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Zhao H, Masood HA, Muhammad S. Unveiling the aesthetic secrets: exploring connections between genetic makeup, chemical, and environmental factors for enhancing/improving the color and fragrance/aroma of Chimonanthus praecox. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17238. [PMID: 38650650 PMCID: PMC11034496 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Floral color and scent profiles vary across species, geographical locations, and developmental stages. The exclusive floral color and fragrance of Chimonanthus praecox is contributed by a range of endogenous chemicals that distinguish it from other flowers and present amazing ornamental value. This comprehensive review explores the intricate interplay of environmental factors, chemicals and genes shaping the flower color and fragrance of Chimonanthus praecox. Genetic and physiological factors control morpho-anatomical attributes as well as pigment synthesis, while environmental factors such as temperature, light intensity, and soil composition influence flower characteristics. Specific genes control pigment synthesis, and environmental factors such as temperature, light intensity, and soil composition influence flower characteristics. Physiological processes including plant hormone contribute to flower color and fragrance. Hormones, notably ethylene, exert a profound influence on varioustraits. Pigment investigations have spotlighted specific flavonoids, including kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin, and rutin. Red tepals exhibit unique composition with cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside being distinctive components. Elucidating the molecular basis of tepal color variation, particularly in red and yellow varieties, involves the identification of crucial regulatory genes. In conclusion, this review unravels the mysteries of Chimonanthus praecox, providing a holistic understanding of its flower color and fragrance for landscape applications. This comprehensive review uniquely explores the genetic intricacies, chemical and environmental influences that govern the mesmerizing flower color and fragrance of Chimonanthus praecox, providing valuable insights for its landscape applications. This review article is designed for a diverse audience, including plant geneticists, horticulturists, environmental scientists, urban planners, and students, offering understandings into the genetic intricacies, ecological significance, and practical applications of Chimonanthus praecox across various disciplines. Its appeal extends to professionals and enthusiasts interested in plant biology, conservation, and industries dependent on unique floral characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhao
- MEU Research Unit, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan
- Faculty of Social and Cultural Communications, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - Sher Muhammad
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
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2
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Rehman S, Bahadur S, Xia W. An overview of floral regulatory genes in annual and perennial plants. Gene 2023; 885:147699. [PMID: 37567454 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The floral initiation in angiosperms is a complex process influenced by endogenous and exogenous signals. With this approach, we aim to provide a comprehensive review to integrate this complex floral regulatory process and summarize the regulatory genes and their functions in annuals and perennials. Seven primary paths leading to flowering have been discovered in Arabidopsis under several growth condition that include; photoperiod, ambient temperature, vernalization, gibberellins, autonomous, aging and carbohydrates. These pathways involve a series of interlinked signaling pathways that respond to both internal and external signals, such as light, temperature, hormones, and developmental cues, to coordinate the expression of genes that are involved in flower development. Among them, the photoperiodic pathway was the most important and conserved as some of the fundamental loci and mechanisms are shared even by closely related plant species. The activation of floral regulatory genes such as FLC, FT, LFY, and SOC1 that determine floral meristem identity and the transition to the flowering stage result from the merging of these pathways. Recent studies confirmed that alternative splicing, antisense RNA and epigenetic modification play crucial roles by regulating the expression of genes related to blooming. In this review, we documented recent progress in the floral transition time in annuals and perennials, with emphasis on the specific regulatory mechanisms along with the application of various molecular approaches including overexpression studies, RNA interference and Virus-induced flowering. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between annual and perennial flowering will aid significant contributions to the field by elucidating the mechanisms of perennial plant development and floral initiation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Rehman
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228 China
| | - Wei Xia
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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3
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Khan A, Korban SS. Breeding and genetics of disease resistance in temperate fruit trees: challenges and new opportunities. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3961-3985. [PMID: 35441862 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change, large monocultures of disease-susceptible cultivars, overuse of pesticides, and the emergence of new pathogens or pathogenic strains causing economic losses are all major threats to our environment, health, food, and nutritional supply. Temperate tree fruit crops belonging to the Rosaceae family are the most economically important and widely grown fruit crops. These long-lived crops are under attack from many different pathogens, incurring major economic losses. Multiple chemical sprays to control various diseases annually is a common practice, resulting in significant input costs, as well as environmental and health concerns. Breeding for disease resistance has been undertaken primarily in pome fruit crops (apples and pears) for a few fungal and bacterial diseases, and to a lesser extent in some stone fruit crops. These breeding efforts have taken multiple decades due to the biological constraints and complex genetics of these tree fruit crops. Over the past couple of decades, major advances have been made in genetic and physical mapping, genomics, biotechnology, genome sequencing, and phenomics, along with accumulation of large germplasm collections in repositories. These valuable resources offer opportunities to make significant advances in greatly reducing the time needed to either develop new cultivars or modify existing economic cultivars for enhanced resistance to multiple diseases. This review will cover current knowledge, challenges, and opportunities in breeding for disease resistance in temperate tree fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Khan
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA.
| | - Schuyler S Korban
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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4
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Sun L, Nie T, Chen Y, Yin Z. From Floral Induction to Blooming: The Molecular Mysteries of Flowering in Woody Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810959. [PMID: 36142871 PMCID: PMC9500781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering is a pivotal developmental process in response to the environment and determines the start of a new life cycle in plants. Woody plants usually possess a long juvenile nonflowering phase followed by an adult phase with repeated flowering cycles. The molecular mechanism underlying flowering regulation in woody plants is believed to be much more complex than that in annual herbs. In this review, we briefly describe the successive but distinct flowering processes in perennial trees, namely the vegetative phase change, the floral transition, floral organogenesis, and final blooming, and summarize in detail the most recent advances in understanding how woody plants regulate flowering through dynamic gene expression. Notably, the florigen gene FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT) and its antagonistic gene TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) seem to play a central role in various flowering transition events. Flower development in different taxa requires interactions between floral homeotic genes together with AGL6 conferring floral organ identity. Finally, we illustrate the issues and corresponding measures of flowering regulation investigation. It is of great benefit to the future study of flowering in perennial trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tangjie Nie
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zengfang Yin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-85427316
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5
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Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Differentially Expressed Transcripts Associated with Flowering Time of Loquat (Eriobotya japonica Lindl.). HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7070171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flowering is an important phenophase of plant species, however, knowledge about the regulatory mechanism controlling flowering cues in loquat is limited. To identify candidate genes regulating flowering time in loquat, we used RNA-Seq technology to conduct a comparative transcriptome analysis of differentiating apical buds collected from the early-flowering variety ‘Baiyu’ and the late-flowering variety ‘Huoju’. A total of 28,842 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) were identified. Of these, 42 DETs controlled flowering time while 17 other DETs were associated with the ABA signaling pathway. Compared with those in ‘Huoju’, EjFT, EjFY, EjFLK, and EjCAL1-like were significantly upregulated in ‘Baiyu’. Moreover, transcripts of the ABA 8′-hydroxylases (EjABH2, EjABH4, and EjABH4-like2), the ABA receptors (EjPYL4/8), and the bZIP transcription factor EjABI5-like were upregulated in ‘Baiyu’ compared with ‘Huoju’. Hence, they might regulate loquat flowering time. There was no significant difference between ‘Baiyu’ and ‘Huoju’ in terms of IAA content. However, the ABA content was about ten-fold higher in the apical buds of ‘Baiyu’ than in those of ‘Huoju’. The ABA:IAA ratio sharply rose and attained a peak during bud differentiation. Thus, ABA is vital in regulating floral bud formation in loquat. The results of the present study help clarify gene transcription during loquat flowering.
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Ito A, Tuan PA, Saito T, Bai S, Kita M, Moriguchi T. Changes in phytohormone content and associated gene expression throughout the stages of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) dormancy. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:529-543. [PMID: 31595966 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the role of phytohormones during bud dormancy progression in the Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai), we investigated changes in phytohormone levels of indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA) and trans-zeatin (tZ). Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, we monitored phytohormone levels in the buds of field-grown and potted trees that were artificially heated to modify the timing of dormancy and flowering (spring flush) progression. We also analyzed the expression of GA- and ABA-metabolic genes during dormancy. Indole acetic acid and tZ levels were low during dormancy and increased toward the flowering stage. Gibberellic acid levels were maintained at relatively high concentrations during the dormancy induction stage, then decreased before slightly increasing prior to flowering. The low GA concentration in potted trees compared with field-grown trees indicated that GA functions in regulating tree vigor. Abscisic acid levels increased from the dormancy induction stage, peaked near endodormancy release and steadily decreased before increasing again before the flowering stage. The ABA peak levels did not always coincide with endodormancy release, but peak height correlated with flowering uniformity, suggesting that a decline in ABA concentration was not necessary for resumption of growth but the abundance of ABA might be associated with dormancy depth. From monitoring the expression of genes related to GA and ABA metabolism, we inferred that phytohormone metabolism changed significantly during dormancy, even though the levels of bioactive molecules were consistently low. Phytohormones regulate dormancy progression not only upon the reception of internal signals but also upon sensing ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ito
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Pham Anh Tuan
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Takanori Saito
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Songling Bai
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Masayuki Kita
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Takaya Moriguchi
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
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Zhang H, Wang L, Shi K, Shan D, Zhu Y, Wang C, Bai Y, Yan T, Zheng X, Kong J. Apple tree flowering is mediated by low level of melatonin under the regulation of seasonal light signal. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12551. [PMID: 30597595 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin regulates the seasonal reproduction in photoperiodic sensitive animals. Its function in plants reproduction has not been extensively studied. In the current study, the effects of melatonin on the apple tree flowering have been systematically investigated. For consecutive 2-year monitoring, it was found that the flowering was always associated with the drop of melatonin level in apple tree. Melatonin application before flowering postponed apple tree flowering with a dose-dependent manner. The increased melatonin levels at a suitable range also resulted in more flowering. The data indicated that similar to the animals, the melatonin also serves as the signal of the environmental light to regulate the plant reproduction. It was mainly the blue and far-red light to regulate the gene expression of melatonin synthetic enzymes and melatonin production in plants. The seasonal alterations of the blue and far-red lights coordinated well with the changes of the melatonin levels and led to decreased melatonin level before flowering. The mechanism studies showed that melatonin per se inhibits all the four flowering pathways in apple. The results not only provide the basic knowledge for melatonin research, but also uncover melatonin as a chemical message of light signal to mediate plant reproduction. This information can be potentially used to control flowering period and prolong the harvest time, helpfully to open a new avenue for increasing crop yield by melatonin application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqian Shan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chanyu Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixue Bai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianci Yan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Kong
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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8
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Ito A, Sakaue T, Fujimaru O, Iwatani A, Ikeda T, Sakamoto D, Sugiura T, Moriguchi T. Comparative phenology of dormant Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) flower buds: a possible cause of 'flowering disorder'. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:825-839. [PMID: 29370432 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mild winters influenced by global warming have increased the incidence of erratic flowering ('flowering disorder') in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees in Japan. To discover how, when and what kind of disorder/damage occur in pear flower buds, we observed axillary flower buds of two cultivars, 'Kosui' (a mid-chill cultivar) and 'Niitaka' (a high-chill cultivar), grown at five locations. We focused on the phenology from autumn 2015 to spring 2016, when temperatures were higher than for average years, especially from September to January, and large fluctuations occurred due to El Niño. During the blooming season in the spring of 2016, both the percentage of blooming flower buds and the number of florets per flower bud decreased in trees located at lower latitudes (with lower chilling accumulation) with a more severe problem in 'Niitaka' than in 'Kosui'. As shown by forcing excised shoots, the onset and release of endodormancy occurred earlier in 'Kosui' than 'Niitaka' and occurred earlier in trees growing at higher latitudes than at lower latitudes (warmer regions). The freezing tolerance of flower buds, measured as the lethal temperature for 50% survival (LT50), was similar for the cultivars beginning in autumn and reached maximum levels, LT50 values of less than -12 °C, between late-December and mid-January in both cultivars, except for those in Kagoshima (the lowest latitude), where the maximum LT50 was only -5 °C throughout the season. We propose that warmer autumn-winter temperatures may prevent the acquisition of freezing tolerance, disturb endodormancy progression and disrupt floral organ development, thereby causing flowering disorder in pear trees. The risk of occurrence of flowering disorder in pear may be higher in high-chill cultivars than in low- or mid-chill cultivars and at lower latitudes compared with higher latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ito
- Division of Fruit Production and Postharvest Science, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - T Sakaue
- Fruit Tree Division, Kagoshima Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Development, 2200 Oono, Kinpo, Minamisatsuma, Kagoshima 899-3401, Japan
| | - O Fujimaru
- Department of Deciduous Fruit Tree, Fruit Tree Research Institute, Kumamoto Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, 2566 Toyofuku, Matsubase, Uki, Kumamoto 869-0524, Japan
- Northern Kumamoto Administrative Headquarters, Kumamoto Prefectural Government, Tamana, Kumamoto 865-0016, Japan
| | - A Iwatani
- Department of Deciduous Fruit Tree, Fruit Tree Research Institute, Kumamoto Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, 2566 Toyofuku, Matsubase, Uki, Kumamoto 869-0524, Japan
| | - T Ikeda
- Laboratory of Fruit Growing and Breeding, Tottori Prefectural Horticultural Research Center, 2048 Yurashuku Hokuei, Tottori 689-2221, Japan
| | - D Sakamoto
- Division of Fruit Production and Postharvest Science, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - T Sugiura
- Division of Fruit Production and Postharvest Science, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - T Moriguchi
- Division of Fruit Production and Postharvest Science, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
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9
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Reig C, Gil-Muñoz F, Vera-Sirera F, García-Lorca A, Martínez-Fuentes A, Mesejo C, Pérez-Amador MA, Agustí M. Bud sprouting and floral induction and expression of FT in loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.]. PLANTA 2017; 246:915-925. [PMID: 28710586 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
EjFT1 and EjFT2 genes were isolated and sequenced from leaves of loquat. EjFT1 is involved in bud sprouting and leaf development, and EjFT2 in floral bud induction. Loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.] is an evergreen species belonging to the family Rosaceae, such as apple and pear, whose reproductive development, in contrast with these species, is a continuous process that is not interrupted by winter dormancy. Thus, the study of the mechanism of flowering in loquat has the potential to uncover the environmental and genetic networks that trigger flowering more accurately, contributing for a better understanding of the Rosaceae floral process. As a first step toward understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling flowering, extensive defoliation and defruiting assays, together with molecular studies of the key FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene, were carried out. FT exhibited two peaks of expression in leaves, the first one in early to mid-May, the second one in mid-June. Two FT genes, EjFT1 and EjFT2, were isolated and sequenced and studied their expression. Expression of EjFT1 and EjFT2 peaks in mid-May, at bud sprouting. EjFT2 expression peaks again in mid-June, coinciding with the floral bud inductive period. Thus, when all leaves of the tree were continuously removed from early to late May vegetative apex differentiated into panicle, but when defoliation was performed from early to late June apex did not differentiate. On the other hand, fruit removal advanced EjFT1 expression in old leaves and the sooner the fruit detached, the sooner the bud sprouted. Accordingly, results strongly suggest that EjFT1 might be related to bud sprouting and leaf development, while EjFT2 might be involved in floral bud induction. An integrative model for FT functions in loquat is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Reig
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Gil-Muñoz
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ana García-Lorca
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Mesejo
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Agustí
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
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10
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Bai S, Tuan PA, Saito T, Ito A, Ubi BE, Ban Y, Moriguchi T. Repression of TERMINAL FLOWER1 primarily mediates floral induction in pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) concomitant with change in gene expression of plant hormone-related genes and transcription factors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4899-4914. [PMID: 28992213 PMCID: PMC5853822 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Floral induction is an important event in the annual growth cycle of perennial fruit trees. For pear, this event directly affects fruit production in the following year. The flower buds in many species are induced by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), whose effect is repressed by the meristem-expressed gene TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1). In this study, we investigated the functions of pear FT and TFL1 genes during floral development. Expression of pear FTs (PpFT1a and PpFT2a) in reproductive meristems was not obviously induced prior to floral initiation, while expression of TFL1s (PpTFL1-1a and PpTFL1-2a) rapidly decreased. The induction of the productive meristem identity MADS-box gene AP1 after repression of PpTFL1s suggested a primary role for PpTFL1 in floral induction. RNA-seq analysis suggested that plant hormone-related genes and several transcription factors that were coexpressed with PpTFL1 were potentially involved in the PpTFL1-mediated floral induction. Our data indicate the essential function of TFL1 in pear floral induction and add another species in the family Rosaceae in addition to strawberry and rose that shows a role for TFL1 in floral induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songling Bai
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pham Anh Tuan
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Takanori Saito
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akiko Ito
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Benjamin Ewa Ubi
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Yusuke Ban
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Division of Lowland Crop Research, Fukuyama-shi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takaya Moriguchi
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Division of Citrus Research, Okitsu-Nakacho Shimizu, Shizuoka, Japan
- Correspondence:
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11
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Anh Tuan P, Bai S, Saito T, Imai T, Ito A, Moriguchi T. Involvement of EARLY BUD-BREAK, an AP2/ERF Transcription Factor Gene, in Bud Break in Japanese Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) Lateral Flower Buds: Expression, Histone Modifications and Possible Target Genes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1038-47. [PMID: 26940832 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) 'Kosui', three developmental stages of lateral flower buds have been proposed to occur during ecodormancy to the flowering phase, i.e. rapid enlargement, sprouting and flowering. Here, we report an APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factor gene, named pear EARLY BUD-BREAK (PpEBB), which was highly expressed during the rapid enlargement stage occurring prior to the onset of bud break in flower buds. Gene expression analysis revealed that PpEBB expression was dramatically increased during the rapid enlargement stage in three successive growing seasons. PpEBB transcript levels peaked 1 week prior to onset of bud break in 'Kosui' potted plants treated with hydrogen cyanamide or water under forcing conditions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR showed that higher levels of active histone modifications (trimethylation of the histone H3 tail at Lys4) in the 5'-upstream and start codon regions of the PpEBB gene were associated with the induced expression level of PpEBB during the rapid enlargement stage. In addition, we provide evidence that PpEBB may interact with and regulate pear four D-type cyclin (PpCYCD3) genes during bud break in 'Kosui' lateral flower buds. PpEBB significantly increased the promoter activities of four PpCYCD3 genes in a dual-luciferase assay using tobacco leaves. Taken together, our findings uncovered aspects of the bud break regulatory mechanism in the Japanese pear and provided further evidence that the EBB family plays an important role in bud break in perennial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Anh Tuan
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605 Japan
| | - Songling Bai
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605 Japan Present address: Institute of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Takanori Saito
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605 Japan Present address: Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Imai
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605 Japan
| | - Akiko Ito
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605 Japan
| | - Takaya Moriguchi
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605 Japan
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Bennie J, Davies TW, Cruse D, Inger R, Gaston KJ. Cascading effects of artificial light at night: resource-mediated control of herbivores in a grassland ecosystem. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0131. [PMID: 25780243 PMCID: PMC4375371 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night has a wide range of biological effects on both plants and animals. Here, we review mechanisms by which artificial light at night may restructure ecological communities by modifying the interactions between species. Such mechanisms may be top-down (predator, parasite or grazer controlled), bottom-up (resource-controlled) or involve non-trophic processes, such as pollination, seed dispersal or competition. We present results from an experiment investigating both top-down and bottom-up effects of artificial light at night on the population density of pea aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum in a diverse artificial grassland community in the presence and absence of predators and under low-level light of different spectral composition. We found no evidence for top-down control of A. pisum in this system, but did find evidence for bottom-up effects mediated through the impact of light on flower head density in a leguminous food plant. These results suggest that physiological effects of light on a plant species within a diverse plant community can have detectable demographic effects on a specialist herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bennie
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Thomas W Davies
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - David Cruse
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Richard Inger
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
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Ito A, Saito T, Sakamoto D, Sugiura T, Bai S, Moriguchi T. Physiological differences between bud breaking and flowering after dormancy completion revealed by DAM and FT/TFL1 expression in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:109-20. [PMID: 26546364 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms underlying bud breaking (scale leaf elongation) and flowering in the lateral flower buds of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai 'Kosui') are unknown. To more fully characterize these processes, we treated pear trees with different amounts of chilling initiated at different times. Chilling for ∼900 h at 6 °C always induced bud breaking (scale elongation in ≥70% lateral flower bud) when provided between October and February, whereas chilling provided earlier (between October and December) was less effective on flowering (floret growth and development) than later chilling and the flowering rate increased with longer chilling durations. During chilling, the expression of pear DAMs (PpMADS13-1, 13-2 and 13-3) in lateral flower buds decreased as chilling accumulated irrespective of the timing of chilling. In addition, pear TFL1 (PpTFL1-1a) in the lateral flower buds was expressed at higher levels when the time interval for chilling was earlier. On the other hand, during forcing at 15 °C after chilling, the expression pattern of all three PpMADS13 genes was similar among the treatments, and the expression levels seemed lower in the treatment where scale leaves of the lateral flower bud elongated faster, whereas pear FT (PpFT2a) was expressed at higher levels in the buds whose flower clusters elongated more vigorously during forcing. From these results, we infer that flowering time may be mediated via the balance of flowering-related genes FT and TFL1, whereas bud breaking may be regulated via the DAM genes in Japanese pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ito
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Takanori Saito
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan Present address: Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakamoto
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sugiura
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Songling Bai
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan Present address: Department of Horticulture, The State Agricultural Ministry's Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Takaya Moriguchi
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
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Saito T, Bai S, Imai T, Ito A, Nakajima I, Moriguchi T. Histone modification and signalling cascade of the dormancy-associated MADS-box gene, PpMADS13-1, in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) during endodormancy. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1157-66. [PMID: 25311427 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dormancy-associated MADS-box (DAM) genes play an important role in endodormancy phase transition. We investigated histone modification in the DAM homolog (PpMADS13-1) from Japanese pear, via chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR, to understand the mechanism behind the reduced expression of the PpMADS13-1 gene towards endodormancy release. Our results indicated that the reduction in the active histone mark by trimethylation of the histone H3 tail at lysine 4 contributed to the reduction of PpMADS13-1 expression towards endodormancy release. In contrast, the inactive histone mark by trimethylation of the histone H3 tail at lysine 27 in PpMADS13-1 locus was quite low, and these levels were more similar to a negative control [normal mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG)] than to a positive control (AGAMOUS) in endodormancy phase transition. The loss of histone variant H2A.Z also coincided with the down-regulation of PpMADS13-1. Subsequently, we investigated the PpMADS13-1 signalling cascade and found that PpCBF2, a pear C-repeated binding factor, regulated PpMADS13-1 expression via interaction of PpCBF2 with the 5'-upstream region of PpMADS13-1 by transient reporter assay. Furthermore, transient reporter assay confirmed no interaction between the PpMADS13-1 protein and the pear FLOWERING LOCUS T genes. Taken together, our results enhance understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying endodormancy phase transition in Japanese pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Saito
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan; NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605, Japan
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