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Feng X, Zhong L, Zhou H, Bi J, Batool H, Zhang X, Zhao W. The limiting effect of genome size on xylem vessel diameter is shifted by environmental pressures in seed plants. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e471. [PMID: 36530591 PMCID: PMC9751660 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Current and previous studies have extensively studied the physiological and ecological consequences of genome size (GS) on plants because of the limiting effect of GS on cell size. However, it is still obscure whether such limiting effect could be shifted by environmental pressures, or not. Here, we compiled a global dataset comprised of GS, xylem vessel diameter (V dia), xylem hydraulic conductivity (K S), P 50 (xylem water potential at the loss of 50% maximum K S), and climate factors of 251 phylogeny and habitat divergent species from 59 families. The results showed that GS could limit the V dia of the species from the same family sampled in the similar climate conditions. But the expected positive relationship between GS and V dia became uncertain and even negative across different environmental conditions. V dia was strongly positively coordinated with mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), and potential evapotranspiration (PET). Furthermore, V dia as the anatomic foundation of plant hydraulic performance was strongly positively coordinated with K S and negatively coordinated with -P 50. The strong environmental selection on K S and P 50 explained the concerted regulation of V dia by environmental factors. The findings revealed the combined regulation of GS and environmental pressures on xylem cell size and thus affected plant eco-physiological performance. The shifted cell size limiting effect of GS by environmental factors manifests plants great plasticity under changed environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Feng
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Linfei Zhong
- College of Geography and Environment ScienceNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Hai Zhou
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Jingwen Bi
- School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Huma Batool
- Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's UniversityQuettaPakistan
| | - Xintan Zhang
- College of AgricultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenzhi Zhao
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
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2
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Dutta S, Chen Z, Kaiser E, Matamoros PM, Steeneken PG, Verbiest GJ. Ultrasound Pulse Emission Spectroscopy Method to Characterize Xylem Conduits in Plant Stems. Research (Wash D C) 2022; 2022:9790438. [PMID: 36204251 PMCID: PMC9513830 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9790438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well known that plants emit acoustic pulses under drought stress, the exact origin of the waveform of these ultrasound pulses has remained elusive. Here, we present evidence for a correlation between the characteristics of the waveform of these pulses and the dimensions of xylem conduits in plants. Using a model that relates the resonant vibrations of a vessel to its dimension and viscoelasticity, we extract the xylem radii from the waveforms of ultrasound pulses and show that these are correlated and in good agreement with optical microscopy. We demonstrate the versatility of the method by applying it to shoots of ten different vascular plant species. In particular, for Hydrangea quercifolia, we further extract vessel element lengths with our model and compare them with scanning electron cryomicroscopy. The ultrasonic, noninvasive characterization of internal conduit dimensions enables a breakthrough in speed and accuracy in plant phenotyping and stress detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satadal Dutta
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of 3ME, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, Netherlands
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Priscilla Malcolm Matamoros
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter G. Steeneken
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of 3ME, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. Verbiest
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of 3ME, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, Netherlands
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Xiao Y, Song Y, Wu FC, Zhang SB, Zhang JL. Divergence of stem biomechanics and hydraulics between Bauhinia lianas and trees. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab016. [PMID: 34007437 PMCID: PMC8114228 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liana abundance and biomass are increasing in neotropical and Asian tropical seasonal forests over the past decades. Stem mechanical properties and hydraulic traits influence the growth and survival of plants, yet the differences in stem mechanical and hydraulic performance between congeneric lianas and trees remain poorly understood. Here, we measured 11 stem mechanical and hydraulic traits for 10 liana species and 10 tree species from Bauhinia grown in a tropical common garden. Our results showed that Bauhinia lianas possessed lower stem mechanical strength as indicated by both modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture, and higher stem potential hydraulic conductivity than congeneric trees. Such divergence was mainly attributed to the differentiation in liana and tree life forms. Whether the phylogenetic effect was considered or not, mechanical strength was positively correlated with wood density, vessel conduit wall reinforcement and sapwood content across species. Results of principle component analysis showed that traits related to mechanical safety and hydraulic efficiency were loaded in the opposite direction, suggesting a trade-off between biomechanics and hydraulics. Our results provide evidence for obvious differentiation in mechanical demand and hydraulic efficiency between congeneric lianas and trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Song
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Fu-Chuan Wu
- Horticulture Department, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Shu-Bin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan 653300, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
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4
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Brunetti C, Savi T, Nardini A, Loreto F, Gori A, Centritto M. Changes in abscisic acid content during and after drought are related to carbohydrate mobilization and hydraulic recovery in poplar stems. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1043-1057. [PMID: 32186735 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought compromises plant's ability to replace transpired water vapor with water absorbed from the soil, leading to extensive xylem dysfunction and causing plant desiccation and death. Short-term plant responses to drought rely on stomatal closure, and on the plant's ability to recover hydraulic functioning after drought relief. We hypothesize a key role for abscisic acid (ABA) not only in the control of stomatal aperture, but also in hydraulic recovery. Young plants of Populus nigra L. were used to investigate possible relationships among ABA, non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) and xylem hydraulic function under drought and after re-watering. In Populus nigra L. plants subjected to drought, water transport efficiency and hydraulic recovery after re-watering were monitored by measuring the percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) and stem specific hydraulic conductivity (Kstem). In the same plants ABA and NSC were quantified in wood and bark. Drought severely reduced stomatal conductance (gL) and markedly increased the PLC. Leaf and stem water potential, and stem hydraulic efficiency fully recovered within 24 h after re-watering, but gL values remained low. After re-watering, we found significant correlations between changes in ABA content and hexoses concentration both in wood and bark. Our findings suggest a role for ABA in the regulation of stem carbohydrate metabolism and starch mobilization upon drought relief, possibly promoting the restoration of xylem transport capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, BOKU, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1190, Vienna, Austria Austria
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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Bouda M, Windt CW, McElrone AJ, Brodersen CR. In vivo pressure gradient heterogeneity increases flow contribution of small diameter vessels in grapevine. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5645. [PMID: 31822680 PMCID: PMC6904565 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaves lose approximately 400 H2O molecules for every 1 CO2 gained during photosynthesis. Most long-distance water transport in plants, or xylem sap flow, serves to replace this water to prevent desiccation. Theory predicts that the largest vessels contribute disproportionately to overall sap flow because flow in pipe-like systems scales with the fourth power of radius. Here, we confront these theoretical flow predictions for a vessel network reconstructed from X-ray μCT imagery with in vivo flow MRI observations from the same sample of a first-year grapevine stem. Theoretical flow rate predictions based on vessel diameters are not supported. The heterogeneity of the vessel network gives rise to transverse pressure gradients that redirect flow from wide to narrow vessels, reducing the contribution of wide vessels to sap flow by 15% of the total. Our results call for an update of the current working model of the xylem to account for its heterogeneity. Plants require long-distance water transport to avoid desiccation. Here, via μCT and MRI of grapevine stem, Bouda et al. show evidence of pressure gradient heterogeneity and flow redirection from wide to narrow vessels that suggests narrow vessels contribute more to xylem sap flow than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bouda
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. .,Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
| | - Carel W Windt
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo Brandt Straße 1, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, 595 Hilgard Ln, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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