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Intirach J, Shu C, Lv X, Gao S, Sutthanont N, Chen T, Lv Z. Human parasitic infections of the class Adenophorea: global epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention and control. Infect Dis Poverty 2024; 13:48. [PMID: 38902844 PMCID: PMC11188577 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-024-01216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human parasitic infections caused by Adenophorean nematodes encompass a range of diseases, including dioctophymiasis, trichuriasis, capillariasis, trichinellosis, and myositis. These infection can result in adverse impacts on human health and cause societal and economic concerns in tropical and subtropical regions. METHODS This review conducted searches in PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar for relevant studies that published in established databases up to April 26, 2024. Studies that focused on the common morphology, life cycle, disease distribution, clinical manifestations, and prevention and control strategies for Adenophorean parasitic diseases in humans were included. RESULTS Adenophorean nematodes exhibit shared morphological characteristics with a four-layered cuticle; uninucleate epidermal cells; pseudocoelom with six or more coelomocytes; generally three caudal glands; five esophageal glands; two testes in males with median-ventral supplementary glands in a single row; tail in males rarely possessing caudal alae; amphids always postlabial; presence of cephalic sensory organs; absence of phasmids; and a secretory-excretory system consisting of a single ventral gland cell, usually with a non-cuticularized terminal duct. Humans play two important roles in the life cycle of the nematode class, Adenophorea: 1) as a definitive host infected by ingesting undercooked paratenic hosts, embryonated eggs, infective larvae in fish tissue and meat contaminated with encysted or non-encysted larvae, and 2) as an accidental host infected by ingesting parasitic eggs in undercooked meat. Many organs are targeted by the Adenophorean nematode in humans such as the intestines, lungs, liver, kidneys, lymphatic circulation and blood vessels, resulting in gastrointestinal problems, excessive immunological responses, cell disruption, and even death. Most of these infections have significant incidence rates in the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America; however, some parasitic diseases have restricted dissemination in outbreaks. To prevent these diseases, interventions together with education, sanitation, hygiene and animal control measures have been introduced in order to reduce and control parasite populations. CONCLUSIONS The common morphology, life cycle, global epidemiology and pathology of human Adenophorean nematode-borne parasitic diseases were highlighted, as well as their prevention and control. The findings of this review will contribute to improvement of monitoring and predicting human-parasitic infections, understanding the relationship between animals, humans and parasites, and preventing and controlling parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitrawadee Intirach
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570100, China
| | - Chang Shu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Xin Lv
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Suzhen Gao
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Nataya Sutthanont
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tao Chen
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570100, China.
- Hainan Provincial Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control, Haikou, 570100, China.
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570100, China.
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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Charoennitiwat V, Chaisiri K, Kanjanapruthipong T, Ampawong S, Chanhome L, Vasaruchapong T, Thaenkham U, Ratnarathorn N. Paracapillaria ( Ophidiocapillaria) siamensis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichuroidea): a new nematode in Naja kaouthia from Thailand. Parasitology 2024; 151:529-538. [PMID: 38659195 PMCID: PMC11106506 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive investigation, incorporating both morphological and molecular analyses, has unveiled the existence of a hitherto unknown nematode species, Paracapillaria (Ophidiocapillaria) siamensis sp. nov., residing in the intestine of the monocled cobra, Naja kaouthia, in the central region of Thailand. This study integrates morphological characteristics, morphometric examination, scanning electron microscopy and molecular phylogenetic analysis (COI, 18S rRNA and ITS1 genes). The findings place the newly described species within the subgenus Ophidiocapillaria, elucidating its distinctive characteristics, including a frame-like proximal spicule shape, approximate lengths of 19 000 and 22 500 μm with approximate widths of 90 and 130 μm for males and females, 39‒45 stichocytes, elevated lips without protrusion, a dorsal bacillary band stripe with an irregular pattern of bacillary cells and evidence of intestinal infection. These features serve to differentiate it from other species within the same subgenus, notably Paracapillaria (Ophidiocapillaria) najae De, , a species coexisting P. siamensis sp. nov. in the monocled cobra from the same locality. This study addresses the co-infection of the novel species and P. najae within the same snake host, marking the second documented instance of a paracapillariid species in the monocled cobra within the family Elapidae. The genetic characterization supports the formal recognition of P. siamensis sp. nov. as a distinct species, thereby underscoring its taxonomic differentiation within the Capillariidae family. This research identifies and characterizes the new nematode species, contributing valuable insights into the taxonomy of this nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kittipong Chaisiri
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tapanee Kanjanapruthipong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lawan Chanhome
- Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taksa Vasaruchapong
- Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Urusa Thaenkham
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napat Ratnarathorn
- Animal Systematics & Molecular Ecology Laboratory and Applied Animal Science Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Charoennitiwat V, Chaisiri K, Ampawong S, Laoungbua P, Chanhome L, Vasaruchapong T, Tawan T, Thaenkham U, Ratnarathorn N. Redescription and new record of Paracapillaria ( Ophidiocapillaria) najae (Nematoda: Trichuroidea) in the monocled cobra Naja kaouthia from central Thailand: morphological and molecular insights. Parasitology 2023; 150:901-910. [PMID: 37519244 PMCID: PMC10577661 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic nematode Paracapillaria (Ophidiocapillaria) najae De, 1998, found in the Indian cobra Naja naja is redescribed and re-illustrated in the present study. The monocled cobra Naja kaouthia was discovered to be a new host for this parasite in central Thailand. A comprehensive description extending the morphological and molecular characteristics of the parasites is provided to aid species recognition in future studies. The morphometric characters of 41 parasites collected from 5 cobra specimens are compared with those described in the original studies. Phylogenetic analyses using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA genes were performed to provide novel information on the systematics of P. najae. Similar characteristics were observed in the examined nematode samples, despite being found in different hosts, confirming their identity as P. najae. The molecular genetic results support the species status of P. najae, indicating P. najae is well defined and separated from other related nematode species in the family Capillariidae. Morphological descriptions, genetic sequences, evolutionary relationships among capillariids and new host and distribution records of P. najae are discussed. Paracapillaria najae specimens found in the Thai cobra had some morphological variation, and sexual size dimorphism was also indicated. Paracapillaria najae was found to infect various cobra host species and appeared to be common throughout the Oriental regions, consistent with its hosts' distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kittipong Chaisiri
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panithi Laoungbua
- Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lawan Chanhome
- Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taksa Vasaruchapong
- Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapong Tawan
- Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Urusa Thaenkham
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napat Ratnarathorn
- Animal Systematics and Molecular Ecology Laboratory, and Applied Animal Science Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hossen MS, Suthar J, Wassens S, Shamsi S. Occurrence and molecular identification of nematodes from blue mackerel Scomber australasicus Cuvier in Australian waters. Parasitol Int 2023; 92:102664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Integrative species delimitation and community structure of nematodes in three species of Australian flathead fishes (Scorpaeniformes: Platycephalidae). Parasitol Res 2021; 120:461-480. [PMID: 33409638 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the integrative characterisation of nematodes from three species of edible flathead fishes (Scorpaeniformes: Platycephalidae) in New South Wales, Australia, and describe nematode communities within three species of flatheads. Tiger (Platycephalus richardsoni (Castelnau); n = 20) and sand flatheads (Platycephalus bassensis (Cuvier); n = 20), sourced from the Nelson Bay area, and dusky flathead (Platycephalus fuscus (Cuvier); n = 20) from the Manning River, Taree, were examined for the presence of nematodes. The nematodes were initially classified morphologically as 12 different morphotypes belonging to the families Anisakidae (Anisakis types I, II, and III, Contracaecum type II, Terranova types I and II), Raphidascarididae (Hysterothylacium types IV, VI, VIII, and H. zhoushanense larva), and Gnathostomatidae (Echinocephalus sp. larva), Capillariidae (Capillaria sp.), followed by genetic identification through sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2) regions. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the evolutionary relationship between the identified larval specimens in the present study with available GenBank larval and adult nematodes. Sand flathead was 90% infected with nematodes followed by tiger flathead at 85% and dusky flathead at 15%. Nematodes infecting estuarine dusky and oceanic sand and tiger flatheads contrasted markedly. The analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) showed significant differences (p < 0.001) in the composition of taxa within nematode communities between the three species of flatheads (global R = 0.208) with the highest difference being between sand and dusky flatheads (R = 0.308, p < 0.001). The findings of the present study provide a foundation for future investigations of the community composition, life cycles, and distribution of nematode populations in edible fish in Australia and explore and clarify their significance to public health.
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Can thick-shelled eggs of Capillaria philippinensis embryonate within the host? J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:666-669. [PMID: 32801522 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal capillariasisis is a newly emerging parasitic disease and its outcome may be fatal if not diagnosed and treated in the proper time. The main diagnosis of intestinal capillariasis is made by identifying eggs, larvae and/or adults in the stools of infected cases. This study aimed to describe a different type of developmental stages, which is the detection of adult females carrying embryonated thick-shelled eggs in their uteri in the fecal samples of infected cases. The study included 40 Capillaria philippinensis patients admitted to the hospitals of Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University and Beni-Suef University. Stool examination was performed using direct smear and the formalin-ether concentration methods. The adult stages of the parasite were detected in 35 stool samples, eggs were detected in 33 cases, 5 of them were diagnosed by detecting eggs only. We could identify three types of eggs of C. philippinensis: non-embryonated thick-shelled eggs in feces of cases, embryonated thin-shelled and embryonated thick-shelled eggs in the uteri of female worms. Only in 2 cases we were able to identify female worms with embryonated thick-shelled eggs inside their uteri. This finding has never been mentioned and may point out to a missing point in the known life cycle.
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Fan Z, Huang Y, Qian S, Lv G, Chen Y, Yang B, Zhong S, Lin G, Yan G. Serious diarrhea with weight loss caused by Capillaria philippinensis acquired in China: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:554. [PMID: 23035938 PMCID: PMC3531305 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea caused by Capillaria philippinensis (C. philippinensis) has not been reported in any areas with the exception of Taiwan province in China. We herein report the misdiagnosis and subsequent management of a patient with diarrhea caused by C. philippinensis. CASE PRESENTATION A 33-year-old woman from the outskirts of Danzhou city, Hainan province, China, had an 11-month history of chronic diarrhea with abdominal pain, edema, hypoalbuminemia, and severe weight loss. The patient was misdiagnosed at an outpatient clinic and one hospital. She was finally correctly diagnosed with C. philippinensis by stool examination. The patient was given a 30-days course of albendazole (400 mg/day) and had an uneventful and stable recovery. CONCLUSION Doctors cannot lose sight of patients' dietary histories, must query stool examination results, and need to expand their knowledge of certain nonlocal and global diseases, especially those described in new case reports. Some diagnostic examinations must be performed repeatedly. Hainan province may be the epidemic focus of C. philippinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Fan
- School of tropical and laboratory medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.
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Attia RAH, Tolba MEM, Yones DA, Bakir HY, Eldeek HEM, Kamel S. Capillaria philippinensis in Upper Egypt: has it become endemic? Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:126-33. [PMID: 22232463 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to present an overview of human infections with Capillaria philippinensis, a new emerging parasite in Upper Egypt. The study included 21 inpatients who had been admitted to the Assiut University Hospital. Patients suffered from intermittent abdominal pain, borborygmi, chronic diarrhea lasting for several weeks, and marked weight loss. Hypoalbuminemia and low serum levels of potassium, calcium, and sodium were detected in most patients. A stool examination was performed using direct smears and the formalin-ether concentration method. Intact adult worms and/or eggs were evaluated using a light microscope and processed for scanning electron microscopy. The examination by light microscopy illustrated the general morphology of different stages. Using scanning electron microscopy, intestinal villi were found partially covering the cuticle of the adult worms, which provided evidence for the invasion of adult worms into the jejunal mucosa. Two distinct types of eggs, thick-shelled and thin-shelled, were identified and measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A H Attia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.
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Abstract
Intestinal capillariasis caused by Capillaria philippinensis appeared first in the Philippines and subsequently in Thailand, Japan, Iran, Egypt and Taiwan; major outbreaks have occurred in the Philippines and Thailand. This article reviews the epidemiology, history and sources of C. philippinensis infection in Thailand. The annual epidemiological surveillance reports indicated that 82 accumulated cases of intestinal capillariasis were found in Thailand from 1994-2006. That made Thailand a Capillaria-prevalent area. Sisaket, in northeast Thailand, was the first province which has reported intestinal capillariasis. Moreover, Buri Ram presented a high prevalence of intestinal capillariasis, totaling 24 cases from 1994-2006. About half of all cases have consumed raw or undercooked fish. However, even if the numbers of the intestinal capillariasis cases in Thailand is reduced, C. philippinensis infection cases are still reported. The improvement of personal hygiene, specifically avoiding consumption of undercooked fish and promoting a health education campaign are required. These strategies may minimize or eliminate C. philippinensis infection in Thailand.
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