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Wang L, Wang W, Huang Z, Zhen S, Wang R. Discrimination of internal crack for rice seeds using near infrared spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 319:124578. [PMID: 38833887 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
It is an important thing to identify internal crack in seeds from normal seeds for evaluating the quality of rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.). In this study, non-destructive discrimination of internal crack in rice seeds using near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics is proposed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the rice seeds spectra. Four supervised classification techniques(partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machines (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN) and random forest (RF)) with four different pre-processing techniques (standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), first and second derivative with Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing) were applied. The best results (Sn = 0.8824, Sp = 0.9429, Acc = 0.913) were achieved by PLS-DA with the raw spectral data. The performance of the best SVM model was inferior to that of PLS-DA, but superior to that of RF and KNN. Except for PLS-DA, four different preprocessing techniques were improved the performance of the developed models. The important variables for discriminating internal cracks in rice seeds were related to the amylose. Overall, the all results demonstrated the feasibility of non-destructive discrimination of internal crack for rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.) using near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liusan Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Weisheng Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Safety Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ziliang Huang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shijian Zhen
- Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Rujing Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Borràs-Vallverdú B, Marín S, Sanchis V, Gatius F, Ramos AJ. NIR-HSI as a tool to predict deoxynivalenol and fumonisins in maize kernels: a step forward in preventing mycotoxin contamination. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5495-5503. [PMID: 38363077 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maize is frequently contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2). In the European Union, these mycotoxins are regulated in maize and maize-derived products. To comply with these regulations, industries require a fast, economic, safe, non-destructive and environmentally friendly analysis method. RESULTS In the present study, near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) was used to develop regression and classification models for DON, FB1 and FB2 in maize kernels. The best regression models presented the following root mean square error of cross validation and ratio of performance to deviation values: 0.848 mg kg-1 and 2.344 (DON), 3.714 mg kg-1 and 2.018 (FB1) and 2.104 mg kg-1 and 2.301 (FB2). Regarding classification, European Union legal limits for DON and FB1 + FB2 were selected as thresholds to classify maize kernels as acceptable or not. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.778 and 1 for the best DON classification model and 0.607 and 0.938 for the best FB1 + FB2 classification model. CONCLUSION NIR-HSI can help reduce DON and fumonisins contamination in the maize food and feed chain. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Borràs-Vallverdú
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Science, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Marín
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Science, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Vicente Sanchis
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Science, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ferran Gatius
- Department of Environment, Soil Sciences and Chemistry, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ramos
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Science, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Freitag S, Sulyok M, Logan N, Elliott CT, Krska R. The potential and applicability of infrared spectroscopic methods for the rapid screening and routine analysis of mycotoxins in food crops. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:5199-5224. [PMID: 36215130 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is increasingly being used to analyze food crops for quality and safety purposes in a rapid, nondestructive, and eco-friendly manner. The lack of sensitivity and the overlapping absorption characteristics of major sample matrix components, however, often prevent the direct determination of food contaminants at trace levels. By measuring fungal-induced matrix changes with near IR and mid IR spectroscopy as well as hyperspectral imaging, the indirect determination of mycotoxins in food crops has been realized. Recent studies underline that such IR spectroscopic platforms have great potential for the rapid analysis of mycotoxins along the food and feed supply chain. However, there are no published reports on the validation of IR methods according to official regulations, and those publications that demonstrate their applicability in a routine analytical set-up are scarce. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the current state-of-the-art and the potential of IR spectroscopic methods for the rapid determination of mycotoxins in food crops. The study critically reflects on the applicability and limitations of IR spectroscopy in routine analysis and provides guidance to non-spectroscopists from the food and feed sector considering implementation of IR spectroscopy for rapid mycotoxin screening. Finally, an outlook on trends, possible fields of applications, and different ways of implementation in the food and feed safety area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Freitag
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria.,FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria.,FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, Tulln, Austria
| | - Natasha Logan
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria.,FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, Tulln, Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Pascale M, Logrieco AF, Lippolis V, De Girolamo A, Cervellieri S, Lattanzio VMT, Ciasca B, Vega A, Reichel M, Graeber M, Slettengren K. Industrial-Scale Cleaning Solutions for the Reduction of Fusarium Toxins in Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110728. [PMID: 36355978 PMCID: PMC9695466 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain cleaning is the most effective non-destructive post-harvest mitigation strategy to reduce high levels of mycotoxins on account of the removal of mold-infected grains and grain fractions with high mycotoxin content. In this study, the reduction in the concentration of some co-occurring Fusarium toxins in maize, namely deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and fumonisins B1 and B2 (FBs), was evaluated at an industrial-scale level by mechanical removal (sieving and density separation) of dust, coarse, small, broken, shriveled and low-density kernels and/or optical sorting of defected kernels. Samples were dynamically collected according to the Commission Regulation No. 401/2006 along the entire process line. Mycotoxin analyses of water-slurry aggregate samples were performed by validated LC methods. Depending on the contamination levels in raw incoming maize, the overall reduction rates ranged from 36 to 67% for DON, from 67 to 87% for ZEA and from 27 to 67% for FBs. High levels of DON, ZEA and FBs were found in all rejected fractions with values, respectively, up to 3030%, 1510% and 2680%, compared to their content in uncleaned maize. Results showed that grain cleaning equipment based on mechanical and or optical sorting technologies can provide a significant reduction in Fusarium toxin contamination in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Pascale
- Institute of Food Sciences (ISA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 83100 Avellino, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lippolis
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Girolamo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cervellieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Veronica M. T. Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Ciasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
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Kumar P, Gupta A, Mahato DK, Pandhi S, Pandey AK, Kargwal R, Mishra S, Suhag R, Sharma N, Saurabh V, Paul V, Kumar M, Selvakumar R, Gamlath S, Kamle M, Enshasy HAE, Mokhtar JA, Harakeh S. Aflatoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Based Products: Occurrence, Toxicity, Impact on Human Health, and Their Detoxification and Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100687. [PMID: 36287956 PMCID: PMC9609140 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereals and cereal-based products are primary sources of nutrition across the world. However, contamination of these foods with aflatoxins (AFs), secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species, has raised serious concerns. AF generation in innate substrates is influenced by several parameters, including the substrate type, fungus species, moisture content, minerals, humidity, temperature, and physical injury to the kernels. Consumption of AF-contaminated cereals and cereal-based products can lead to both acute and chronic health issues related to physical and mental maturity, reproduction, and the nervous system. Therefore, the precise detection methods, detoxification, and management strategies of AFs in cereal and cereal-based products are crucial for food safety as well as consumer health. Hence, this review provides a brief overview of the occurrence, chemical characteristics, biosynthetic processes, health hazards, and detection techniques of AFs, along with a focus on detoxification and management strategies that could be implemented for food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (D.K.M.)
| | - Akansha Gupta
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (D.K.M.)
| | - Shikha Pandhi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Arun Kumar Pandey
- MMICT&BM(HM), Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India
| | - Raveena Kargwal
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Rajat Suhag
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Nitya Sharma
- Food and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vivek Saurabh
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Veena Paul
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR—Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Shirani Gamlath
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India
| | - Hesham Ali El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Jawahir A. Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steve Harakeh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Yousef Abdul Latif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine (FM), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Yao W, Liu R, Zhang F, Li S, Huang X, Guo H, Peng M, Zhong G. Detecting Aflatoxin B1 in Peanuts by Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Transmission and Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196294. [PMID: 36234831 PMCID: PMC9571819 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatioxin B1 (AFB1) has been recognized by the International Agency of Research on Cancer as a group 1 carcinogen in animals and humans. A fast, batch, and real-time control and no chemical pollution method was developed for the discrimination and quantification prediction of AFB1-infected peanuts by applying Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) coupled with chemometrics. Initially, the near-infrared transmission (NIRT) and diffuse reflection (NIRR) modules were applied to collect spectra of the samples. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was employed to extract the characteristic wavelength, followed by different preprocessing methods (seven methods) to build an effective linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification and partial least squares (PLS) quantification models. The results showed that, for both the NIRT or NIRR modules, the LDA classification models satisfactorily distinguished peanuts infected with AFB1 or from those not infected, with external validation showing a 100% correct identification rate and a 0% misjudgment rate. In addition, combined with the concentration of AFB1 in peanuts determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay assay, the best partial least squares (PLS) models were established, with a combination of the first derivative and the Norris derivative filter smoothing pretreatment (Rc2 = 0.937 and 0.984, RMSECV = 3.92% and 2.22%, RPD = 3.98 and 7.91 for NIRR and NIRT, respectively). The correlation coefficient between the predicted value and the reference value in the external verification was 0.998 and 0.917, respectively. This study highlights that both spectral acquisition modules meet the requirements of online, rapid, and accurate identification of peanut AFB1 infection in the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous Areas, School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (G.Z.); Tel.: +86-13750592371 (W.Y.); +86-20-85280308 (G.Z.)
| | - Ruanshan Liu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fengru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous Areas, School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoxia Huang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous Areas, School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous Areas, School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Mengxia Peng
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous Areas, School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (G.Z.); Tel.: +86-13750592371 (W.Y.); +86-20-85280308 (G.Z.)
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Aoun M, Siegel C, Windham G, Williams W, Nelson R. Application of reflectance spectroscopy to identify maize genotypes and aflatoxin levels in single kernels. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopy is a rapid, non-destructive, and low-cost analytical technique that has the potential to complement more resource-intensive analytical methods. We explored the use of spectral methods to differentiate maize genotypes and assess aflatoxin (AF) contamination in maize kernels. We compared the performance of two instruments: a research-grade ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectrometer that measures reflectance from 304 -1,085 nm, and a miniaturised NIR spectrometer that measures reflectance from 740-1,070 nm. Both systems were used to predict AF levels in maize kernels from a single genotype and across 10 genotypes, and to predict genotype for the latter. A partial least square discriminant analysis model was trained on 70% of the kernels and tested on the remaining 30%. The classification accuracy for 10 maize genotypes was 71-72% using the UV-Vis-NIR instrument on 1,170 kernels, and 65-66% using the NIR device on 740 kernels. The classification accuracy for 247 AF-contaminated kernels of a single genotype using the UV-Vis-NIR instrument was 71, 82, and 92% for AF thresholds of 20, 100, and 1000 μg/kg, respectively. Using the same spectrometer on 872 kernels from 10 genotypes, AF classification accuracy was 67, 90, and 95% in validation sets for AF thresholds of 20, 100, and 1000 μg/kg, respectively. The UV-Vis-NIR instrument and the NIR device had similar classification accuracies for AF thresholds of 100 and 1000 μg/kg, whereas the NIR device had higher accuracy for the AF threshold of 20 μg/kg. Reflectance spectroscopy outperformed visual sorting and the bright greenish yellow fluorescence test in identifying AF levels. Applying spectral analysis to estimate mycotoxin levels and to identify maize genotypes could contribute to regional toxin surveillance and action efforts. Further, using AF-associated spectral features for grain sorting can reduce AF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Aoun
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - C. Siegel
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - G.L. Windham
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - W.P. Williams
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - R.J. Nelson
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Wang W, Huang W, Yu H, Tian X. Identification of Maize with Different Moldy Levels Based on Catalase Activity and Data Fusion of Hyperspectral Images. Foods 2022; 11:1727. [PMID: 35741924 PMCID: PMC9223184 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is susceptible to mold infection during growth and storage due to its large embryo and high moisture content. Therefore, it is essential to distinguish the moldy sample from healthy groups to prevent the spread of mold and avoid huger economic losses. Catalase is a metabolite in the growth of microorganisms; hence, all maize samples were accurately divided into four moldy grades (health, mild, moderate, and severe levels) by determining their catalase activity. The visible and shortwave near-infrared (Vis-SWNIR) and longwave near-infrared (LWNIR) hyperspectral images were investigated to jointly identify the moldy levels of maize. Spectra and texture information of each maize sample were extracted and used to build the classification models of maize with different moldy levels in pixel-level fusion and feature-level fusion. The result showed that the feature-level fusion of spectral and texture within Vis-SWNIR and LWNIR regions achieved the best results, overall prediction accuracy reached 95.00% for each moldy level, all healthy maize was correctly classified, and none of the moldy samples were misclassified as healthy level. This study illustrated that two hyperspectral image systems, with complementary spectral ranges, combined with feature selection and data fusion strategies, could be used synergistically to improve the classification accuracy of maize with different moldy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Wang
- College of Physical Science and Information Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China;
- Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China;
| | - Wenqian Huang
- Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China;
| | - Huishan Yu
- College of Physical Science and Information Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China;
| | - Xi Tian
- Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China;
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Lavrinenko IA, Donskikh AO, Minakov DA, Sirota AA. Analysis and classification of peanuts with fungal diseases based on real-time spectral processing. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:990-1000. [PMID: 35044871 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2017001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The study presents an approach to the analysis and classification of peanuts performed in order to detect kernels with fungi diseases, i.e. kernels prone to contamination with mycotoxigenic Aspergillus flavus (Aspergillus parasiticus). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of luminescent spectroscopy with a violet laser (405 nm wavelength) as the excitation source of the fluorescence when applied for real-time detection of mould in peanuts performed by means of multispectral processing based on machine learning methods. We suggest a laboratory unit used to form, register, and process the luminescence spectra of peanuts in visible and near-infrared wavelength ranges in the real-time mode. The study demonstrated that contaminated peanuts have increased luminous intensity and show a redshift in the fluorescence peaks of the contaminated samples as compared to the pure ones. The difference in the fluorescence spectra of pure and contaminated kernels is compatible with the results obtained when traditional UV-light sources are used (365 nm). To classify peanuts by their spectral characteristics, neural network algorithms were used combined with dimensionality reduction methods. The paper presents the probabilities of incorrect recognition of the peanuts' type depending on the number of relevant secondary features determined when reducing the dimensionality of the initial data. When 10 spectral components were used, the error ratios were 0.7% or 0.3% depending on the method of reducing the dimensionality of the initial data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Lavrinenko
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Artem O Donskikh
- Department of Information Security and Processing Technologies, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Dmitriy A Minakov
- Department of Information Security and Processing Technologies, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Alexander A Sirota
- Department of Information Security and Processing Technologies, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
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Nasaruddin N, Jinap S, Samsudin NIP, Kamarulzaman NH, Sanny M. Assessment of multi-mycotoxin contamination throughout the supply chain of maize-based poultry feed from selected regions of Malaysia by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:777-787. [PMID: 35302923 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2036821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of multi-mycotoxin contamination throughout the supply chain of maize-based poultry feed. Different sampling points throughout the feed supply chain were selected from two companies that manufactured the poultry feed. A total of 51 samples, consisting of grain maize and maize-based poultry feeds, were collected. The samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine the occurrence of multi-mycotoxin. The results revealed that 100% of samples throughout the maize-based poultry feed supply chain were spoiled with more than one mycotoxin. Fumonisin B1 (8.02-1,220 µg/kg) and fumonisin B2 (11.1-1,109 µg/kg) were the main mycotoxins detected at all sampling points throughout the feed supply chain. Zearalenone (ZEA) (6.63-7.50 µg/kg) was also detected in 11.7% (n = 6) (out of a total of 51) samples. As the supply chain progresses, a reduction in mycotoxin contamination was observed. Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2, and T-2 toxin were not detected. The levels of mycotoxins detected throughout the supply chain were below the international regulatory limits, thus indicating the low risk of exposure to mycotoxins in maize-based poultry feed in Malaysia. Nevertheless, due to the presence of multiple ingredients in most food and feed, efforts to understand and address challenges associated with mycotoxins throughout the entire supply chain need to be more holistic to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norafidah Nasaruddin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Selamat Jinap
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman
- Laboratory of Halal Policy and Management, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Agribusiness and Bioresource Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Maimunah Sanny
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Mishra G, Panda BK, Ramirez WA, Jung H, Singh CB, Lee SH, Lee I. Application of SWIR hyperspectral imaging coupled with chemometrics for rapid and non-destructive prediction of Aflatoxin B1 in single kernel almonds. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Chavez RA, Cheng X, Herrman TJ, Stasiewicz MJ. Single kernel aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination distribution and spectral classification in commercial corn. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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13
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Degradation of aflatoxin B1 by water-assisted microwave irradiation: Kinetics, products, and pathways. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Zhang J, Xu B, Wang Z, Cheng F. Application of hyperspectral imaging in the detection of aflatoxin B1 on corn seed. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Yoder AD, Stark CR, DeRouchey JM, Tokach MD, Paulk CB, Gebhardt J, Woodworth JC, Jones CK, Zumbaugh CA. Effect of cleaning corn on mycotoxin concentration and nursery pig growth performance. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab134. [PMID: 34514348 PMCID: PMC8427177 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are naturally produced hazards that result from molds grown on cereal grains and other commodities. These molds may produce carcinogenic mycotoxins, which can be harmful to humans and animals. Removing broken kernels has been demonstrated to reduce mycotoxin concentration, but with high variability. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to quantify the magnitude of natural mycotoxin concentration that may be reduced by cleaning corn. Two loads of corn that were naturally contaminated with mycotoxins were procured. Corn for Experiment 1 was contaminated with aflatoxin (1,074 parts per billion; ppb), fumonisin (8.3 parts per million; ppm), and ochratoxin A (206 ppb), while corn for Experiment 2 was contaminated with only fumonisin (5.5 ppm). Corn was cleaned by mechanical sieving. For each experiment, corn was divided into twenty 150 kg runs. Runs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental treatments: 1) no screen 2) 12.7 mm screen, 3) 4.8 mm screen, and 4) 12.7 + 4.8-mm screen. The corn cleaner was sanitized between runs. Three 5 kg corn samples were collected from each run, and analyzed for mycotoxin concentration. In Experiment 1, cleaning reduced (P < 0.05) aflatoxin and fumonisin concentration by an average of 26% and 45%, respectively, compared to the original uncleaned corn level, but did not impact (P > 0.10) ochratoxin A. The resultant screenings had nearly four times the aflatoxin (4,224 ppb) and 7.5 times the fumonisin concentration (60.4 ppm) as the uncleaned corn. In Experiment 2, cleaning reduced (P < 0.05) fumonisin concentration by 32%. The resultant screenings had 19.6 times the fumonisin concentration (65.4 ppm) as the uncleaned corn. To determine the effect that cleaning corn may have on nursery pig growth performance, 360 nursery pigs were used in Experiment 3 to evaluate the impact of cleaning or pelleting on growth performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with corn type (uncleaned vs. cleaned) and feed form (mash vs. pelleted from either mill A or B). Neither cleaning corn nor pellet mill type affected (P > 0.19) nursery pig growth performance. Pelleting improved (P < 0.0001) gain to feed ratio (G:F) by 7.6% compared to mash diets. These data suggest that cleaning is an effective method to legally reduce aflatoxin and fumonisin concentration, but does not impact animal growth performance. Screenings should be used cautiously when feeding to animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton D Yoder
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Charles R Stark
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Michael D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Chad B Paulk
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jordan Gebhardt
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Cassandra K Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Charles A Zumbaugh
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Cebrián E, Núñez F, Rodríguez M, Grassi S, González-Mohino A. Potential of Near Infrared Spectroscopy as a Rapid Method to Discriminate OTA and Non-OTA-Producing Mould Species in a Dry-Cured Ham Model System. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:620. [PMID: 34564624 PMCID: PMC8472122 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ripening process of dry-cured meat products is characterised by the development of fungi on the product's surface. This population plays a beneficial role, but, uncontrolled moulds represent a health risk, since some of them may produce mycotoxins, such as ochratoxin A (OTA). The aim of the present work is to assess the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the detection of OTA-producing mould species on dry-cured ham-based agar. The collected spectra were used to develop Support Vector Machines-Discriminant Analysis (SVM-DA) models by a hierarchical approach. Firstly, an SVM-DA model was tested to discriminate OTA and non-OTA producers; then, two models were tested to discriminate species among the OTA producers and the non-OTA producers. OTA and non-OTA-producing moulds were discriminated with 85% sensitivity and 86% specificity in the prediction. Furthermore, the SVM-DA model could differentiate non-OTA-producing species with a 95% sensitivity and specificity. Promising results were obtained for the prediction of the four OTA-producing species tested, with a 69% and 90% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. The preliminary approach demonstrated the high potential of NIR spectroscopy, coupled with Chemometrics, to be used as a real-time automated routine monitorization of dry-cured ham surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cebrián
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute (IProCar), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.C.); (F.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Félix Núñez
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute (IProCar), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.C.); (F.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Mar Rodríguez
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute (IProCar), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (E.C.); (F.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Silvia Grassi
- Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto González-Mohino
- Food Technology, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute (IProCar), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
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Matumba L, Namaumbo S, Ngoma T, Meleke N, De Boevre M, Logrieco AF, De Saeger S. Five keys to prevention and control of mycotoxins in grains: A proposal. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Gao J, Zhao L, Li J, Deng L, Ni J, Han Z. Aflatoxin rapid detection based on hyperspectral with 1D-convolution neural network in the pixel level. Food Chem 2021; 360:129968. [PMID: 34082378 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin is commonly exists in moldy foods, it is classified as a class one carcinogen by the World Health Organization. In this paper, we used one dimensional convolution neural network (1D-CNN) to classify whether a pixel contains aflatoxin. Firstly we found the best combination of 1D-CNN parameters were epoch = 30, learning rate = 0.00005 and 'relu' for active function, the highest test accuracy reached 96.35% for peanut, 92.11% for maize and 94.64% for mix data. Then we compared 1D-CNN with feature selection and methods in other papers, result shows that neural network has greatly improved the detection efficiency than feature selection. Finally we visualized the classification result of different training 1D-CNN networks. This research provides the core algorithm for the intelligent sorter with aflatoxin detection function, which is of positive significance for grain processing and the prenatal detoxification of foreign trade enterprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyue Gao
- School of Science and Information Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Longgang Zhao
- Department of Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limiao Deng
- School of Science and Information Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiangong Ni
- School of Science and Information Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongzhi Han
- School of Science and Information Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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19
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Physical and Chemical Methods for Reduction in Aflatoxin Content of Feed and Food. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030204. [PMID: 33808964 PMCID: PMC7999035 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are among the most harmful fungal secondary metabolites imposing serious health risks on both household animals and humans. The more frequent occurrence of aflatoxins in the feed and food chain is clearly foreseeable as a consequence of the extreme weather conditions recorded most recently worldwide. Furthermore, production parameters, such as unadjusted variety use and improper cultural practices, can also increase the incidence of contamination. In current aflatoxin control measures, emphasis is put on prevention including a plethora of pre-harvest methods, introduced to control Aspergillus infestations and to avoid the deleterious effects of aflatoxins on public health. Nevertheless, the continuous evaluation and improvement of post-harvest methods to combat these hazardous secondary metabolites are also required. Already in-use and emerging physical methods, such as pulsed electric fields and other nonthermal treatments as well as interventions with chemical agents such as acids, enzymes, gases, and absorbents in animal husbandry have been demonstrated as effective in reducing mycotoxins in feed and food. Although most of them have no disadvantageous effect either on nutritional properties or food safety, further research is needed to ensure the expected efficacy. Nevertheless, we can envisage the rapid spread of these easy-to-use, cost-effective, and safe post-harvest tools during storage and food processing.
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Logrieco A, Battilani P, Leggieri MC, Jiang Y, Haesaert G, Lanubile A, Mahuku G, Mesterházy A, Ortega-Beltran A, Pasti M, Smeu I, Torres A, Xu J, Munkvold G. Perspectives on Global Mycotoxin Issues and Management From the MycoKey Maize Working Group. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:525-537. [PMID: 32915118 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1322-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, there have been many advances in research and technology that have greatly contributed to expanded capabilities and knowledge in detection and measurement, characterization, biosynthesis, and management of mycotoxins in maize. MycoKey, an EU-funded Horizon 2020 project, was established to advance knowledge and technology transfer around the globe to address mycotoxin impacts in key food and feed chains. MycoKey included several working groups comprising international experts in different fields of mycotoxicology. The MycoKey Maize Working Group recently convened to gather information and strategize for the development and implementation of solutions to the maize mycotoxin problem in light of current and emerging technologies. This feature summarizes the Maize WG discussion and recommendations for addressing mycotoxin problems in maize. Discussions focused on aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and zearalenone, which are the most widespread and persistently important mycotoxins in maize. Although regional differences were recognized, there was consensus about many of the priorities for research and effective management strategies. For preharvest management, genetic resistance and selecting adapted maize genotypes, along with insect management, were among the most fruitful strategies identified across the mycotoxin groups. For postharvest management, the most important practices included timely harvest, rapid grain drying, grain cleaning, and carefully managed storage conditions. Remediation practices such as optical sorting, density separation, milling, and chemical detoxification were also suggested. Future research and communication priorities included advanced breeding technologies, development of risk assessment tools, and the development and dissemination of regionally relevant management guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Logrieco
- National Council of Research, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Campus di Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marco Camardo Leggieri
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Campus di Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Yu Jiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Lanubile
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Campus di Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy
| | - George Mahuku
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Marco Pasti
- Italian Corn Growers' Association, Eraclea, Italy
| | - Irina Smeu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources-IBA Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Torres
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, IMICO-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Jing Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Gary Munkvold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Zhang Y, Li M, Liu Y, Guan E, Bian K. Reduction of Aflatoxin B 1 in Corn by Water-Assisted Microwaves Treatment and Its Effects on Corn Quality. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090605. [PMID: 32962186 PMCID: PMC7551488 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most commonly found mycotoxin in corn, which is highly toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic for the health of humans and animals. In order to reduce the AFB1 in corn, corn kernels were processed with Water-assisted Microwaves Treatment (WMT) and the feasibility of WMT processing on AFB1 reduction and its effects on corn quality were analyzed. Increasing the treatment time and microwave power could increase the reduction of AFB1, and the maximum reduction rate could reach 58.6% and 56.8%, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the initial concentration of AFB1 and the reduction rate of AFB1. During WMT, the main toxigenic molds were sterilized completely, and the moisture content of corn climbed up and then declined to the initial level. WMT could obviously increase the fatty acid value and pasting temperature of corn and reduce the all paste viscosity of corn. However, it had little effect on the color of corn. The results indicated that WMT could reduce AFB1 effectively and avoid the vast appearance of heat-damaged kernels simultaneously. Undoubtedly, water played an important role in WMT. This result provides a new idea for the reduction of AFB1 by microwave.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ke Bian
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-371-6775-6889
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Pascale M, Logrieco AF, Graeber M, Hirschberger M, Reichel M, Lippolis V, De Girolamo A, Lattanzio VMT, Slettengren K. Aflatoxin Reduction in Maize by Industrial-Scale Cleaning Solutions. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E331. [PMID: 32429556 PMCID: PMC7290569 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different batches of biomass/feed quality maize contaminated by aflatoxins were processed at the industrial scale (a continuous process and separate discontinuous steps) to evaluate the effect of different cleaning solutions on toxin reduction. The investigated cleaning solutions included: (i) mechanical size separation of coarse, small and broken kernels, (ii) removal of dust/fine particles through an aspiration channel, (iii) separation of kernels based on gravity and (iv) optical sorting of spatial and spectral kernel defects. Depending on the sampled fraction, dynamic or static sampling was performed according to the Commission Regulation No. 401/2006 along the entire cleaning process lines. Aflatoxin analyses of the water-slurry aggregate samples were performed according to the AOAC Official Method No. 2005.008 based on high-performance liquid chromatography and immunoaffinity column cleanup of the extracts. A significant reduction in aflatoxin content in the cleaned products, ranging from 65% to 84% with respect to the uncleaned products, was observed when continuous cleaning lines were used. Additionally, an overall aflatoxin reduction from 55% to 94% was obtained by combining results from separate cleaning steps. High levels of aflatoxins (up to 490 µg/kg) were found in the rejected fractions, with the highest levels in dust and in the rejected fractions from the aspirator and optical sorting. This study shows that a cleaning line combining both mechanical and optical sorting technologies provides an efficient solution for reducing aflatoxin contamination in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Pascale
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.F.L.); (V.L.); (A.D.G.); (V.M.T.L.)
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.F.L.); (V.L.); (A.D.G.); (V.M.T.L.)
| | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Lippolis
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.F.L.); (V.L.); (A.D.G.); (V.M.T.L.)
| | - Annalisa De Girolamo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.F.L.); (V.L.); (A.D.G.); (V.M.T.L.)
| | - Veronica M. T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.F.L.); (V.L.); (A.D.G.); (V.M.T.L.)
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Jia B, Wang W, Ni X, Chu X, Yoon S, Lawrence K. Detection of mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi in cereal grains using vibrational spectroscopic techniques: a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition-rich cereal grains and oil seeds are the major sources of food and feed for human and livestock, respectively. Infected by fungi and contaminated with mycotoxins are serious problems worldwide for cereals and oil seeds before and after harvest. The growth and development activities of fungi consume seed nutrients and destroy seed structures, leading to dramatic declines of crop yield and quality. In addition, the toxic secondary metabolites produced by these fungi pose a well-known threat to both human and animals. The existence of fungi and mycotoxins has been a redoubtable problem worldwide for decades but tends to be a severe food safety issue in developing countries and regions, such as China and Africa. Detection of fungal infection at an early stage and of mycotoxin contaminants, even at a small amount, is of great significance to prevent harmful toxins from entering the food supply chains worldwide. This review focuses on the recent advancements in utilising infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and hyperspectral imaging to detect fungal infections and mycotoxin contaminants in cereals and oil seeds worldwide, with an emphasis on recent progress in China. Brief introduction of principles, and corresponding shortcomings, as well as latest advances of each technique, are also being presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for modern Agricultural Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agriculture University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China P.R
| | - W. Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for modern Agricultural Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agriculture University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China P.R
| | - X.Z. Ni
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2747 Davis Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | - X. Chu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China P.R
| | - S.C. Yoon
- Quality and Safety Assessment Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - K.C. Lawrence
- Quality and Safety Assessment Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Chavez RA, Cheng X, Stasiewicz MJ. A Review of the Methodology of Analyzing Aflatoxin and Fumonisin in Single Corn Kernels and the Potential Impacts of These Methods on Food Security. Foods 2020; 9:E297. [PMID: 32150943 PMCID: PMC7143881 DOI: 10.3390/foods9030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current detection methods for contamination of aflatoxin and fumonisin used in the corn industry are based on bulk level. However, literature demonstrates that contamination of these mycotoxins is highly skewed and bulk samples do not always represent accurately the overall contamination in a batch of corn. Single kernel analysis can provide an insightful level of analysis of the contamination of aflatoxin and fumonisin, as well as suggest a possible remediation to the skewness present in bulk detection. Current literature describes analytical methods capable of detecting aflatoxin and fumonisin at a single kernel level, such as liquid chromatography, fluorescence imaging, and reflectance imaging. These methods could provide tools to classify mycotoxin contaminated kernels and study potential co-occurrence of aflatoxin and fumonisin. Analysis at a single kernel level could provide a solution to the skewness present in mycotoxin contamination detection and offer improved remediation methods through sorting that could impact food security and management of food waste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew J. Stasiewicz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 905 S Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (R.A.C.); (X.C.)
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Nelson R. International Plant Pathology: Past and Future Contributions to Global Food Security. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:245-253. [PMID: 31680649 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-19-0300-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The challenge of feeding the current and future world population is widely recognized, and the management of plant diseases has an important role in overcoming this. This paper explores the ways in which international plant pathology has contributed and continues to support efforts to secure adequate, safe and culturally appropriate nourishment and livelihoods for present and future generations. For the purposes of this paper, "international plant pathology" refers to the work that plant pathologists do when they work across international borders, with a focus on enhancing food security in tropical regions. Significant efforts involve public and philanthropic resources from the global North for addressing plant disease concerns in the global South, where food security is a legitimate and pressing concern. International disease management efforts are also aimed at protecting domestic food security, for example when pathogens of major staples migrate across national borders. In addition, some important crops are largely produced in tropical countries and consumed globally, including in industrialized countries; the diseases of these crops are of international interest, and they are largely managed by the private sector. Finally, host-microbe interactions are fascinating biological systems, and basic research on plant diseases of international relevance has often yielded insights and technologies with both scientific and practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Nelson
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University
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Čolović R, Puvača N, Cheli F, Avantaggiato G, Greco D, Đuragić O, Kos J, Pinotti L. Decontamination of Mycotoxin-Contaminated Feedstuffs and Compound Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E617. [PMID: 31731462 PMCID: PMC6891401 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are known worldwide as fungus-produced toxins that adulterate a wide heterogeneity of raw feed ingredients and final products. Consumption of mycotoxins-contaminated feed causes a plethora of harmful responses from acute toxicity to many persistent health disorders with lethal outcomes; such as mycotoxicosis when ingested by animals. Therefore, the main task for feed producers is to minimize the concentration of mycotoxin by applying different strategies aimed at minimizing the risk of mycotoxin effects on animals and human health. Once mycotoxins enter the production chain it is hard to eliminate or inactivate them. This paper examines the most recent findings on different processes and strategies for the reduction of toxicity of mycotoxins in animals. The review gives detailed information about the decontamination approaches to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of feedstuffs and compound feed, which could be implemented in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmilo Čolović
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (O.Đ.); (J.K.)
| | - Nikola Puvača
- Department of Engineering Management in Biotechnology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering Management in Novi Sad, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Cvećarska, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Federica Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Trentacoste, 20134 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Avantaggiato
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Donato Greco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Olivera Đuragić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (O.Đ.); (J.K.)
| | - Jovana Kos
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (O.Đ.); (J.K.)
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Trentacoste, 20134 Milan, Italy;
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Udovicki B, Djekic I, Gajdos Kljusuric J, Papageorgiou M, Skendi A, Djugum J, Rajkovic A. Exposure assessment and risk characterization of aflatoxins intake through consumption of maize products in the adult populations of Serbia, Croatia and Greece. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:940-951. [PMID: 31009320 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1600748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this research was to perform an exposure assessment of aflatoxins intake through consumption of maize products in Serbia, Croatia, and Greece. Food consumption survey of maize-based products has been performed during 2017 in the three countries with at least 1,000 interviewees per country covering their dietary habits and body weight. Values for the concentration of aflatoxins were extracted from available research published in the last ten years. Finally, a Monte Carlo analysis of 100,000 iterations was performed to estimate the intake of aflatoxins from consumption of maize-based products. Results revealed that the estimated average exposure of adults to aflatoxins, from maize consumption, in each of the three countries was between 0.44 ng kg-1 bw day-1 and 5.59 ng kg-1 bw day-1. Margin of exposure values for the mean exposure levels, in all three countries, were between 30 and 389. Estimations for hepatocellular carcinoma cases/year/105 individuals, depending on the HBsAg+ prevalence, were 0.075-0.098, 0.006-0.008 and 0.020-0.026 for Serbia, Croatia and Greece, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozidar Udovicki
- a Department of Food Safety and Quality Management , Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Republic of Serbia
| | - Ilija Djekic
- a Department of Food Safety and Quality Management , Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Republic of Serbia
| | - Jasenka Gajdos Kljusuric
- b Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Maria Papageorgiou
- c Department of Food Technology , Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Adriana Skendi
- c Department of Food Technology , Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Jelena Djugum
- b Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia.,d Ministry of Agriculture , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- a Department of Food Safety and Quality Management , Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Republic of Serbia.,e Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
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Classification of aflatoxin contaminated single corn kernels by ultraviolet to near infrared spectroscopy. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Morales L, Marino TP, Wenndt AJ, Fouts JQ, Holland JB, Nelson RJ. Dissecting Symptomatology and Fumonisin Contamination Produced by Fusarium verticillioides in Maize Ears. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1475-1485. [PMID: 29989846 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-18-0167-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium verticillioides can infect maize ears, contaminating the grain with mycotoxins, including fumonisins. This global public health threat can be managed by breeding maize varieties that are resistant to colonization by F. verticillioides and by sorting grain after harvest to reduce fumonisin levels in food systems. Here, we employed two F. verticillioides inoculation techniques representing distinct infection pathways to dissect ear symptomatology and morphological resistance mechanisms in a diverse panel of maize inbred lines. The "point" method involved penetrating the ear with a spore-coated toothpick and the "inundative" method introduced a liquid spore suspension under the husk of the ear. We evaluated quantitative and qualitative indicators of external and internal symptom severity as low-cost proxies for fumonisin contamination, and found that kernel bulk density was predictive of fumonisin levels (78 to 84% sensitivity; 97 to 99% specificity). Inundative inoculation resulted in greater disease severity and fumonisin contamination than point inoculation. We also found that the two inoculation methods implicated different ear tissues in defense, with cob morphology being a more important component of resistance under point inoculation. Across both inoculation methods, traits related to cob size were positively associated with disease severity and fumonisin content. Our work demonstrates that (i) the use of diverse modes of inoculation is necessary for combining complementary mechanisms of genetic resistance, (ii) kernel bulk density can be used effectively as a proxy for fumonisin levels, and (iii) trade-offs may exist between yield potential and resistance to fumonisin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morales
- First, third, fourth, and sixth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; second and fifth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; and fifth author: Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC
| | - Thiago P Marino
- First, third, fourth, and sixth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; second and fifth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; and fifth author: Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC
| | - Anthony J Wenndt
- First, third, fourth, and sixth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; second and fifth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; and fifth author: Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC
| | - Julia Q Fouts
- First, third, fourth, and sixth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; second and fifth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; and fifth author: Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC
| | - James B Holland
- First, third, fourth, and sixth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; second and fifth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; and fifth author: Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC
| | - Rebecca J Nelson
- First, third, fourth, and sixth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; second and fifth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; and fifth author: Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC
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Kamala A, Kimanya M, De Meulenaer B, Kolsteren P, Jacxsens L, Haesaert G, Kilango K, Magoha H, Tiisekwa B, Lachat C. Post-harvest interventions decrease aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in maize and subsequent dietary exposure in Tanzanian infants: a cluster randomised-controlled trial. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A cluster randomised controlled trial was performed in three agro-ecological zones of Tanzania to evaluate the effectiveness of locally available post-harvest mitigation strategies in preventing and reducing aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in maize. A total of 300 children, each from one household, were randomly selected from 30 villages (intervention: n=15). The mitigation strategies focused on hand sorting (prior to storage and use), drying maize on mat/raised platforms, proper sun drying, application of storage insecticides and de-hulling before milling. Maize sample was collected from each household at harvest (baseline) and six months after harvest. Maize intake by each child, estimated using the 24 h dietary recall technique and its body weight measured using standard procedures were taken at six months after harvest. Aflatoxins and fumonisins in the maize samples were determined using HPLC. Follow-up (six month after harvest) data were available for 261 of the 300 households (intervention: n=136). Mean concentration of aflatoxins, or fumonisins was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the intervention than in the control group: intervention effects: μg/kg (95% confidence interval (CI)) -4.9 (-7.3,-2.5), and -405, (-647,-162), respectively. The difference corresponds to 83 and 70% for aflatoxins, and fumonisins, respectively. At the end of the intervention, aflatoxin and fumonisin estimated mean intakes were lower in the intervention than in the control group by 78 and 65%, respectively. Six months after harvest, prevalence of underweight in the intervention group was 6.7% lower (P=0.014) than in the control group. Mean weight-for-age Z-score difference between the groups was 0.57 (95% CI; 0.16,-0.98; P=0.007). Post-harvest practices are effective in preventing and reducing aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in maize and subsequent dietary exposure to infants. The interventions may be applied in these and other communities with similar environmental conditions or agricultural practices that favour production of aflatoxin and fumonisins in food crops. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02438774.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kamala
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, partner in Food2Know, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Directorate of Food Safety, Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - M. Kimanya
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture, African Union Commission, P.O. Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - B. De Meulenaer
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, partner in Food2Know, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P. Kolsteren
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, partner in Food2Know, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L. Jacxsens
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, partner in Food2Know, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - G. Haesaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K. Kilango
- Directorate of Food Safety, Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - H. Magoha
- Department of Home Economics and Human Nutrition, Open University of Tanzania (OUT), P.O. Box 23409, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - B. Tiisekwa
- College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - C. Lachat
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, partner in Food2Know, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Tao F, Yao H, Hruska Z, Burger LW, Rajasekaran K, Bhatnagar D. Recent development of optical methods in rapid and non-destructive detection of aflatoxin and fungal contamination in agricultural products. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Orina I, Manley M, Williams PJ. Non-destructive techniques for the detection of fungal infection in cereal grains. Food Res Int 2017; 100:74-86. [PMID: 28873744 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection of cereal grains by fungi is a serious problem worldwide. Depending on the environmental conditions, cereal grains may be colonised by different species of fungi. These fungi cause reduction in yield, quality and nutritional value of the grain; and of major concern is their production of mycotoxins which are harmful to both humans and animals. Early detection of fungal contamination is an essential control measure for ensuring storage longevity and food safety. Conventional methods for detection of fungal infection, such as culture and colony techniques or immunological methods are either slow, labour intensive or difficult to automate. In recent years, there has been an increasing need to develop simple, rapid, non-destructive methods for early detection of fungal infection and mycotoxins contamination in cereal grains. Methods such as near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, NIR hyperspectral imaging, and electronic nose were evaluated for these purposes. This paper reviews the different non-destructive techniques that have been considered thus far for detection of fungal infection and mycotoxins in cereal grains, including their principles, application and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Orina
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marena Manley
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Paul J Williams
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
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36
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Degradation and detoxification of aflatoxin B 1 using nitrogen gas plasma generated by a static induction thyristor as a pulsed power supply. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Temba BA, Sultanbawa Y, Kriticos DJ, Fox GP, Harvey JJW, Fletcher MT. Tools for Defusing a Major Global Food and Feed Safety Risk: Nonbiological Postharvest Procedures To Decontaminate Mycotoxins in Foods and Feeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8959-8972. [PMID: 27933870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of foods and animal feeds is a worldwide problem for human and animal health. Controlling mycotoxin contamination has drawn the attention of scientists and other food and feed stakeholders all over the world. Despite best efforts targeting field and storage preventive measures, environmental conditions can still lead to mycotoxin contamination. This raises a need for developing decontamination methods to inactivate or remove the toxins from contaminated products. At present, decontamination methods applied include an array of both biological and nonbiological methods. The targeted use of nonbiological methods spans from the latter half of last century, when ammoniation and ozonation were first used to inactivate mycotoxins in animal feeds, to the novel techniques being developed today such as photosensitization. Effectiveness and drawbacks of different nonbiological methods have been reported in the literature, and this review examines the utility of these methods in addressing food safety. Particular consideration is given to the application of such methods in the developing world, where mycotoxin contamination is a serious food safety issue in staple crops such as maize and rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigni A Temba
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- Sokoine University of Agriculture , P.O. Box 3000, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Darren J Kriticos
- CSIRO , GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Glen P Fox
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Jagger J W Harvey
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub , Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for the Reduction of Post-Harvest Loss, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
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Karlovsky P, Suman M, Berthiller F, De Meester J, Eisenbrand G, Perrin I, Oswald IP, Speijers G, Chiodini A, Recker T, Dussort P. Impact of food processing and detoxification treatments on mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 32:179-205. [PMID: 27554261 PMCID: PMC5063913 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites commonly occurring in food, which pose a health risk to the consumer. Maximum levels for major mycotoxins allowed in food have been established worldwide. Good agricultural practices, plant disease management, and adequate storage conditions limit mycotoxin levels in the food chain yet do not eliminate mycotoxins completely. Food processing can further reduce mycotoxin levels by physical removal and decontamination by chemical or enzymatic transformation of mycotoxins into less toxic products. Physical removal of mycotoxins is very efficient: manual sorting of grains, nuts, and fruits by farmers as well as automatic sorting by the industry significantly lowers the mean mycotoxin content. Further processing such as milling, steeping, and extrusion can also reduce mycotoxin content. Mycotoxins can be detoxified chemically by reacting with food components and technical aids; these reactions are facilitated by high temperature and alkaline or acidic conditions. Detoxification of mycotoxins can also be achieved enzymatically. Some enzymes able to transform mycotoxins naturally occur in food commodities or are produced during fermentation but more efficient detoxification can be achieved by deliberate introduction of purified enzymes. We recommend integrating evaluation of processing technologies for their impact on mycotoxins into risk management. Processing steps proven to mitigate mycotoxin contamination should be used whenever necessary. Development of detoxification technologies for high-risk commodities should be a priority for research. While physical techniques currently offer the most efficient post-harvest reduction of mycotoxin content in food, biotechnology possesses the largest potential for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michele Suman
- Barilla G. R. F.lli SpA, Advanced Laboratory Research, via Mantova 166, 43122, Parma, Italy
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Johan De Meester
- Cargill R&D Center Europe, Havenstraat 84, B-1800, Vilvoorde, Belgium
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Germany (retired), University of Kaiserslautern, P.O.Box 3049, 67653, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Irène Perrin
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, PO Box 44, 1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- INRA, UMR 1331 ToxAlim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, 31027, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France
| | - Gerrit Speijers
- General Health Effects Toxicology Safety Food (GETS), Winterkoning 7, 34353 RN, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Chiodini
- International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe, Avenue E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tobias Recker
- International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe, Avenue E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dussort
- International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe, Avenue E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Antifungal Attributes of Lactobacillus plantarum MYS6 against Fumonisin Producing Fusarium proliferatum Associated with Poultry Feeds. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155122. [PMID: 27285317 PMCID: PMC4902316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins, being common in occurrence in maize-based feeds, pose a great threat to animal and human health. The present study is aimed at determining the antifungal activity of Lactobacillus plantarum MYS6 against a fumonisin producing fungus, Fusarium proliferatum MYS9. The isolate was subjected to standard tests for determining its probiotic attributes and antifungal properties. L. plantarum MYS6 thrived well at pH 3.0 and 6.0, and exhibited strong resistance up to 3% bile. The isolate showed a high degree of cell surface hydrophobicity corresponding to its strong adhesion to chicken crop epithelial cells. Co-inoculation with the fungus on modified de Man Rogosa Sharpe medium revealed the inhibitory effect of L. plantarum MYS6 on fungal growth and biomass. Observation using scanning electron microscopy showed distortion of hyphal structures, swollen tips and disrupted conidia. Conidia germination inhibition assay restrained germination and showed deformed hyphae. The bioprotective feature of the isolate was evident by the inhibition of fungal development in maize-kernel treated with the cell free supernatant of L. plantarum MYS6. Both the isolate and its extracellular metabolites lowered fumonisin content in feed model up to 0.505 mg/Kg of feed and 0.3125 mg/Kg of feed respectively when compared to the level of 0.870 mg/Kg of feed in control. The major antifungal compounds produced by the isolate were 10-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester; palmitic acid, methyl ester; heptadecanoic acid, 16-methyl ester; stearic acid and lauric acid. L. plantarum MYS6 reduced 61.7% of fumonisin possibly by a binding mechanism. These findings suggest the application of L. plantarum MYS6 as an efficient probiotic additive and biocontrol agent in feed used in poultry industry. Additionally, the antifungal metabolites pose a conspicuous inhibition of Fusarium growth and fumonisin production.
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Mutiga SK, Hoffmann V, Harvey JW, Milgroom MG, Nelson RJ. Assessment of Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination of Maize in Western Kenya. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1250-1261. [PMID: 25894319 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-14-0269-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a survey of aflatoxin and fumonisin in maize in western Kenya. In a regional survey of aflatoxin conducted in 2009 across three agroecological zones within three administrative regions, milled maize samples were collected from 985 patrons of 26 hammer mills. Aflatoxin contamination was detected in 49% of samples and was above the regulatory (10 ppb) in 15% of the samples overall; 65% of samples from a drought-prone area were over the limit. In a detailed survey in Bungoma County, we investigated aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in four popular maize varieties at harvest and after 2 and 4 months of storage. We collected whole-grain samples from farmers' storage sheds and milled samples from patrons of local mills. Mean aflatoxin contamination was identical for storage sheds and mills at 2.3 ppb. In all, 41% of the samples from mills had detectable aflatoxin, with 4% over the regulatory limit, whereas 87% had detectable fumonisin, with 50% over the regulatory limit (1 ppm). Mean contamination levels did not change during storage. Maize varieties differed in fumonisin contamination, with the most popular varieties vulnerable to both mycotoxins and weevils, which are potential factors in exacerbating mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin surveillance is important not just in areas known previously for aflatoxin contamination and acute poisoning but also is needed in all maize-producing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Mutiga
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - V Hoffmann
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - J W Harvey
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - M G Milgroom
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - R J Nelson
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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41
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Andrade P, Caldas E. Aflatoxins in cereals: worldwide occurrence and dietary risk assessment. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide occurrence of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), genotoxic mycotoxins, in raw maize, rice, sorghum and wheat samples collected since the year 2000 was evaluated using published data and occurrence data from the GEMS/Food database (https://extranet.who.int/gemsfood). Dietary risk assessments were conducted using GEMS/Food total aflatoxin occurrence and food consumption data obtained from the 17 Cluster Diets. Risk characterisation arising from aflatoxin exposure was conducted using both cancer risk and margin of exposure (MOE) approaches. A total of 89 publications were retrieved from the literature, reporting data related to 18,097 samples, of which 37.6% were positive for at least one aflatoxin. The total upper bound (UB) mean for all samples analysed was 13.6 μg/kg, and was higher for rice (24.6 μg/kg) and sorghum (25.9 μg/kg). Of data related to the analysis of 4,536 samples reported to GEMS/Food database, 12.7% were positive for at least one aflatoxin. The total UB mean was 1.9 μg/kg, and was higher for rice (2.4 μg/kg) and maize (1.6 μg/kg). Total intakes ranged from 3.0 ng/kg bw/day (Cluster C11) to 17.1 ng/kg bw/day (Cluster C09). On average, the consumption of rice contributed to 41.6% of the total aflatoxin intake in all clusters, followed by wheat (35.4%), maize (21.2%) and sorghum (1.8%). The lowest cancer risk was found in cluster C11 (0.057 cancers/year/105 individuals), and the highest in cluster C09 (0.467 cancers/year/105 individuals). MOE ranged from 56 (C11) to 10 (C09), indicating a potential risk to consumers. These results highlight the need for continuous action by health authorities to decrease aflatoxin contamination in cereals, as they are staple foods in diets worldwide. These actions include the enforcement of code of practices at the national level and the establishment of maximum contamination levels by the Codex System.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.D. Andrade
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Darci Ribeiro, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - E.D. Caldas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Darci Ribeiro, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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42
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Wang W, Lawrence KC, Ni X, Yoon SC, Heitschmidt GW, Feldner P. Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging for detecting Aflatoxin B1 of maize kernels. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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44
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Kaya-Celiker H, Mallikarjunan PK, Schmale D, Christie ME. Discrimination of moldy peanuts with reference to aflatoxin using FTIR-ATR system. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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46
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Womack ED, Brown AE, Sparks DL. A recent review of non-biological remediation of aflatoxin-contaminated crops. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1706-1714. [PMID: 24319007 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are highly toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic compounds produced predominantly as secondary metabolites by certain species of fungi belonging to the Aspergillus genus. Owing to the significant health risks and economic impacts associated with the presence of aflatoxins in agricultural commodities, a considerable amount of research has been directed at finding methods to prevent toxicity. This review compiles the recent literature of methods for the detoxification and management of aflatoxin in post-harvest agricultural crops using non-biological remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika D Womack
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
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47
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Banu I, Dragoi L, Aprodu I. From wheat to sourdough bread: a laboratory scale study on the fate of deoxynivalenol content. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2012.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Banu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University of Galati, 111 Domneasca St., 800201 Galati, Romania
| | - L. Dragoi
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University of Galati, 111 Domneasca St., 800201 Galati, Romania
| | - I. Aprodu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University of Galati, 111 Domneasca St., 800201 Galati, Romania
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48
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Fox G, Manley M. Applications of single kernel conventional and hyperspectral imaging near infrared spectroscopy in cereals. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:174-9. [PMID: 24038031 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Single kernel (SK) near infrared (NIR) reflectance and transmittance technologies have been developed during the last two decades for a range of cereal grain physical quality and chemical traits as well as detecting and predicting levels of toxins produced by fungi. Challenges during the development of single kernel near infrared (SK-NIR) spectroscopy applications are modifications of existing NIR technology to present single kernels for scanning as well as modifying reference methods for the trait of interest. Numerous applications have been developed, and cover almost all cereals although most have been for key traits including moisture, protein, starch and oil in the globally important food grains, i.e. maize, wheat, rice and barley. An additional benefit in developing SK-NIR applications has been to demonstrate the value in sorting grain infected with a fungus or mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol, fumonisins and aflatoxins. However, there is still a need to develop cost-effective technologies for high-speed sorting which can be used for small grain samples such as those from breeding programmes or commercial sorting; capable of sorting tonnes per hour. Development of SK-NIR technologies also includes standardisation of SK reference methods to analyse single kernels. For protein content, the use of the Dumas method would require minimal standardisation; for starch or oil content, considerable development would be required. SK-NIR, including the use of hyperspectral imaging, will improve our understanding of grain quality and the inherent variation in the range of a trait. In the area of food safety, this technology will benefit farmers, industry and consumers if it enables contaminated grain to be removed from the human food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Fox
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition & Food Science, The University of Queensland, P.O. Box 2282, Toowoomba, Qld, 4350, Australia; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa
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49
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Esteve Agelet L, Hurburgh CR. Limitations and current applications of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for single seed analysis. Talanta 2014; 121:288-99. [PMID: 24607140 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis at the single seed level is a useful tool for breeders, farmers, feeding facilities, and food companies according to current researches. As a non-destructive technique, NIRS allows for the selection and classification of seeds according to specific traits and attributes without alteration of their properties. Critical aspects in using NIRS for single seed analysis such as reference method, sample morphology, and spectrometer suitability are discussed in this review. A summary of current applications of NIRS technologies at single seed level is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Esteve Agelet
- Department of Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, USA.
| | - Charles R Hurburgh
- Department of Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, USA
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50
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Hossain M, Goto T. Near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy as efficient tools for detection of fungal and mycotoxin contamination in agricultural commodities. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy have proven to be most promising tools for the detection of fungal contamination and estimation of mycotoxins in agricultural commodities, particularly of cereals. Owing to significant economic losses incurred from fungal contamination of foodstuffs, producers and processors are looking for fast, reliable, and less-expensive methods for the detection of fungal damage. In this context, NIR and MIR spectroscopy offer a fast, less-expensive, non-destructive, and relatively simple analytical method. Results from published studies indicate that NIR and MIR spectroscopy can be successfully applied to identifying fungal contamination and estimating specific mycotoxins. This review will focus on the applications of NIR and MIR spectroscopy to the classification of fungal contamination and the determination of specific mycotoxin contamination levels, and to compare this technology with traditional analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.Z. Hossain
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Mura, Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - T. Goto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Mura, Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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