO), P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Luke A. Riddell
- Organic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J. J. Huijgen
- Unit
Energy Transition, Biobased & Circular Technologies Group, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific
Research (TNO), P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wilco Dijkstra
- Unit
Energy Transition, Biobased & Circular Technologies Group, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific
Research (TNO), P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Organic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Humar M, Vek V, Oven P, Lesar B, Kržišnik D, Keržič E, Hočevar M, Brus R. Durability and Moisture Dynamics of Douglas-Fir Wood From Slovenia. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:860734. [PMID: 35422821 PMCID: PMC9002177 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wood in outdoor applications is subject to various decomposition factors. Wood degradation can be prevented by construction details, biocide protection of wood, wood modification or selection of naturally durable species. Unfortunately, most species in Europe do not have naturally durable wood. Imported tree species represent a new pool from which we can draw wood species with better natural durability and better resilience towards climate change. The performance of wood when used outdoors depends on the biologically active compounds (extractives) and the water exclusion efficacy. Considering decay, presence of biologically active compounds and water exclusion efficacy, we can estimate the density, modulus of elasticity, extractive content and resistance dose, which reflects the material properties of wood. Recently, the most commonly used model for this purpose is Meyer-Veltrup. Literature data indicate that the durability of the wood from native and new sites is not always comparable, so it is necessary to determine the resistance of non-native wood species from new sites. This paper presents original data on the wood's overall durability from American Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) grown in Slovenia. Experimental data show that the mature heartwood of Douglas fir is more durable than the wood of European larch (Larix decidua). Durability can be attributed to good water exclusion efficacy and inherent durability. Inherent durability is primarily the result of the high content of extractives. Based on the results, it can be concluded that American Douglas fir grown in Central Europe has a high potential for outdoor use.
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Ristinmaa AS, Coleman T, Cesar L, Langborg Weinmann A, Mazurkewich S, Brändén G, Hasani M, Larsbrink J. Structural diversity and substrate preferences of three tannase enzymes encoded by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium butyricum. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101758. [PMID: 35202648 PMCID: PMC8958541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannins are secondary metabolites that are enriched in the bark, roots, and knots in trees and are known to hinder microbial attack. The biological degradation of water-soluble gallotannins, such as tannic acid, is initiated by tannase enzymes (EC 3.1.1.20), which are esterases able to liberate gallic acid from aromatic-sugar complexes. However, only few tannases have previously been studied in detail. Here, for the first time, we biochemically and structurally characterize three tannases from a single organism, the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium butyricum, which inhabits both soil and gut environments. The enzymes were named CbTan1-3, and we show that each one exhibits a unique substrate preference on a range of galloyl ester model substrates; CbTan1 and 3 demonstrated preference toward galloyl esters linked to glucose, while CbTan2 was more promiscuous. All enzymes were also active on oak bark extractives. Furthermore, we solved the crystal structure of CbTan2 and produced homology models for CbTan1 and 3. In each structure, the catalytic triad and gallate-binding regions in the core domain were found in very similar positions in the active site compared with other bacterial tannases, suggesting a similar mechanism of action among these enzymes, though large inserts in each enzyme showcase overall structural diversity. In conclusion, the varied structural features and substrate specificities of the C. butyricum tannases indicate that they have different biological roles and could further be used in development of new valorization strategies for renewable plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sörensen Ristinmaa
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tom Coleman
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leona Cesar
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Scott Mazurkewich
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gisela Brändén
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Merima Hasani
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Division of Forest Products and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Larsbrink
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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11
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Lourenço A, Marques AV, Gominho J. The Identification of New Triterpenoids in Eucalyptus globulus Wood. Molecules 2021; 26:3495. [PMID: 34201300 PMCID: PMC8227700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight polyhydroxy triterpenoid acids, hederagenin, (4α)-23-hydroxybetulinic acid, maslinic acid, corosolic acid, arjunolic acid, asiatic acid, caulophyllogenin, and madecassic acid, with 2, 3, and 4 hydroxyl substituents, were identified and quantified in the dichloromethane extract of Eucalyptus globulus wood by comparing their GC-retention time and mass spectra with standards. Two other triterpenoid acids were tentatively identified by analyzing their mass spectra, as (2α)-2-hydroxybetulinic acid and (2α,4α)-2,23-dihydroxybetulinic acid, with 2 and 3 hydroxyl substituents. Two MS detectors were used, a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) and a quadrupole mass filter (QMF). The EI fragmentation pattern of the trimethylsilylated polyhydroxy structures of these triterpenoid acids is characterized by the sequential loss of the trimethylsilylated hydroxyl groups, most of them by the retro-Diels-Alder (rDA) opening of the C ring with a π-bond at C12-C13. The rDA C-ring opening produces ions at m/z 320 (or 318) and m/z 278 (or 277, 276, 366). Sequential losses of the hydroxyl groups produce ions with m/z from [M - 90] to [M - 90*y], where y is the number of hydroxyl substituents present (from 2 to 4). Moreover, specific cleavage in ring E was observed, passing from m/z 203 to m/z 133 and conducting other major fragments such as m/z 189.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lourenço
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.L.); (J.G.)
| | - António Velez Marques
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.L.); (J.G.)
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Gominho
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.L.); (J.G.)
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12
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Belt T, Venäläinen M, Altgen M, Harju A, Rautkari L. Extractive concentrations and cellular-level distributions change radially from outer to inner heartwood in Scots pine. Tree Physiol 2021; 41:1034-1045. [PMID: 33291149 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The heartwood of many wood species is rich in extractives, which improve the wood material's resistance to biological attack. Their concentration is generally higher in outer than inner heartwood, but the exact radial changes in aging heartwood remain poorly characterized. This investigation studied these radial changes in detail in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), using radial sample sequences prepared from three different trees. Stilbene and resin acid contents were first measured from bulk samples, after which the extractive contents of individual heartwood annual rings were investigated using Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Raman imaging and fluorescence microscopy were also used to study the cellular-level distributions of extractives in different annual rings. Although there were substantial differences between the trees, the content and distribution of stilbenes seemed to follow a general radial trend. The results suggest that stilbenes are absorbed into heartwood tracheid cell walls from small stilbene-rich extractive deposits over several years and then eventually transform into non-extractable compounds in aging heartwood. Resin acids followed no consistent radial trends, but their content was strongly connected to the frequency of large extractive deposits in latewood tracheid lumens. The results highlight the variability of heartwood extractives: their content and distribution vary not only between trees but also between and even within the annual rings of a single tree. This high variability is likely to have important effects on the properties of heartwood and the utilization of heartwood timber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Belt
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Tietotie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, PO Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Martti Venäläinen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Vipusenkuja 5, 57200 Savonlinna, Finland
| | - Michael Altgen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, PO Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department of Biology, Institute of Wood Science, Wood Physics, Universität Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91 c, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anni Harju
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Vipusenkuja 5, 57200 Savonlinna, Finland
| | - Lauri Rautkari
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, PO Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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Čabalová I, Bélik M, Kučerová V, Jurczyková T. Chemical and Morphological Composition of Norway Spruce Wood ( Picea abies, L.) in the Dependence of Its Storage. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1619. [PMID: 34067680 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical composition and morphological properties of Norway spruce wood and bark were evaluated. The extractives, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin contents were determined by wet chemistry methods. The dimensional characteristics of the fibers (length and width) were measured by Fiber Tester. The results of the chemical analysis of wood and bark show the differences between the trunk and top part, as well as in the different heights of the trunk and in the cross section of the trunk. The biggest changes were noticed between bark trunk and bark top. The bark top contains 10% more of extractives and 9.5% less of lignin. Fiber length and width depends on the part of the tree, while the average of these properties are larger depending on height. Both wood and bark from the trunk contains a higher content of fines (fibers <0.3 mm) and less content of longer fibers (>0.5 mm) compared to the top. During storage, it reached a decrease of extractives mainly in bark. Wood from the trunk retained very good durability in terms of chemical composition during the storage. In view of the morphological characteristics, it occurred to decrease both average fibers length and width in wood and bark.
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14
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Klimienė A, Klimas R, Shutava H, Razmuvienė L. Dependence of the Concentration of Bioactive Compounds in Origanum vulgare on Chemical Properties of the Soil. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:750. [PMID: 33921400 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the dependence of the total phenolic, flavonoid, and extractive content in extracts of Origanum vulgare L. on the soil pH, humus, total nitrogen (Ntotal), and plant-available/mobile phosphorus (P2O5), as well as potassium (K2O), total calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) concentrations. Experimental fields were formed in four locations in Lithuania. Soil and perennial O. vulgare samples were taken at three sites of each experimental field. A total of 12 samples of soil and 12 samples of the tested plant were collected and analyzed. The concentrations of bioactive compounds in plants are significantly (p < 0.05–0.01) affected by some chemical properties of the soil: the total phenolic content was reliably correlated with the soil pH, Ntotal, Ca, Mg, and P2O5; the flavonoid content was correlated with the soil P2O5, K2O, Mg, and Na; and the extractive content was correlated with the soil humus, Ntotal, and Na. The obtained results are useful for the development of the commercial cultivation of O. vulgare.
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15
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Mansikkala T, Patanen M, Kärkönen A, Korpinen R, Pranovich A, Ohigashi T, Swaraj S, Seitsonen J, Ruokolainen J, Huttula M, Saranpää P, Piispanen R. Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce: Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25132997. [PMID: 32630014 PMCID: PMC7411943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25132997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignans are bioactive compounds that are especially abundant in the Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) knotwood. By combining a variety of chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques, we were able to quantify, qualify and localise the easily extractable lignans in the xylem tissue. The knotwood samples contained 15 different lignans according to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. The main lignans were found to be hydroxymatairesinols HMR1 and HMR2. Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood were analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). Cryosectioning was found to retain only lignan residues inside the cell lumina. In the resin-embedded samples, lignan was interpreted to be unevenly distributed inside the cell lumina, and partially confined in deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO4 used in staining reacted with the lignans. Furthermore, the multi-technique characterisation enabled us to obtain information on the chemical composition of the structural components of knotwood. A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). The STXM analysis also indicated that a torus of a bordered pit contained aromatic compounds, possibly lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Mansikkala
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (T.M.); (M.H.)
- Biocenter Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Minna Patanen
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (T.M.); (M.H.)
- Biocenter Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (R.P.); Tel.: +358-29-448-1326 (M.P.); +358-29-532-5473 (R.P.)
| | - Anna Kärkönen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (A.K.); (R.K.); (P.S.)
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Korpinen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (A.K.); (R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Andrey Pranovich
- Wood and Paper Chemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, FI-20500 Turku, Finland;
| | - Takuji Ohigashi
- UVSOR Facility, Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan;
| | - Sufal Swaraj
- SOLEIL Synchrotron, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, P.O. Box 48, CEDEX, FR-91192 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Nanomicroscopy Center, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; (J.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Nanomicroscopy Center, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; (J.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Marko Huttula
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (T.M.); (M.H.)
| | - Pekka Saranpää
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (A.K.); (R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Riikka Piispanen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (A.K.); (R.K.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (R.P.); Tel.: +358-29-448-1326 (M.P.); +358-29-532-5473 (R.P.)
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16
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Füchtner S, Brock-Nannestad T, Smeds A, Fredriksson M, Pilgård A, Thygesen LG. Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Extractives in Norway Spruce and Kurile Larch and Their Role in Brown-Rot Degradation. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:855. [PMID: 32695126 PMCID: PMC7339921 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Extractives found in the heartwood of a moderately durable conifer (Larix gmelinii var. japonica) were compared with those found in a non-durable one (Picea abies). We identified and quantified heartwood extractives by extraction with solvents of different polarities and gas chromatography with mass spectral detection (GC-MS). Among the extracted compounds, there was a much higher amount of hydrophilic phenolics in larch (flavonoids) than in spruce (lignans). Both species had similar resin acid and fatty acid contents. The hydrophobic resin components are considered fungitoxic and the more hydrophilic components are known for their antioxidant activity. To ascertain the importance of the different classes of extractives, samples were partially extracted prior to subjection to the brown-rot fungus Rhodonia placenta for 2-8 weeks. Results indicated that the most important (but rather inefficient) defense in spruce came from the fungitoxic resin, while large amounts of flavonoids played a key role in larch defense. Possible moisture exclusion effects of larch extractives were quantified via the equilibrium moisture content of partially extracted samples, but were found to be too small to play any significant role in the defense against incipient brow-rot attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Füchtner
- Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Annika Smeds
- Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Fredriksson
- Faculty of Engineering, Division of Building Materials, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annica Pilgård
- Wood Research Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE), Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Yeh TF, Chu JH, Liu LY, Chen SY. Differential Gene Profiling of the Heartwood Formation Process in Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata Xylem Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030960. [PMID: 32024007 PMCID: PMC7037362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides) is an important tree species in Taiwan because of the excellent properties of its wood and fascinating color qualities of its heartwood (HW), as well as the bioactive compounds therein. However, limited information is available as to the HW formation of this species. The objective of this research is to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the HW formation process from specific Taiwania xylem tissues, and to obtain genes that might be closely associated with this process. The results indicated that our analyses have captured DEGs representative to the HW formation process of Taiwania. DEGs related to the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway were all up-regulated in the transition zone (TZ) to support the biosynthesis and accumulation of terpenoids. Many DEGs related to lignin biosynthesis, and two DEGs related to pinoresinol reductase (PrR)/pinoresinol lariciresinol reductase (PLR), were up-regulated in TZ. These DEGs together are likely involved in providing the precursors for the subsequent lignan biosynthesis. Several transcription factor-, nuclease-, and protease-encoding DEGs were also highly expressed in TZ, and these DEGs might be involved in the regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis and the autolysis of the cellular components of ray parenchyma cells in TZ. These results provide further insights into the process of HW formation in Taiwania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Feng Yeh
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (L.-Y.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-3366-4655
| | - Jui-Hua Chu
- Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yuan Liu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (L.-Y.L.)
| | - Shih-Yin Chen
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (L.-Y.L.)
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18
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Coleman EA, Manyindo J, Parker AR, Schultz B. Stakeholder engagement increases transparency, satisfaction, and civic action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24486-91. [PMID: 31740595 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908433116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the effectiveness of a Stakeholder Engagement (SE) intervention in improving outcomes for communities affected by oil and gas extraction in Western Uganda. The study design is a randomized controlled trial where villages are randomly assigned to a treatment group (participating in SE) or a control group (not participating). Data are collected via household surveys at baseline and end line in 107 villages in the Albertine Graben. We find that SE improves transparency, civic activity, and satisfaction with issues that most concern the people under study. While satisfaction has improved, it is too early to ascertain whether these interventions improve long-term outcomes. These results are robust when controlling for spillover effects and other subregional fixed effects.
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Strižincová P, Ház A, Burčová Z, Feranc J, Kreps F, Šurina I, Jablonský M. Spruce Bark-A Source of Polyphenolic Compounds: Optimizing the Operating Conditions of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224049. [PMID: 31717444 PMCID: PMC6891374 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study described the optimization of the extraction process with carbon dioxide in supercritical state for obtaining extractives, especially polyphenols from softwood bark, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Using a full 23 factorial design of experiments, the effect of varying the working parameters on the yield of extractives was studied for the following ranges: temperature 40-100 °C, pressure 1050-9000 psi (7.2-62 MPa), and concentration of EtOH/water co-solvent mixture 40-96.6%. In addition, total phenolics content and the antioxidant capacity of the spruce bark extract were determined. The optimum operating conditions for the yield of extractives were identified as 73 °C, 6465 psi (44.5 MPa), and 58% EtOH/water cosolvent concentration for a yield of 8.92%. The optimum conditions for achieving a total phenolics content of 13.89 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry extract were determined as: 45 °C, 1050 psi (7.2 MPa), and 96.6% EtOH/water mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Strižincová
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Department of Wood, Pulp and Paper, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.H.); (I.Š.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleš Ház
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Department of Wood, Pulp and Paper, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.H.); (I.Š.); (M.J.)
| | - Zuzana Burčová
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.B.); (F.K.)
| | - Jozef Feranc
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Department of Plastics and Rubber, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - František Kreps
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.B.); (F.K.)
| | - Igor Šurina
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Department of Wood, Pulp and Paper, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.H.); (I.Š.); (M.J.)
| | - Michal Jablonský
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Department of Wood, Pulp and Paper, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.H.); (I.Š.); (M.J.)
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20
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Piqueras S, Füchtner S, Rocha de Oliveira R, Gómez-Sánchez A, Jelavić S, Keplinger T, de Juan A, Thygesen LG. Understanding the Formation of Heartwood in Larch Using Synchrotron Infrared Imaging Combined With Multivariate Analysis and Atomic Force Microscope Infrared Spectroscopy. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1701. [PMID: 32117328 PMCID: PMC7008386 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Formation of extractive-rich heartwood is a process in live trees that make them and the wood obtained from them more resistant to fungal degradation. Despite the importance of this natural mechanism, little is known about the deposition pathways and cellular level distribution of extractives. Here we follow heartwood formation in Larix gmelinii var. Japonica by use of synchrotron infrared images analyzed by the unmixing method Multivariate Curve Resolution - Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS). A subset of the specimens was also analyzed using atomic force microscopy infrared spectroscopy. The main spectral changes observed in the transition zone when going from sapwood to heartwood was a decrease in the intensity of a peak at approximately 1660 cm-1 and an increase in a peak at approximately 1640 cm-1. There are several possible interpretations of this observation. One possibility that is supported by the MCR-ALS unmixing is that heartwood formation in larch is a type II or Juglans-type of heartwood formation, where phenolic precursors to extractives accumulate in the sapwood rays. They are then oxidized and/or condensed in the transition zone and spread to the neighboring cells in the heartwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Piqueras
- Biomass Science and Technology Group, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Sara Piqueras,
| | - Sophie Füchtner
- Biomass Science and Technology Group, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Adrián Gómez-Sánchez
- Chemometrics Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stanislav Jelavić
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for GeoGenetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Material Science Group, Department of Construction, Environment and Geomatics, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Anna de Juan
- Chemometrics Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisbeth Garbrecht Thygesen
- Biomass Science and Technology Group, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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21
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Abstract
The autoclave extraction of Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto Ten.) wood gave 5.3% extractives. The chloroform soluble fraction obtained from the extracts of Q. frainetto allows to identify sesamin. The insoluble fraction contains mainly ribose and mannose. Water extraction in autoclave of thermo-treated Q. frainetto wood gave a lower amount of extractives (3.31%). The main product of the insoluble fraction was, on the basis of its mass spectrum, the monoacetyl derivative of gallic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cetera
- a School of Agricultural Forestry, Food, and Environmental Science, University of Basilicata , Potenza , Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Auria
- b Department of Science, University of Basilicata , Potenza , Italy
| | - Marisabel Mecca
- b Department of Science, University of Basilicata , Potenza , Italy
| | - Luigi Todaro
- a School of Agricultural Forestry, Food, and Environmental Science, University of Basilicata , Potenza , Italy
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22
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Wang H, Lin F, Qiu P, Liu T. Effects of Extractives on Dimensional Stability, Dynamic Mechanical Properties, Creep, and Stress Relaxation of Rice Straw/High-Density Polyethylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1176. [PMID: 30961101 PMCID: PMC6403664 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The removal of rice straw extractives increases the interphase adhesion between rice straw and the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix, while eradicating the inner defects of rice straw/HDPE composites. This study investigated the effect of rice straw extractives removal on the dimensional stability (water uptake and thermal expansion), dynamic mechanical properties, creep, and stress relaxation of rice straw/HDPE composites. Cold water (CW), hot water (HW), and 1% alkaline solution (AL) extraction methods were utilized to remove rice straw extractives. Extracted and unextracted rice straws were mixed with HDPE, maleated polyethylene (MAPE), and Polyethylene wax to prepare composites via extrusion. Removal of rice straw extractives significantly improved the dimensional stability, dynamic mechanical properties, and creep and stress relaxation of rice straw/HDPE composites, with the exception of the thickness swelling of the AL/HDPE and the thermal expansion of the rice straw/HDPE composites. HW/HDPE exhibited the best comprehensive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Fazhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Pingping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Tian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China.
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23
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Felhofer M, Prats-Mateu B, Bock P, Gierlinger N. Antifungal stilbene impregnation: transport and distribution on the micron-level. Tree Physiol 2018; 38:1526-1537. [PMID: 29992254 PMCID: PMC6198867 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The transition from the living water-transporting sapwood to heartwood involves in many tree species impregnation with extractives. These differ in amount and composition, and enhance resistance against bacteria, insects or fungi. To understand the synthesis, transport and impregnation processes new insights into the biochemical processes are needed by in-situ methods. Here we show the extractive distribution in pine (Pinus sylvestris) microsections with a high lateral resolution sampled in a non-destructive manner using Confocal Raman Microscopy. Integrating marker bands of stilbenes and lipids enables to clearly track the rapid change from sapwood to heartwood within one tree ring. The higher impregnation of the cell corner, compound middle lamella, the S3 layer and pits reveals the optimization of decay resistance on the micron-level. Furthermore, deposits with changing chemical composition are elucidated in the rays and lumen of the tracheids. The spectral signature of these deposits shows the co-location of lipids and pinosylvins with changing ratios from the living to the dead tissue. The results demonstrate that the extractive impregnation on the micro- and nano-level is optimized by a symbiotic relationship of lipids and pinosylvins to enhance the tree's resistance and lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Felhofer
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Batirtze Prats-Mateu
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bock
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Yin X, Huang A, Zhang S, Liu R, Ma F. Identification of Three Dalbergia Species Based on Differences in Extractive Components. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092163. [PMID: 30154322 PMCID: PMC6225358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dalbergia cultrate, Dalbergia latifolia, and Dalbergia melanoxylon are precious and valuable traded timber species of the genus Dalbergia. For chemotaxonomical discrimination between these easily confused species, the total extractive content of the three wood species was determined using four different organic solvents. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze functional group differences in the extractive components, inferring the types of principal chemical components according to characteristic peak positions, intensities, and shapes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was carried out a detailed characterization of the extractive components. The relative content of individual chemical components was determined by area normalization. Results revealed differences in the chemical components and total and individual extract contents of the three Dalbergia species, indicating that FTIR and GC-MS spectroscopy can be applied to identify and discriminate between Dalbergia cultrate, Dalbergia latifolia, and Dalbergiamelanoxylon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yin
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Anmin Huang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Shifeng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ru Liu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Fang Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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25
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Chen Y, Stark NM, Tshabalala MA, Gao J, Fan Y. Weathering Characteristics of Wood Plastic Composites Reinforced with Extracted or Delignified Wood Flour. Materials (Basel) 2016; 9:E610. [PMID: 28773732 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated weathering performance of an HDPE wood plastic composite reinforced with extracted or delignified wood flour (WF). The wood flour was pre-extracted with three different solvents, toluene/ethanol (TE), acetone/water (AW), and hot water (HW), or sodium chlorite/acetic acid. The spectral properties of the composites before and after artificial weathering under accelerated conditions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, the surface color parameters were analyzed using colorimetry, and the mechanical properties were determined by a flexural test. Weathering of WPC resulted in a surface lightening and a decrease in wood index (wood/HDPE) and flexural strength. WPCs that were reinforced with delignified wood flour showed higher ΔL* and ΔE* values, together with lower MOE and MOR retention ratios upon weathering when compared to those with non-extracted control and extracted WF.
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26
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Kirker GT, Bishell AB, Lebow PK. Laboratory Evaluations of Durability of Southern Pine Pressure Treated With Extractives From Durable Wood Species. J Econ Entomol 2016; 109:259-266. [PMID: 26494706 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracts from sawdust of four naturally durable wood species [Alaskan yellow cedar, AYC, Cupressus nootkanansis D. Don 1824; eastern red cedar, ERC, Juniperus virginiana L.; honey mesquite, HM, Prosopis glandulosa Torr.; and black locust, BL, Robinia pseudoacacia L.] were used to treat southern pine, Pt, Pinus taeda L. sapwood blocks. Extractive treated blocks were evaluated for decay resistance in standard soil bottle fungal assays challenged with brown and white rot decay fungi. Results showed that extractives did impart some improvement to decay resistance of Pt blocks. BL- and HM-treated Pt blocks were also used in choice and no-choice assays to determine feeding preference and damage by eastern subterranean termites (Reticulitermes flavipes) Kollar. Minimal feeding on treated blocks was seen in both choice and no-choice assays. In choice assays, there was similar mortality between HM and BL arenas; however, in no-choice assays, complete mortality was recorded for HM-treated Pt and high mortality was seen with BL-treated Pt. Subsequent dose mortality termite assays showed HM to be effective in killing R. flavipes at low concentrations. Both HM and BL show promise as deterrents or termiticidal protectants and will be further evaluated in field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Kirker
- USDA-FS Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison, WI 53726 (; ; ) and
| | - A B Bishell
- USDA-FS Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison, WI 53726 (; ; ) and
| | - P K Lebow
- USDA-FS Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison, WI 53726 (; ; ) and
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27
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Camarena-Tello JC, Rocha-Guzmán NE, Gallegos-Infante JA, González-Laredo RF, Pedraza-Bucio FE, López-Albarrán P, Herrera-Bucio R, Rutiaga-Quiñones JG. Chemical composition of biomass generated in the guava tree pruning. EXCLI J 2015; 14:204-12. [PMID: 26417359 PMCID: PMC4553883 DOI: 10.17179/excli2014-467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) is a native plant of Central America and is now widely cultivated in many tropical regions of the world for the fruit production. In Mexico, in the guava orchards common practices to control fruit production are: water stress, defoliation and pruning. In this study, we report the chemical composition of the biomass (branches and leaves) generated in the pruning practices. The results ranged as follows: pH (4.98-5.88), soda solubility (39.01-70.49 %), ash (1.87-8.20 %); potassium and calcium were the major inorganic elements in ash. No heavy metals were detected in the studied samples; total solubility (15.21-46.60 %), Runkel lignin (17.77-35.26 %), holocellulose (26.56 -69.49 %), α-cellulose (15.53-35.36 %), hemicelluloses (11.02-34.12 %), tannins in aqueous extracts (3.81-9.06 %), and tannins in ethanolic extracts (3.42-15.24 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio César Camarena-Tello
- Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México
| | - Nuria Elizabeth Rocha-Guzmán
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Durango, C.P. 34080, México
| | - José Alberto Gallegos-Infante
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Durango, C.P. 34080, México
| | - Rubén Francisco González-Laredo
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Durango, C.P. 34080, México
| | - Fabiola Eugenia Pedraza-Bucio
- Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México
| | - Pablo López-Albarrán
- Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México
| | - Rafael Herrera-Bucio
- Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México
| | - José Guadalupe Rutiaga-Quiñones
- Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México
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28
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Abstract
The presented studies were carried out in order to check the usefulness of subfossil wood for stable isotope analysis. The aim of research was also to define the optimal method of subfossil samples preparation. Subfossil samples used during the presented studies are a part of the multi-century dendrochronological scale. This chronology originates in an area situated around a small mountain lake - Schwarzersee, in Austria. The obtained results of stable carbon isotope measurements confirmed that the method of α-cellulose extraction by the application of acidic sodium chlorite and sodium hydroxide solutions removes resins and other mobile compounds from wood. Therefore, in the case of the analysed samples, the additional chemical process of extractives removing was found to be unnecessary. Studied wood samples contained an adequate proportion of α-cellulose similar to the values characteristic for the contemporary trees. This proved an adequate wood preservation which is essential for the conduction of isotopic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Kłusek
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Sławomira Pawełczyk
- Department of Radioisotopes, GADAM Centre of Excellence, Institute of Physics - Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 2 str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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29
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Yeh TF, Chang MJ, Chang WJ. Comparison of dilute acid and sulfite pretreatments on Acacia confusa for biofuel application and the influence of its extractives. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:10768-75. [PMID: 25318692 DOI: 10.1021/jf504461c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemical components of lignocellulosic biomass may impede biofuel processing efficiency. To understand whether the heartwood of Acacia confusa is suitable for biofuel application, extractive-free heartwood of A. confusa was subjected to dilute acid (DA) or sulfite pretreatments. Sugar recoveries were used to evaluate the performance of different pretreatments. Cell wall properties, such as 4-O-alkylated lignin structures, S/G ratios, and xylan contents, of the pretreated samples showed significant correlations with the enzymatic saccharification of glucan. The 4% bisulfite-pretreated samples produced higher total sugar recoveries than DA-treated samples. The highest total sugar recoveries from DA and sulfite pretreatment were 52.0% (170 °C for 20 min) and 65.3% (4% NaHSO3 and 1% H2SO4), respectively. The results also demonstrated that the existence of extractives in the heartwood of A. confusa hindered the sugar recoveries from both the pretreatments and enzymatic saccharification. Total sugar recoveries were reduced 11.7-17.7% in heartwood samples with extractives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Feng Yeh
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University , Number 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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30
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Kuroda K, Fujiwara T, Hashida K, Imai T, Kushi M, Saito K, Fukushima K. The accumulation pattern of ferruginol in the heartwood-forming Cryptomeria japonica xylem as determined by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and quantity analysis. Ann Bot 2014; 113:1029-36. [PMID: 24651372 PMCID: PMC3997644 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heartwood formation is a unique phenomenon of tree species. Although the accumulation of heartwood substances is a well-known feature of the process, the accumulation mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the accumulation process of ferruginol, a predominant heartwood substance of Cryptomeria japonica, in heartwood-forming xylem. METHODS The radial accumulation pattern of ferruginol was examined from sapwood and through the intermediate wood to the heartwood by direct mapping using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The data were compared with quantitative results obtained from a novel method of gas chromatography analysis using laser microdissection sampling and with water distribution obtained from cryo-scanning electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS Ferruginol initially accumulated in the middle of the intermediate wood, in the earlywood near the annual ring boundary. It accumulated throughout the entire earlywood in the inner intermediate wood, and in both the earlywood and the latewood in the heartwood. The process of ferruginol accumulation continued for more than eight annual rings. Ferruginol concentration peaked at the border between the intermediate wood and heartwood, while the concentration was less in the latewood compared with the earlywood in each annual ring. Ferruginol tended to accumulate around the ray parenchyma cells. In addition, at the border between the intermediate wood and heartwood, the accumulation was higher in areas without water than in areas with water. CONCLUSIONS TOF-SIMS clearly revealed ferruginol distribution at the cellular level. Ferruginol accumulation begins in the middle of intermediate wood, initially in the earlywood near the annual ring boundary, then throughout the entire earlywood, and finally across to the whole annual ring in the heartwood. The heterogeneous timing of ferruginol accumulation could be related to the distribution of ray parenchyma cells and/or water in the heartwood-forming xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushi Kuroda
- Department of Wood Properties, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
- For correspondence. Email
| | - Takeshi Fujiwara
- Department of Wood Properties, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Koh Hashida
- Department of Biomass Chemistry, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Takanori Imai
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kushi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kaori Saito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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31
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Goacher RE, Tsai AYL, Master ER. Towards practical time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry lignocellulolytic enzyme assays. Biotechnol Biofuels 2013; 6:132. [PMID: 24034438 PMCID: PMC3847459 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is a surface sensitive mass spectrometry technique with potential strengths as a method for detecting enzymatic activity on solid materials. In particular, ToF-SIMS has been applied to detect the enzymatic degradation of woody lignocellulose. Proof-of-principle experiments previously demonstrated the detection of both lignin-degrading and cellulose-degrading enzymes on solvent-extracted hardwood and softwood. However, these preliminary experiments suffered from low sample throughput and were restricted to samples which had been solvent-extracted in order to minimize the potential for mass interferences between low molecular weight extractive compounds and polymeric lignocellulose components. RESULTS The present work introduces a new, higher-throughput method for processing powdered wood samples for ToF-SIMS, meanwhile exploring likely sources of sample contamination. Multivariate analysis (MVA) including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR) was regularly used to check for sample contamination as well as to detect extractives and enzyme activity. New data also demonstrates successful ToF-SIMS analysis of unextracted samples, placing an emphasis on identifying the low-mass secondary ion peaks related to extractives, revealing how extractives change previously established peak ratios used to describe enzyme activity, and elucidating peak intensity patterns for better detection of cellulase activity in the presence of extractives. The sensitivity of ToF-SIMS to a range of cellulase doses is also shown, along with preliminary experiments augmenting the cellulase cocktail with other proteins. CONCLUSIONS These new procedures increase the throughput of sample preparation for ToF-SIMS analysis of lignocellulose and expand the applications of the method to include unextracted lignocellulose. These are important steps towards the practical use of ToF-SIMS as a tool to screen for changes in plant composition, whether the transformation of the lignocellulose is achieved through enzyme application, plant mutagenesis, or other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn E Goacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Physics, Niagara University, Niagara University, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Yi-Lin Tsai
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma R Master
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Burkhardt S, Kumar L, Chandra R, Saddler J. How effective are traditional methods of compositional analysis in providing an accurate material balance for a range of softwood derived residues? Biotechnol Biofuels 2013; 6:90. [PMID: 23800175 PMCID: PMC3704954 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forest residues represent an abundant and sustainable source of biomass which could be used as a biorefinery feedstock. Due to the heterogeneity of forest residues, such as hog fuel and bark, one of the expected challenges is to obtain an accurate material balance of these feedstocks. Current compositional analytical methods have been standardised for more homogenous feedstocks such as white wood and agricultural residues. The described work assessed the accuracy of existing and modified methods on a variety of forest residues both before and after a typical pretreatment process. RESULTS When "traditional" pulp and paper methods were used, the total amount of material that could be quantified in each of the six softwood-derived residues ranged from 88% to 96%. It was apparent that the extractives present in the substrate were most influential in limiting the accuracy of a more representative material balance. This was particularly evident when trying to determine the lignin content, due to the incomplete removal of the extractives, even after a two stage water-ethanol extraction. Residual extractives likely precipitated with the acid insoluble lignin during analysis, contributing to an overestimation of the lignin content. Despite the minor dissolution of hemicellulosic sugars, extraction with mild alkali removed most of the extractives from the bark and improved the raw material mass closure to 95% in comparison to the 88% value obtained after water-ethanol extraction. After pretreatment, the extent of extractive removal and their reaction/precipitation with lignin was heavily dependent on the pretreatment conditions used. The selective removal of extractives and their quantification after a pretreatment proved to be even more challenging. Regardless of the amount of extractives that were originally present, the analytical methods could be refined to provide reproducible quantification of the carbohydrates present in both the starting material and after pretreatment. CONCLUSION Despite the challenges resulting from the heterogeneity of the initial biomass substrates a reasonable summative mass closure could be obtained before and after steam pretreatment. However, method revision and optimisation was required, particularly the effective removal of extractives, to ensure that representative and reproducible values for the major lignin and carbohydrate components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Burkhardt
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy, 2424 Main Mall University of British Columbia, Greater Vancouver, Canada
| | - Linoj Kumar
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy, 2424 Main Mall University of British Columbia, Greater Vancouver, Canada
| | - Richard Chandra
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy, 2424 Main Mall University of British Columbia, Greater Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jack Saddler
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy, 2424 Main Mall University of British Columbia, Greater Vancouver, Canada
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33
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Stackpole DJ, Vaillancourt RE, Alves A, Rodrigues J, Potts BM. Genetic Variation in the Chemical Components of Eucalyptus globulus Wood. G3 (Bethesda) 2011; 1:151-9. [PMID: 22384327 DOI: 10.1534/g3.111.000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the ecological and economic importance of lignin and other wood chemical components, there are few studies of the natural genetic variation that exists within plant species and its adaptive significance. We used models developed from near infra-red spectroscopy to study natural genetic variation in lignin content and monomer composition (syringyl-to-guaiacyl ratio [S/G]) as well as cellulose and extractives content, using a 16-year-old field trial of an Australian tree species, Eucalyptus globulus. We sampled 2163 progenies of 467 native trees from throughout the native geographic range of the species. The narrow-sense heritability of wood chemical traits (0.25–0.44) was higher than that of growth (0.15), but less than wood density (0.51). All wood chemical traits exhibited significant broad-scale genetic differentiation (QST = 0.34–0.43) across the species range. This differentiation exceeded that detected with putatively neutral microsatellite markers (FST = 0.09), arguing that diversifying selection has shaped population differentiation in wood chemistry. There were significant genetic correlations among these wood chemical traits at the population and additive genetic levels. However, population differentiation in the S/G ratio of lignin in particular was positively correlated with latitude (R2 = 76%), which may be driven by either adaptation to climate or associated biotic factors.
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