1
|
Hanel A, Orpet RJ, Hilton R, Nottingham L, Northfield TD, Schmidt-Jeffris R. Turning a Pest into a Natural Enemy: Removing Earwigs from Stone Fruit and Releasing Them in Pome Fruit Enhances Pest Control. INSECTS 2023; 14:906. [PMID: 38132580 PMCID: PMC10743910 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The European earwig Forficula auricularia (L.) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) is an omnivorous insect that is considered a minor pest of stone fruit and a key predator of pests in pome fruit orchards. In many pome fruit orchards, earwigs are absent or in low abundance due to broad-spectrum spray programs and the slow recolonization rate of earwigs. Orchards in transition to organic or "selective" conventional programs often struggle to achieve effective levels of biological control, and thus, may benefit from inoculating earwigs to expedite their re-establishment. In a two-year study, we evaluated the potential for mass trapping earwigs from stone fruit using rolled cardboard traps to reduce fruit damage and provide earwigs for augmentation in pome fruit. We also tested whether a single mass release or five releases (on alternating weeks) of the same total number of earwigs in apples and pears reduced pests relative to plots where no releases occurred. Mass trapping did not decrease earwig abundance or substantially reduce fruit damage in stone fruit orchards. However, trapping was an efficient method for providing earwigs for augmentation. Earwig abundances were only increased in orchards where earwigs were previously low or absent; however, multiple orchards with varying prior levels of earwigs exhibited reductions in key pests (woolly apple aphid and pear psylla). For some other pests evaluated, plots with mass releases of earwigs had a slight trend in overall lower pest density when compared with control plots. A strategy for moving earwigs out of stone fruit orchards and into pome fruit orchards could be an effective method for augmenting orchard predator populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Hanel
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (R.J.O.); (L.N.); (T.D.N.)
| | - Robert J. Orpet
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (R.J.O.); (L.N.); (T.D.N.)
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Richard Hilton
- Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Central Point, OR 97502, USA;
| | - Louis Nottingham
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (R.J.O.); (L.N.); (T.D.N.)
- Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA 98273, USA
| | - Tobin D. Northfield
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (R.J.O.); (L.N.); (T.D.N.)
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Rebecca Schmidt-Jeffris
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Wapato, WA 98951, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kobayashi S, Maldonado JE, Gaete A, Araya I, Aguado-Norese C, Cumplido N, Díaz S, Espinoza A, Fernández E, Gajardo F, González-Ordenes F, Hauyon K, Maldonado P, Maldonado R, Pochet I, Riveros A, Sandoval P, Sepúlveda-González A, Stuardo C, Tapia-Reyes P, Thornton C, Undurraga S, Varas M, Valdivieso C, Gutiérrez RA, Orellana A, Montecino M, Maass A, González M, Allende ML, Hodar C, Irles P. DNA sequencing in the classroom: complete genome sequence of two earwig (Dermaptera; Insecta) species. Biol Res 2023; 56:6. [PMID: 36797803 PMCID: PMC9935246 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite representing the largest fraction of animal life, the number of insect species whose genome has been sequenced is barely in the hundreds. The order Dermaptera (the earwigs) suffers from a lack of genomic information despite its unique position as one of the basally derived insect groups and its importance in agroecosystems. As part of a national educational and outreach program in genomics, a plan was formulated to engage the participation of high school students in a genome sequencing project. Students from twelve schools across Chile were instructed to capture earwig specimens in their geographical area, to identify them and to provide material for genome sequencing to be carried out by themselves in their schools. RESULTS The school students collected specimens from two cosmopolitan earwig species: Euborellia annulipes (Fam. Anisolabididae) and Forficula auricularia (Fam. Forficulidae). Genomic DNA was extracted and, with the help of scientific teams that traveled to the schools, was sequenced using nanopore sequencers. The sequence data obtained for both species was assembled and annotated. We obtained genome sizes of 1.18 Gb (F. auricularia) and 0.94 Gb (E. annulipes) with the number of predicted protein coding genes being 31,800 and 40,000, respectively. Our analysis showed that we were able to capture a high percentage (≥ 93%) of conserved proteins indicating genomes that are useful for comparative and functional analysis. We were also able to characterize structural elements such as repetitive sequences and non-coding RNA genes. Finally, functional categories of genes that are overrepresented in each species suggest important differences in the process underlying the formation of germ cells, and modes of reproduction between them, features that are one of the distinguishing biological properties that characterize these two distant families of Dermaptera. CONCLUSIONS This work represents an unprecedented instance where the scientific and lay community have come together to collaborate in a genome sequencing project. The versatility and accessibility of nanopore sequencers was key to the success of the initiative. We were able to obtain full genome sequences of two important and widely distributed species of insects which had not been analyzed at this level previously. The data made available by the project should illuminate future studies on the Dermaptera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Kobayashi
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan E. Maldonado
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.412179.80000 0001 2191 5013Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Gaete
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466INTA, Universidad de Chile, 7830490 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ingrid Araya
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.512263.1Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Sergio Livingstone 1007, 8380494 Independencia, Santiago Chile
| | - Constanza Aguado-Norese
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466INTA, Universidad de Chile, 7830490 Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Cumplido
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Díaz
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Alonso Espinoza
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.412848.30000 0001 2156 804XFacultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edelmira Fernández
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Gajardo
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe González-Ordenes
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Khantati Hauyon
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466INTA, Universidad de Chile, 7830490 Santiago, Chile
| | - Piedad Maldonado
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Maldonado
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.412848.30000 0001 2156 804XFacultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isabel Pochet
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal Riveros
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.424112.00000 0001 0943 9683ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Sandoval
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ailynne Sepúlveda-González
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466INTA, Universidad de Chile, 7830490 Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Stuardo
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466INTA, Universidad de Chile, 7830490 Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Tapia-Reyes
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Thornton
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Undurraga
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.412199.60000 0004 0487 8785Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Varas
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Valdivieso
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Rodrigo A. Gutiérrez
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Orellana
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.412848.30000 0001 2156 804XFacultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Montecino
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.412848.30000 0001 2156 804XFacultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Maass
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Departamento de Ingeniería Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio González
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466INTA, Universidad de Chile, 7830490 Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel L. Allende
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Hodar
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003, Santiago, Chile. .,INTA, Universidad de Chile, 7830490, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Paula Irles
- Institute of Agri-food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de O´Higgins, Rancagua, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Honorio R, Depierrefixe P, Devers S, Rouelle M, Meunier J, Lécureuil C. Effects of cadmium ingestion on reproduction and maternal egg care in the European earwig. Anim Behav 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
4
|
Costs and benefits of isolation from siblings during family life in adult earwigs. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
5
|
Merleau LA, Larrigaldie I, Bousquet O, Devers S, Keller M, Lécureuil C, Meunier J. Exposure to pyriproxyfen (juvenile hormone agonist) does not alter maternal care and reproduction in the European earwig. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:72729-72746. [PMID: 35610459 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20970-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sublethal exposure to pesticides can alter the survival and reproduction of a wide range of non-target organisms. However, it remains unclear whether this exposure can alter behaviours that are often essential for long-term population dynamics and maintenance, such as parental care. In this study, we tested the effect of pyriproxyfen exposure (an insect growth regulator) on maternal care in the European earwig, an insect that is both used in pest control in pip-fruit orchards and considered a pest in stone fruit orchards. We exposed 424 females at doses either 10 times lower, equivalent or 10 times higher than normal application rates in French orchards. As maternal care can change over the weeks of family life, we exposed the earwig mothers at five different days before and after egg hatching. We then measured the expression of ten forms of maternal care towards eggs and juveniles, six non-caring behaviours, eggs and juvenile development, metabolic reserves in mothers at egg hatching and females' production of a terminal clutch. First, our results revealed that the three tested doses of pyriproxyfen were non-lethal and confirmed that maternal care decreased throughout both pre- and post-hatching family life. However, we did not detect any effect of pyriproxyfen on maternal care and non-care behaviours, eggs and juvenile development, quantities of lipids, proteins and glycogen in mothers at egg hatching, and on the production of a future clutch. Overall, these findings suggest that the maximal doses of pyriproxyfen authorized in French orchards is likely to have limited effects on the short- and long-term maintenance of populations of the European earwig and raises fundamental questions about the nature of the link between juvenile hormone and parental care in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie-Anne Merleau
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Izïa Larrigaldie
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Océane Bousquet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Séverine Devers
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Matthieu Keller
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Reproduction & des Comportements, UMR 7247 INRAE/CNRS/Université de Tours/IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Charlotte Lécureuil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Joël Meunier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ji SJ, Min GS. A new species of Allobathynella (Crustacea, Bathynellacea, Parabathynellidae) from the hyporheic zone of the Hangang River, South Korea. SUBTERRANEAN BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.85517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bathynellacea including the parabathynellid genus Allobathynella Morimoto & Miura, 1957 is commonly found across the subterranean environment. The genus Allobathynella is the most species-rich genus known in Korea, and it now contains 23 species and one subspecies from South Korea and Japan. In this paper, we described a new species of Allobathynella from Danyang, South Korea. Allobathynella danyangensissp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners by the presence of five simple setae on the antennule, seven spines on the maxillule and 3-5-10-6 setal formula of the maxilla. We describe the new species with molecular diagnosis based on the mitochondrial c oxidase subunit 1, the mitochondrial 16S rDNA, and the nuclear 18S rDNA gene sequences and morphological study.
Collapse
|
7
|
Van Meyel S, Devers S, Meunier J. Earwig mothers consume the feces of their juveniles during family life. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:595-602. [PMID: 34224203 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many animals consume the feces of their conspecifics. This allo-coprophagy can have benefits, such as access to nutrients and symbionts, but also risks for consumers, mainly due to direct contact with pathogens that develop on feces. In the European earwig Forficula auricularia, mothers and juveniles live in nests lined with their feces. This surprising habit allows juveniles to consume the feces of their siblings during family life and provides them with nutritional benefits when mothers provide low care. However, it was unclear whether earwig mothers also practice allo-coprophagy, and whether this behavior is motivated by their nutritional needs. Here, we set up four types of experimental families in which we manipulated the nutritional needs of mothers and/or juveniles and measured the effects on the production of feces by the juveniles, and the consumption of these feces by the mothers. Our results first show that fed juveniles produced more feces pellet in presence of fed compared to food-deprived mothers. We also found that, overall, about 50% of the mothers consumed juveniles feces. This consumption was both more likely and larger when the feces were produced by fed compared to food-deprived juveniles, while the proportion of feces pellets eaten was larger in food-deprived compared to fed mothers. Overall, our results reveal that allo-coprophagy involves every family member and suggest that it can have both nutritional and non-nutritional benefits for earwig mothers. Allo-coprophagy could thus favor the maintenance of mothers in the nest and, more generally, promote the early evolution of family life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Van Meyel
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Séverine Devers
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Joël Meunier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Garca-Pars M, Jurado-Angulo P, Martnez-Prez S, Mic E. Rediscovery of Forficula iberica Steinmann, 1981 (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Zootaxa 2021; 5039:241-251. [PMID: 34811085 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Forficula iberica Steinmann, 1981 was described from Spain (Province of Zaragoza), but since its description it has remained an unknown taxon, usually ignored or treated as a synonym of F. auricularia Linnaeus, 1758. Field work in central Spain allowed us to collect some specimens of Dermaptera that matched the original description of F. iberica. In addition, the collection of the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC, Spain) held some specimens assignable to F. iberica confused among other Iberian species. The main objective of this work is to validate the specific status of F. iberica, report its rediscovery in central Spain, and evaluate the diagnostic characters provided by Steinmann (1981). The original description provided by Steinmann is quite complete, and fits precisely the specimens located in the field or at the MNCN, which cannot be associated to any other species of Forficulidae. The comparison of Steinmanns paratypes of F. iberica at the Magyar Termszettudomyi Mzeum (MTM, Budapest), with the specimens obtained in the field, confirms that they can be assigned to F. iberica. The shape of the tegmina of F. iberica is most similar to that of F. lesnei, but differs from that of G. pubescens (obliquely truncated posteriorly). Shape of the cerci of F. iberica is similar to that of G. pubescens and G. brignolii, but different from that of F. lesnei. The genus Guanchia Burr, 1911 was created based on the shape of tegmina (obliquely truncated), but this character is quite variable. In agreement with Vigna Taglianti (2011), we consider that a phylogenetic study of the subfamily Forficulinae is necessary to revise the generic status of the continental species of Forficula included in Guanchia by Steinmann (1993).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Garca-Pars
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC. c/ Jos Gutirrez Abascal, 2. 28006, Madrid, Spain. .
| | - Pilar Jurado-Angulo
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC. c/ Jos Gutirrez Abascal, 2. 28006, Madrid, Spain. .
| | - Sandra Martnez-Prez
- Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad (CIBIO). Universidad de Alicante. Ctra. de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n 03690, Alicante. Spain.
| | - Estefana Mic
- Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad (CIBIO). Universidad de Alicante. Ctra. de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n 03690, Alicante. Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Van Meyel S, Devers S, Dupont S, Dedeine F, Meunier J. Alteration of gut microbiota with a broad-spectrum antibiotic does not impair maternal care in the European earwig. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1034-1045. [PMID: 33877702 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The microbes residing within the gut of an animal host often increase their own fitness by modifying their host's physiological, reproductive and behavioural functions. Whereas recent studies suggest that they may also shape host sociality and therefore have critical effects on animal social evolution, the impact of the gut microbiota on maternal care remains unexplored. This is surprising, as this behaviour is widespread among animals, often determines the fitness of both juveniles and parents, and is essential in the evolution of complex animal societies. Here, we tested whether life-long alterations of the gut microbiota with rifampicin-a broad-spectrum antibiotic-impair pre- and post-hatching maternal care in the European earwig. Our results first confirm that rifampicin altered the mothers' gut microbial communities and indicate that the composition of the gut microbiota differs before and after egg care. Contrary to our predictions, however, the rifampicin-induced alterations of the gut microbiota did not modify pre- or post-hatching care. Independent of maternal care, rifampicin increased the females' faeces production and resulted in lighter eggs and juveniles. By contrast, rifampicin altered none of the other 21 physiological, reproductive and longevity traits measured over the 300 days of a female's lifetime. Overall, these findings reveal that altering the gut microbiota with a large spectrum antibiotic such as rifampicin does not necessarily affect host sociality. They also emphasize that not all animals have evolved a co-dependence with their microbiota and call for caution when generalizing the central role of gut microbes in host biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Van Meyel
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Séverine Devers
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Simon Dupont
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Franck Dedeine
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Joël Meunier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao P, Du Z, Zhao Q, Li D, Shao X, Li H, Cai W. Integrative Taxonomy of the Spinous Assassin Bug Genus Sclomina (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) Reveals Three Cryptic Species Based on DNA Barcoding and Morphological Evidence. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030251. [PMID: 33809525 PMCID: PMC8001484 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The assassin bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) are one of the largest and morphologically most diverse families of true bug, having essential impacts on forest ecosystems as predators. The spinous reduviid genus Sclomina exhibits shape mimicry and protective coloration adapted to the spinous Rubus plant that they inhabit. The genus Sclomina shows gradual morphological variability, so its morphological classification is still unresolved, and its biology is almost unknown. In this study, DNA barcodes and morphological evidence were combined to accurately divide the species of a comprehensive collection sampled in South China and North Vietnam. We found three cryptic species. The biological information and mimicry behavior uncover their successive evolutionary survival strategies. Abstract Sclomina Stål, 1861 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) is endemic to China and Vietnam, with only two species, Sclomina erinacea Stål, 1861 and Sclomina guangxiensis Ren, 2001, characterized by spinous body and dentate abdominal connexivum. However, due to variable morphological characteristics, Sclomina erinacea, which is widely distributed in South China, is possibly a complex of cryptic species, and Sclomina guangxiensis was suspected to be an extreme group of the S. erinacea cline. In the present study, we conducted species delimitation and phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences of 307 Sclomina specimens collected from 30 sampling localities combined with morphological evidence. The result showed that all samples used in this study were identified as five species: Sclomina guangxiensis is a valid species, and Sclomina erinacea actually includes three cryptic species: Sclomina xingrensis P. Zhao and Cai sp. nov., Sclomina pallens P. Zhao and Cai sp. nov., and Sclomina parva P. Zhao and Cai sp. nov. In this paper, the genus Sclomina is systematically revised, and the morphological characteristics of the five species are compared, described, and photographed in detail. We elucidate the evolutionary history of Sclomina based on results of estimated divergence time. The body shape and coloration (green in nymph and brown in adult) of Sclomina match their environment and mimic the Rubus plants on which they live. The symbiotic relationship between Sclomina and spinous Rubus plants is presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf (Ministry of Education) and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China;
| | - Zhenyong Du
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qian Zhao
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Donghai Li
- Department of Plant Protection, Kaili University, Kaili 556000, China; (D.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaolan Shao
- Department of Plant Protection, Kaili University, Kaili 556000, China; (D.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Hu Li
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.); (Q.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (W.C.); Tel.: +86-010-6273-2885 (W.C.)
| | - Wanzhi Cai
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.); (Q.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (W.C.); Tel.: +86-010-6273-2885 (W.C.)
| |
Collapse
|